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Tamburello G, Chiodini G, Ciotoli G, Procesi M, Rouwet D, Sandri L, Carbonara N, Masciantonio C. Global thermal spring distribution and relationship to endogenous and exogenous factors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6378. [PMID: 36289217 PMCID: PMC9606316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present digitization and analysis of the thermal springs of the world dataset compiled by Gerald Ashley Waring in 1965 into a collection of analog maps. We obtain the geographic coordinates of ~6,000 geothermal spring areas, including complementary data (e.g., temperature, total dissolved solids, flow rate), making them available in electronic format. Using temperature and flow rate, we derive the heat discharged from 1483 thermal spring areas (between ~10-5 and ~103 MW, with a median value of ~0.5 MW and ~8300 MW in total). We integrate this data set with other global data sets to study the relationship between thermalism and endogenous and exogenous factors with a supervised machine learning algorithm. This analysis confirms a dominant role of the terrestrial heat flow, topography, volcanism and extensional tectonics. This data set offers new insights and will boost future studies in geothermal energy exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Tamburello
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Chiodini
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Ciotoli
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Rome, Italy ,grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Procesi
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Rouwet
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Sandri
- grid.410348.a0000 0001 2300 5064Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - N. Carbonara
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Masciantonio
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Pering TD, Liu EJ, Wood K, Wilkes TC, Aiuppa A, Tamburello G, Bitetto M, Richardson T, McGonigle AJS. Combined ground and aerial measurements resolve vent-specific gas fluxes from a multi-vent volcano. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3039. [PMID: 32546707 PMCID: PMC7298010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Volcanoes with multiple summit vents present a methodological challenge for determining vent-specific gas emissions. Here, using a novel approach combining multiple ultraviolet cameras with synchronous aerial measurements, we calculate vent-specific gas compositions and fluxes for Stromboli volcano. Emissions from vent areas are spatially heterogeneous in composition and emission rate, with the central vent area dominating passive emissions, despite exhibiting the least explosive behaviour. Vents exhibiting Strombolian explosions emit low to negligible passive fluxes and are CO2-dominated, even during passive degassing. We propose a model for the conduit system based on contrasting rheological properties between vent areas. Our methodology has advantages for resolving contrasting outgassing dynamics given that measured bulk plume compositions are often intermediate between those of the distinct vent areas. We therefore emphasise the need for a vent-specific approach at multi-vent volcanoes and suggest that our approach could provide a transformative advance in volcano monitoring applications. Combining multiple ultraviolet cameras with synchronous aerial measurements, the authors here present vent-specific gas compositions and fluxes for Stromboli volcano. The results show that gas compositions vary between different vents, mirroring differences in eruptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Pering
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - E J Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - K Wood
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - T C Wilkes
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - A Aiuppa
- DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi, 36, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Tamburello
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Via Donato Creti, 12, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Bitetto
- DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi, 36, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - T Richardson
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - A J S McGonigle
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.,School of Geosciences, the University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
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3
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de Moor JM, Aiuppa A, Avard G, Wehrmann H, Dunbar N, Muller C, Tamburello G, Giudice G, Liuzzo M, Moretti R, Conde V, Galle B. Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high-frequency gas monitoring. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 2016; 121:5761-5775. [PMID: 27774371 DOI: 10.1002/2016jb013150.received] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high-frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO2-rich gas (CO2/Stotal > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur-rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8-10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3-5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H2S/SO2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO2 and H2S/SO2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H2S/SO2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high-temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maarten de Moor
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA; Dipartimento DiSTeM Università di Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - A Aiuppa
- Dipartimento DiSTeM Università di Palermo Palermo Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - G Avard
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
| | - H Wehrmann
