Spatial resolution improvement for an optical transition radiation monitor by asymmetric light collection

The applicability of optical transition radiation (OTR) for measurements of micron sized transverse electron beam profiles is limited not only by the optical system resolution which has a fundamental limit imposed by the uncertainty principle. In the case of OTR generation, a single electron crossing the boundary between vacuum and screen cannot be considered as a single emitting point with isotropic angular distribution. On the contrary, the radiation is emitted from an area with a transverse range that is defined by the radial extension of the electron's Lorentz contracted Coulomb field and is typically estimated as γλ (with γ the Lorentz factor and λ the wavelength of observation). The OTR angular distribution has a characteristic "funnel" shape. As a result the one-dimensional image of a single electron measured with an ideal thin lens has a double lobe shape, and the resolution of any OTR based imaging system is determined by this double lobe function which is also known as OTR Point Spread Function (PSF). As a consequence, the reconstruction of micron sized electron beam profiles is hampered not only due to the fundamental diffraction limit, but also due to the PSF lobe shape. In this paper we present two approaches to improve the spatial resolution of an OTR monitor based on asymmetric light collection using a traditional optical system which allows blocking of one of the lobes. With such a scheme, an OTR PSF can be achieved that is comparable to the one of an ideal point source (Airy distribution).

First observation of atomic levels for the element fermium (Z=100)

The atomic level structure of the element fermium was investigated for the first time using a sample of 2.7x10(10) atoms of the isotope 255Fm with a half-life of 20.1 h. The atoms were evaporated from a filament and stored in the argon buffer gas of an optical cell. Atomic levels were sought by the method of resonance ionization spectroscopy using an excimer-dye-laser combination. Two atomic levels were found at wave numbers (25 099.8+/-0.2) and (25 111.8+/-0.2) cm(-1). Partial transition rates to the 5f(12)7s(2) (3)H(e)(6) ground state have been determined from their saturation characteristics. Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations suggest that the leading orders of these levels could be the 5f(12)7s7p (5)I(o)(6) and 5f(12)7s7p (5)G(o)(5) terms.

Observation of optical Smith-Purcell radiation at an electron beam energy of 855 MeV

Smith-Purcell radiation, generated when a beam of charged particles passes close to the surface of a diffraction grating, has been studied in the visible spectral range at wavelengths of 360 and 546 nm with the low emittance 855 MeV electron beam of the Mainz Microtron MAMI. The beam focused to a spot size of 4 microm (full width at half maximum) passed over optical diffraction gratings of echelle profiles with blaze angles of 0.8 degrees, 17.27 degrees, and 41.12 degrees and grating periods of 0.833 and 9.09 microm. Taking advantage of the specific emission characteristics of Smith-Purcell radiation a clear separation from background components, such as diffracted synchrotron radiation from upstream beam optical elements and transition radiation, was possible. The intensity scales with a modified Bessel function of the first kind as a function of the distance between electron beam and grating surface. Experimental radiation factors have been determined and compared with calculations on the basis of Van den Berg's theory [P.M. Van den Berg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 689 (1973)]. Fair agreement has been found for gratings with large blaze angles while the measurement with the shallow grating (blaze angle 0.8 degrees ) is at variance with this theory. Finally, the optimal operational parameters of a Smith-Purcell radiation source in view of already existing powerful undulator sources are discussed.