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Elmes GW, Webb NR. An interpretation of morphometric and gravimetric differences shown by adult Steganacarus magnus (Acari: Cryptostigmata). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb04072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gardner MG, Schönrogge K, Elmes GW, Thomas JA. Increased genetic diversity as a defence against parasites is undermined by social parasites: Microdon mutabilis hoverflies infesting Formica lemani ant colonies. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:103-10. [PMID: 17035169 PMCID: PMC1679886 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity can benefit social insects by providing variability in immune defences against parasites and pathogens. However, social parasites of ants infest colonies and not individuals, and for them a different relationship between genetic diversity and resistance may exist. Here, we investigate the genetic variation, assessed using up to 12 microsatellite loci, of workers in 91 Formica lemani colonies in relation to their infestation by the specialist social parasite Microdon mutabilis. At the main study site, workers in infested colonies exhibited lower relatedness and higher estimated queen numbers, on average, than uninfested ones. Additionally, estimated queen numbers were negatively correlated with estimated average numbers of mates per queen within infested colonies. At another site, infested colonies also exhibited significantly lower worker relatedness, and estimated queen numbers were comparable in trend. In contrast, in two populations of F. lemani where M. mutabilis was absent, relatedness within colonies was high (40 and 90% with R>0.6). While high genetic variation can benefit social insects by increasing their resistance to pathogens, there may be a cost in the increased likelihood of infiltration by social parasites owing to greater variation in nestmate recognition cues. This study provides the first empirical test of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Gardner
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC), CEH Dorset, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK.
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Schönrogge K, Gardner MG, Elmes GW, Napper EKV, Simcox DJ, Wardlaw JC, Breen J, Barr B, Knapp JJ, Pickett JA, Thomas JA. Host propagation permits extreme local adaptation in a social parasite of ants. Ecol Lett 2006; 9:1032-40. [PMID: 16925652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Red Data Book hoverfly species Microdon mutabilis is an extreme specialist that parasitises ant societies. The flies are locally adapted to a single host, Formica lemani, more intimately than was thought possible in host-parasite systems. Microdon egg survival plummeted in F. lemani colonies > 3 km away from the natal nest, from c. 96% to 0% to < 50%, depending on the hoverfly population. This is reflected in the life-time dispersal of females, measured at < 2 m, resulting in oviposition back into the same ant nests for generation after generation. To counter destabilizing effects on the host, Microdon manipulates the social dynamics of F. lemani by feeding selectively on ant eggs and small larvae, which causes surviving larvae to switch development into queens. Infested colonies rear double the number of new queens, thus propagating the vulnerable local genotype and compensating for damage to the host colonies. The consequences of such extreme host specificity for insect conservation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schönrogge
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, CEH Dorset, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester DT2 8XE, UK.
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Schönrogge K, Wardlaw JC, Peters AJ, Everett S, Thomas JA, Elmes GW. Changes in chemical signature and host specificity from larval retrieval to full social integration in the myrmecophilous butterfly Maculinea rebeli. J Chem Ecol 2004; 30:91-107. [PMID: 15074659 DOI: 10.1023/b:joec.0000013184.18176.a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ant social parasite, Maculinea rebeli shows high levels of host specificity at a regional scale. While 68-88% of caterpillars in the field are adopted by nonhost Myrmica ants, 95-100% of the butterflies emerge from the natural host M. schencki the following year. While retrieval of preadoption caterpillars is specific to the genus Myrmica, it does not explain differential survival with different Myrmica species. We present survival data with host and nonhost Myrmica species suggesting that, with nonhosts (M. sabuleti and M. rubra), survival depends on the physiological state of the colony. We also compared the similarities of the epicuticular surface hydrocarbon signatures of caterpillars that were reared by host and nonhost Myrmica for 3 weeks with those from tending workers. Counterintuitively, the hydrocarbons of postadoption caterpillars were more similar (78%, 73%) to the ant colony profiles of the nonhost species than were caterpillars reared in colonies of M. schencki (42% similarity). However, caterpillars from M. schencki nests that were then isolated for 4 additional days showed unchanged chemical profiles, whereas the similarities of those from nonhost colonies fell to 52 and 56%, respectively. Six compounds, presumably newly synthesized, were detected on the isolated caterpillars that could not have been acquired from M. sabuleti and M. rubra (nor occurred on preadoption caterpillars), five of which were found on the natural host M. schencki. These new compounds may relate to the high rank the caterpillars attain within the hierarchy of M. schencki societies. The same compounds would identify the caterpillars as intruders in non-schencki colonies, where their synthesis appeared to be largely suppressed. The ability to synthesize or suppress additional compounds once adopted explains the pattern of mortalities found among fully integrated caterpillars in Myrmica colonies of different species and physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schönrogge
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Insect social parasites are extreme specialists that typically use mimicry or stealth to enter ant colonies to exploit the rich, but fiercely protected, resources within their nests. Here we show how a parasitic wasp (parasitoid) contrives to reach its host, itself an endangered species of social parasite that lives inside the brood chambers of ant nests, by releasing semiochemicals to induce in-fighting between worker ants, locking the colony in combat and leaving it underprotected. Four of these chemicals are new to biology and have the potential to control pest species by inducing different agonistic behaviours in ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Thomas
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (NERC), Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK.
