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Aharonian F, Benkhali FA, Aschersleben J, Ashkar H, Backes M, Martins VB, Batzofin R, Becherini Y, Berge D, Bernlöhr K, Bi B, Böttcher M, Boisson C, Bolmont J, de Lavergne MDB, Borowska J, Bouyahiaoui M, Breuhaus M, Brose R, Brown AM, Brun F, Bruno B, Bulik T, Burger-Scheidlin C, Caroff S, Casanova S, Cecil R, Celic J, Cerruti M, Chand T, Chandra S, Chen A, Chibueze J, Chibueze O, Cotter G, Dai S, Mbarubucyeye JD, Djannati-Ataï A, Dmytriiev A, Doroshenko V, Egberts K, Einecke S, Ernenwein JP, Filipovic M, Fontaine G, Füßling M, Funk S, Gabici S, Ghafourizadeh S, Giavitto G, Glawion D, Glicenstein JF, Grolleron G, Haerer L, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Holch TL, Holler M, Horns D, Jamrozy M, Jankowsky F, Jardin-Blicq A, Joshi V, Jung-Richardt I, Kasai E, Katarzyński K, Khatoon R, Khélifi B, Klepser S, Kluźniak W, Komin N, Kosack K, Kostunin D, Kundu A, Lang RG, Le Stum S, Leitl F, Lemière A, Lenain JP, Leuschner F, Lohse T, Luashvili A, Lypova I, Mackey J, Malyshev D, Malyshev D, Marandon V, Marchegiani P, Marcowith A, Martí-Devesa G, Marx R, Mehta A, Mitchell A, Moderski R, Mohrmann L, Montanari A, Moulin E, Murach T, Nakashima K, de Naurois M, Niemiec J, Noel AP, Ohm S, Olivera-Nieto L, de Ona Wilhelmi E, Ostrowski M, Panny S, Panter M, Parsons RD, Peron G, Prokhorov DA, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Reichherzer P, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ren H, Renaud M, Reville B, Rieger F, Rowell G, Rudak B, Ricarte HR, Ruiz-Velasco E, Sahakian V, Salzmann H, Santangelo A, Sasaki M, Schäfer J, Schüssler F, Schwanke U, Shapopi JNS, Sol H, Specovius A, Spencer S, Stawarz L, Steenkamp R, Steinmassl S, Steppa C, Streil K, Sushch I, Suzuki H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Taylor AM, Terrier R, Tsirou M, Tsuji N, Unbehaun T, van Eldik C, Vecchi M, Veh J, Venter C, Vink J, Wach T, Wagner SJ, Werner F, White R, Wierzcholska A, Wong YW, Zacharias M, Zargaryan D, Zdziarski AA, Zech A, Zouari S, Żywucka N. Acceleration and transport of relativistic electrons in the jets of the microquasar SS 433. Science 2024; 383:402-406. [PMID: 38271522 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
SS 433 is a microquasar, a stellar binary system that launches collimated relativistic jets. We observed SS 433 in gamma rays using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) and found an energy-dependent shift in the apparent position of the gamma-ray emission from the parsec-scale jets. These observations trace the energetic electron population and indicate that inverse Compton scattering is the emission mechanism of the gamma rays. Our modeling of the energy-dependent gamma-ray morphology constrains the location of particle acceleration and requires an abrupt deceleration of the jet flow. We infer the presence of shocks on either side of the binary system, at distances of 25 to 30 parsecs, and that self-collimation of the precessing jets forms the shocks, which then efficiently accelerate electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin D02 XF86, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - F Ait Benkhali
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - J Aschersleben
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AD, Netherlands
| | - H Ashkar
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau F-91128, France
| | - M Backes
- Department of Physics, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | | | - R Batzofin
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Y Becherini
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
- Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, Växjö 351 95, Sweden
| | - D Berge
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - K Bernlöhr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - B Bi
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - M Böttcher
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - C Boisson
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, Meudon 92190, France
| | - J Bolmont
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Cité, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75252, France
| | - M de Bony de Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy 74000, France
| | - J Borowska
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - M Bouyahiaoui
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - M Breuhaus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - R Brose
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin D02 XF86, Ireland
| | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - F Brun
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - B Bruno
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - T Bulik
- Astronomical Observatory, The University of Warsaw, Warsaw 00-478, Poland
| | | | - S Caroff
- Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy 74000, France
| | - S Casanova
- Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kraków 31-342, Poland
| | - R Cecil
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg D-22761, Germany
| | - J Celic
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - M Cerruti
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - T Chand
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - S Chandra
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - A Chen
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - J Chibueze
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - O Chibueze
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - G Cotter
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
| | - S Dai
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | | | - A Djannati-Ataï
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - A Dmytriiev
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - V Doroshenko
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - K Egberts
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - S Einecke
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - J-P Ernenwein
- Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Marseille 13288, France
| | - M Filipovic
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - G Fontaine
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau F-91128, France
| | - M Füßling
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - S Gabici
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - S Ghafourizadeh
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - G Giavitto
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - D Glawion
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - J-F Glicenstein
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - G Grolleron
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Cité, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75252, France
| | - L Haerer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - J A Hinton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - W Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - T L Holch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - M Holler
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - D Horns
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - M Jamrozy
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków 30-244, Poland
| | - F Jankowsky
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - A Jardin-Blicq
- Laboratoir de de Physique des deux Infinis, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Gradignan F-33170, France
| | - V Joshi
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - I Jung-Richardt