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - N Dunbar
- New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources Earth and Environmental Science Department Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - C Muller
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica; School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - G Tamburello
- Dipartimento DiSTeM Università di Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - G Giudice
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - M Liuzzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - R Moretti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Design Edilizia e Ambiente Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Naples Italy
| | - V Conde
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
| | - B Galle
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
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de Moor JM, Aiuppa A, Avard G, Wehrmann H, Dunbar N, Muller C, Tamburello G, Giudice G, Liuzzo M, Moretti R, Conde V, Galle B. Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high-frequency gas monitoring. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 2016; 121:5761-5775. [PMID: 27774371 PMCID: PMC5054823 DOI: 10.1002/2016jb013150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eruptive activity at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica) has escalated significantly since 2014, causing airport and school closures in the capital city of San José. Whether or not new magma is involved in the current unrest seems probable but remains a matter of debate as ash deposits are dominated by hydrothermal material. Here we use high-frequency gas monitoring to track the behavior of the volcano between 2014 and 2015 and to decipher magmatic versus hydrothermal contributions to the eruptions. Pulses of deeply derived CO2-rich gas (CO2/Stotal > 4.5) precede explosive activity, providing a clear precursor to eruptive periods that occurs up to 2 weeks before eruptions, which are accompanied by shallowly derived sulfur-rich magmatic gas emissions. Degassing modeling suggests that the deep magmatic reservoir is ~8-10 km deep, whereas the shallow magmatic gas source is at ~3-5 km. Two cycles of degassing and eruption are observed, each attributed to pulses of magma ascending through the deep reservoir to shallow crustal levels. The magmatic degassing signals were overprinted by a fluid contribution from the shallow hydrothermal system, modifying the gas compositions, contributing volatiles to the emissions, and reflecting complex processes of scrubbing, displacement, and volatilization. H2S/SO2 varies over 2 orders of magnitude through the monitoring period and demonstrates that the first eruptive episode involved hydrothermal gases, whereas the second did not. Massive degassing (>3000 T/d SO2 and H2S/SO2 > 1) followed, suggesting boiling off of the hydrothermal system. The gas emissions show a remarkable shift to purely magmatic composition (H2S/SO2 < 0.05) during the second eruptive period, reflecting the depletion of the hydrothermal system or the establishment of high-temperature conduits bypassing remnant hydrothermal reservoirs, and the transition from phreatic to phreatomagmatic eruptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Maarten de Moor
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa RicaUniversidad NacionalHerediaCosta Rica
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
- Dipartimento DiSTeMUniversità di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - A. Aiuppa
- Dipartimento DiSTeMUniversità di PalermoPalermoItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaSezione di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - G. Avard
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa RicaUniversidad NacionalHerediaCosta Rica
| | - H. Wehrmann
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | - N. Dunbar
- New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral ResourcesEarth and Environmental Science DepartmentSocorroNew MexicoUSA
| | - C. Muller
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa RicaUniversidad NacionalHerediaCosta Rica
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - G. Tamburello
- Dipartimento DiSTeMUniversità di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - G. Giudice
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaSezione di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - M. Liuzzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaSezione di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - R. Moretti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile DesignEdilizia e Ambiente Seconda Università degli Studi di NapoliNaplesItaly
| | - V. Conde
- Department of Earth and Space SciencesChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden
| | - B. Galle
- Department of Earth and Space SciencesChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden
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D'Aleo R, Bitetto M, Delle Donne D, Tamburello G, Battaglia A, Coltelli M, Patanè D, Prestifilippo M, Sciotto M, Aiuppa A. Spatially resolved SO 2 flux emissions from Mt Etna. Geophys Res Lett 2016; 43:7511-7519. [PMID: 27773952 PMCID: PMC5054799 DOI: 10.1002/2016gl069938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a systematic record of SO2 flux emissions from individual vents of Etna volcano (Sicily), which we obtained using a permanent UV camera network. Observations were carried out in summer 2014, a period encompassing two eruptive episodes of the New South East Crater (NSEC) and a fissure-fed eruption in the upper Valle del Bove. We demonstrate that our vent-resolved SO2 flux time series allow capturing shifts in activity from one vent to another and contribute to our understanding of Etna's shallow plumbing system structure. We find that the fissure eruption contributed ~50,000 t of SO2 or ~30% of the SO2 emitted by the volcano during the 5 July to 10 August eruptive interval. Activity from this eruptive vent gradually vanished on 10 August, marking a switch of degassing toward the NSEC. Onset of degassing at the NSEC was a precursory to explosive paroxysmal activity on 11-15 August.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D'Aleo