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Thomas JA, Elmes GW. Food-plant niche selection rather than the presence of ant nests explains oviposition patterns in the myrmecophilous butterfly genus Maculinea. Proc Biol Sci 2001; 268:471-7. [PMID: 11296858 PMCID: PMC1088629 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the socially parasitic butterfly Maculinea alcon detects ant odours before ovipositing on initial larval food plants near colonies of its obligate ant host Myrmica ruginodis. It has also been suggested that overcrowding on food plants near M. ruginodis is avoided by an ability to detect high egg loads, resulting in a switch to selecting plants near less suitable ant species. If confirmed, this hypothesis (H1) would have serious implications for the application of current population models aimed at the conservation of endangered Maculinea species, which are based on the null hypothesis (H0) that females randomly select food plants whose flower buds are at a precise phenological stage, making oviposition independent of ants. If H1 were wrong, practical management based upon its assumptions could lead to the extinction of protected populations. We present data for the five European species of Maculinea which show that (i) each oviposits on a phenologically restricted flower-bud stage, which accounts for the apparent host-ant-mediated niche separation in sympatric populations of Maculinea nausithous and Maculinea teleius, (ii) there is no temporal shift in oviposition by Maculinea arion in relation to host ant distribution or egg density, and (iii) oviposition patterns in 13 populations of M. alcon's closest relative, Macaulinea rebeli, conform to H0 not H1 predictions. It is concluded that conservation measures should continue to be based on H0.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Thomas
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Dorset, UK.
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Abstract
A polymorphism in growth rates was recently described affecting the larval development of the myrmecophilous butterfly Maculinea rebeli, spanning different years in a single insect population. The close integration of M. rebeli into the host ant colonies, facilitated by adaptations in behaviour and chemical mimicry, make extended larval development a successful strategy. Here we present additional data for M. rebeli and new data for Maculinea alcon (another cuckoo-feeding lycaenid) and the two myrmecophilous predators Maculinea arion and Microdon mutabilis (Diptera: Syrphidae). As predicted, M. alcon shows the same growth pattern as M. rebeli with a proportion of caterpillars developing in one year and the remainder over two years. This pattern holds in both northern and southern European populations, where M. alcon exploits different species of host. Against expectation, the same bimodal distribution of pre-pupation body weights, indicating one and two year developers, was found for the larvae of M. arion and M. mutabilis. As predators, both species are less closely integrated in their host ant colonies, suggesting that the polymorphism in growth rates is a more general adaptation to a myrmecophilous life style, arrived at by convergent evolution between the Maculinea and Microdon species. For predatory species we suggest that biennialism is an adaptation to the migratory behaviour of the host made possible by the predators' ability to fast over extended periods. We also hypothesize that M. arion represents an ancestral strategy in Maculinea butterflies and that the growth polymorphism might have become genetically fixed in the cuckoo-feeding species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schönrogge
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset, UK.
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Thomas JA, Elmes GW, Wardlaw JC. Polymorphic growth in larvae of the butterfly
Maculinea rebeli
, a social parasite of
Myrmica
ant colonies. Proc Biol Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Thomas
- Institute ofTerrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham BH20 5AS, UK
| | - G. W. Elmes
- Institute ofTerrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham BH20 5AS, UK
| | - J. C. Wardlaw
- Institute ofTerrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham BH20 5AS, UK
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Elmes GW, Wardlaw JC, Thomas JA. Larvae ofMaculinea rebeli, a large-blue butterfly and theirMyrmicahost ants: patterns of caterpillar growth and survival. J Zool (1987) 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elmes GW, Thomas JA, Wardlaw JC. Larvae ofMaculinea rebeli, a large-blue butterfly, and theirMyrmicahost ants: wild adoption and behaviour in ant-nests. J Zool (1987) 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elmes GW, Petal J. Queen Number as an Adaptable Trait: Evidence from Wild Populations of Two Red Ant Species (Genus myrmica). J Anim Ecol 1990. [DOI: 10.2307/4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thomas JA, Elmes GW, Wardlaw JC, Woyciechowski M. Host specificity among Maculinea butterflies in Myrmica ant nests. Oecologia 1989; 79:452-457. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00378660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1988] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elmes GW. Temporal Variation in Colony Populations of the Ant Myrmica sulcinodis: I. Changes in Queen Number, Worker Number and Spring Production. J Anim Ecol 1987. [DOI: 10.2307/5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Elmes GW, Wardlaw JC. A Population Study of the Ants Myrmica sabuleti and Myrmica scabrinodis, Living at Two Sites in the South of England. I. A Comparison of Colony Populations. J Anim Ecol 1982. [DOI: 10.2307/3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Elmes GW, Wardlaw JC. A Population Study of the Ants Myrmica sabuleti and Myrmica scabrinodis Living at Two Sites in the South of England. II. Effect of Above-Nest Vegetation. J Anim Ecol 1982. [DOI: 10.2307/3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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