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - E Kasai
- Department of Physics, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
| | - K Katarzyński
- Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100, Poland
| | - R Khatoon
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - B Khélifi
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - S Klepser
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - W Kluźniak
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-716, Poland
| | - Nu Komin
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - K Kosack
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - D Kostunin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - A Kundu
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - R G Lang
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - S Le Stum
- Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Marseille 13288, France
| | - F Leitl
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - A Lemière
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - J-P Lenain
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Cité, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75252, France
| | - F Leuschner
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - T Lohse
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - A Luashvili
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, Meudon 92190, France
| | - I Lypova
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - J Mackey
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin D02 XF86, Ireland
| | - D Malyshev
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - D Malyshev
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - V Marandon
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - P Marchegiani
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - A Marcowith
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - G Martí-Devesa
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - R Marx
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - A Mehta
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - A Mitchell
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - R Moderski
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-716, Poland
| | - L Mohrmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - A Montanari
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - E Moulin
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - T Murach
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - K Nakashima
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - M de Naurois
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau F-91128, France
| | - J Niemiec
- Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kraków 31-342, Poland
| | - A Priyana Noel
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków 30-244, Poland
| | - S Ohm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - L Olivera-Nieto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | | | - M Ostrowski
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków 30-244, Poland
| | - S Panny
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - M Panter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - R D Parsons
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - G Peron
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - D A Prokhorov
- Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, Netherlands
| | - G Pühlhofer
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - M Punch
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - A Quirrenbach
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - P Reichherzer
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - A Reimer
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - H Ren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - M Renaud
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - B Reville
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - F Rieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - G Rowell
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - B Rudak
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-716, Poland
| | - H Rueda Ricarte
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - E Ruiz-Velasco
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - V Sahakian
- Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan 375036, Armenia
| | - H Salzmann
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - A Santangelo
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - M Sasaki
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - J Schäfer
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - F Schüssler
- Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - U Schwanke
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - J N S Shapopi
- Department of Physics, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
| | - H Sol
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, CNRS, Université de Paris, Meudon 92190, France
| | - A Specovius
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - S Spencer
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - L Stawarz
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków 30-244, Poland
| | - R Steenkamp
- Department of Physics, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
| | - S Steinmassl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - C Steppa
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - K Streil
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - I Sushch
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - H Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Higashinada-ku Kobe 658-8501, Japan, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - T Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Higashinada-ku Kobe 658-8501, Japan, Japan
| | - A M Taylor
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - R Terrier
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - M Tsirou
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Zeuthen D-15738, Germany
| | - N Tsuji
- The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Unbehaun
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - C van Eldik
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - M Vecchi
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AD, Netherlands
| | - J Veh
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - C Venter
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - J Vink
- Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, Netherlands
| | - T Wach
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - S J Wagner
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - F Werner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - R White
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - A Wierzcholska
- Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej, Polska Akademia Nauk, Kraków 31-342, Poland
| | - Yu Wun Wong
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - M Zacharias
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - D Zargaryan
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin D02 XF86, Ireland
| | - A A Zdziarski
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 00-716, Poland
| | - A Zech
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin D02 XF86, Ireland
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AD, Netherlands
| | - S Zouari
- Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris F-75013, France
| | - N Żywucka
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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