- DiSTeMUniversità di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - M. Coltelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - D. Patanè
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - M. Prestifilippo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - M. Sciotto
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - A. Aiuppa
- DiSTeMUniversità di PalermoPalermoItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di PalermoPalermoItaly
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6
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Pering TD, McGonigle AJS, James MR, Tamburello G, Aiuppa A, Delle Donne D, Ripepe M. Conduit dynamics and post explosion degassing on Stromboli: A combined UV camera and numerical modeling treatment. Geophys Res Lett 2016; 43:5009-5016. [PMID: 27478285 PMCID: PMC4950127 DOI: 10.1002/2016gl069001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent gas flux measurements have shown that Strombolian explosions are often followed by periods of elevated flux, or "gas codas," with durations of order a minute. Here we present UV camera data from 200 events recorded at Stromboli volcano to constrain the nature of these codas for the first time, providing estimates for combined explosion plus coda SO2 masses of ≈18-225 kg. Numerical simulations of gas slug ascent show that substantial proportions of the initial gas mass can be distributed into a train of "daughter bubbles" released from the base of the slug, which we suggest, generate the codas, on bursting at the surface. This process could also cause transitioning of slugs into cap bubbles, significantly reducing explosivity. This study is the first attempt to combine high temporal resolution gas flux data with numerical simulations of conduit gas flow to investigate volcanic degassing dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Pering
- Department of GeographyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - A. J. S. McGonigle
- Department of GeographyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Sezione di PalermoIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaPalermoItaly
| | - M. R. James
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - A. Aiuppa
- Sezione di PalermoIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaPalermoItaly
- DiSTeMUniversità di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | | | - M. Ripepe
- Dipartimento di Scienze della TerraUniversità di FirenzeFlorenceItaly
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Bagnato E, Tamburello G, Avard G, Martinez-Cruz M, Enrico M, Fu X, Sprovieri M, Sonke JE. Mercury fluxes from volcanic and geothermal sources: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1144/sp410.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe review the state of knowledge on global volcanogenic Hg emissions to the atmosphere and present new data from seven active volcanoes (Poás, Rincón de la Vieja, Turrialba, Aso, Mutnovsky, Gorely and Etna) and two geothermal fields (Las Pailas and Las Hornillas). The variability of Hg contents (c. 4–125 ng m−3) measured in gaseous emissions reflects the dynamic nature of volcanic plumes, where the abundances of volatiles are determined by the physical nature of degassing and variable air dilution. Based on our dataset and previous work, we propose that an average Hg/SO2 plume mass ratio of c. 7.8×10−6 (±1.5×10−6; 1 SE, n=13) is best representative of open-conduit quiescent degassing. Taking into account the uncertainty in global SO2 emissions, we infer a global volcanic Hg flux from persistent degassing of c. 76±30 t a−1. Our data are derived from active volcanoes during non-eruptive periods and we do not have any direct constraint on the Hg flux during periods of elevated SO2 flux associated with large-scale effusive or explosive eruptions. This suggests that the time-averaged Hg flux from these volcanoes is even larger if the eruptive contribution is considered. Conversely, closed-conduit degassing and geothermal emissions contribute modest amounts of Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Bagnato
- DiSTeM, University of Palermo,Via Archirafi, 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - G. Tamburello
- DiSTeM, University of Palermo,Via Archirafi, 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - G. Avard
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional, 2346-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - M. Martinez-Cruz
- Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional, 2346-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - M. Enrico
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS-GET, 14, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - X. Fu
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS-GET, 14, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - M. Sprovieri
- IAMC-CNR, Via del Mare 3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, Mazara del Vallo (TP), Italy
| | - J. E. Sonke
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS-GET, 14, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Aiuppa A, Shinohara H, Tamburello G, Giudice G, Liuzzo M, Moretti R. Hydrogen in the gas plume of an open-vent volcano, Mount Etna, Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Orlando A, Marrone C, Nicoli N, Tamburello G, Rizzo A, Pagliaro L, Cottone M, D'Amico G. Fatal necrotising fasciitis associated with intramuscular injection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after uncomplicated endoscopic polypectomy. J Infect 2007; 54:e145-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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