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Ostheim P, Alemu SW, Tichý A, Sirak I, Davidkova M, Stastna MM, Kultova G, Schuele S, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Ghandhi SA, Amundson SA, Haimerl M, Stroszczynski C, Port M, Abend M. Examining potential confounding factors in gene expression analysis of human saliva and identifying potential housekeeping genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2312. [PMID: 35145126 PMCID: PMC8831573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of RNA from whole saliva, a non-invasive and easily accessible biofluid that is an attractive alternative to blood for high-throughput biodosimetry of radiological/nuclear victims might be of clinical significance for prediction and diagnosis of disease. In a previous analysis of 12 human samples we identified two challenges to measuring gene expression from total RNA: (1) the fraction of human RNA in whole saliva was low and (2) the bacterial contamination was overwhelming. To overcome these challenges, we performed selective cDNA synthesis for human RNA species only by employing poly(A)+-tail primers followed by qRT-PCR. In the current study, this approach was independently validated on 91 samples from 61 healthy donors. Additionally, we used the ratio of human to bacterial RNA to adjust the input RNA to include equal amounts of human RNA across all samples before cDNA synthesis, which then ensured comparable analysis using the same base human input material. Furthermore, we examined relative levels of ten known housekeeping genes, and assessed inter- and intra-individual differences in 61 salivary RNA isolates, while considering effects of demographical factors (e.g. sex, age), epidemiological factors comprising social habits (e.g. alcohol, cigarette consumption), oral hygiene (e.g. flossing, mouthwash), previous radiological diagnostic procedures (e.g. number of CT-scans) and saliva collection time (circadian periodic). Total human RNA amounts appeared significantly associated with age only (P ≤ 0.02). None of the chosen housekeeping genes showed significant circadian periodicity and either did not associate or were weakly associated with the 24 confounders examined, with one exception, 60% of genes were altered by mouthwash. ATP6, ACTB and B2M represented genes with the highest mean baseline expression (Ct-values ≤ 30) and were detected in all samples. Combining these housekeeping genes for normalization purposes did not decrease inter-individual variance, but increased the robustness. In summary, our work addresses critical confounders and provides important information for the successful examination of gene expression in human whole saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ostheim
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - S W Alemu
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - A Tichý
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defence in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - I Sirak
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital and Medical Faculty in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - M Davidkova
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Markova Stastna
- Institute for Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Kultova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defence in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S Schuele
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - T Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - G Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - S A Ghandhi
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - M Haimerl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Stroszczynski
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - M Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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Chen S, Deng J, Yuan Y, Flachenecker C, Mak R, Hornberger B, Jin Q, Shu D, Lai B, Maser J, Roehrig C, Paunesku T, Gleber SC, Vine DJ, Finney L, VonOsinski J, Bolbat M, Spink I, Chen Z, Steele J, Trapp D, Irwin J, Feser M, Snyder E, Brister K, Jacobsen C, Woloschak G, Vogt S. The Bionanoprobe: hard X-ray fluorescence nanoprobe with cryogenic capabilities. J Synchrotron Radiat 2014; 21:66-75. [PMID: 24365918 PMCID: PMC3874019 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577513029676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy is one of the most sensitive techniques for performing trace elemental analysis of biological samples such as whole cells and tissues. Conventional sample preparation methods usually involve dehydration, which removes cellular water and may consequently cause structural collapse, or invasive processes such as embedding. Radiation-induced artifacts may also become an issue, particularly as the spatial resolution increases beyond the sub-micrometer scale. To allow imaging under hydrated conditions, close to the `natural state', as well as to reduce structural radiation damage, the Bionanoprobe (BNP) has been developed, a hard X-ray fluorescence nanoprobe with cryogenic sample environment and cryo transfer capabilities, dedicated to studying trace elements in frozen-hydrated biological systems. The BNP is installed at an undulator beamline at sector 21 of the Advanced Photon Source. It provides a spatial resolution of 30 nm for two-dimensional fluorescence imaging. In this first demonstration the instrument design and motion control principles are described, the instrument performance is quantified, and the first results obtained with the BNP on frozen-hydrated whole cells are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chen
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - J. Deng
- Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Y. Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - R. Mak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Q. Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - D. Shu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - B. Lai
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - J. Maser
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - C. Roehrig
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - T. Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - S. C. Gleber
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - D. J. Vine
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - L. Finney
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - J. VonOsinski
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - M. Bolbat
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - I. Spink
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Z. Chen
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - J. Steele
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - D. Trapp
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - J. Irwin
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - M. Feser
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - E. Snyder
- Xradia Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - K. Brister
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - C. Jacobsen
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - G. Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - S. Vogt
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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Darwish N, Biswal N, Sun J, Bernard D, Dandekar V, Yao R, Jeiger B, Woloschak G, Griem K, Chu J. TH-A-WAB-10: Blood Perfusion of the Skin as An Indicator of Radiation-Induced Skin Reaction. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4815704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Biswal NC, Sun J, Anderson J, Bernard D, Dandekar V, Yao R, Darwish N, Wu Z, Jegier B, Woloschak G, Griem K, Chu J. SU-E-CAMPUS-J-03: Thermal Effusivity Changes Predict Radiation Exposure. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4815175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Donnelly E, Haley B, Kwasny M, Paunesku T, Woloschak G. Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Toxicity Development in Mice Irradiated with Increasing Levels of Low-Dose Single Fraction Gamma Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arora H, Wu A, Raha S, Boyle J, Paunesku T, Woloschak G. Conjugation to Fe3O4@TiO2 Nanoparticles Increases Uptake and Nuclear Localization of Doxorubicin in a Drug-Resistant Ovarian Carcinoma Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Barrea RA, Gore D, Kujala N, Karanfil C, Kozyrenko S, Heurich R, Vukonich M, Huang R, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Irving TC. Fast-scanning high-flux microprobe for biological X-ray fluorescence microscopy and microXAS. J Synchrotron Radiat 2010; 17:522-9. [PMID: 20567085 PMCID: PMC2891492 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510016869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the biomedical community in obtaining information concerning the distribution and local chemical environment of metals in tissues and cells. Recently, biological X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) has emerged as the tool of choice to address these questions. A fast-scanning high-flux X-ray microprobe, built around a recently commissioned pair of 200 mm-long Rh-coated silicon Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors, has been constructed at BioCAT beamline 18ID at the Advanced Photon Source. The new optical system delivers a flux of 1.3 x 10(12) photons s(-1) into a minimum focal spot size of approximately 3-5 microm FWHM. A set of Si drift detectors and bent Laue crystal analyzers may be used in combination with standard ionization chambers for X-ray fluorescence measurements. BioCAT's scanning software allows fast continuous scans to be performed while acquiring and storing full multichannel analyzer spectra per pixel on-the-fly with minimal overhead time (<20 ms per pixel). Together, the high-flux X-ray microbeam and the rapid-scanning capabilities of the BioCAT beamline allow the collection of XFM and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (microXAS) measurements from as many as 48 tissue sections per day. This paper reports the commissioning results of the new instrument with representative XFM and microXAS results from tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Barrea
- The Biophysics Collaborative Access Team (BioCAT), Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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Yuan Y, Paunesku T, Ward J, Vogt S, Woloschak G. Uptake mechanisms of EGFR-targeted TiO2 nanoparticles. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Arora H, Wu A, Boyle J, Paunesku T, Woloschak G. Conjugation to Fe3O4@TiO2 Nanoparticles Increases Uptake and Nuclear Localization of Doxorubicin in a Drug-resistant Ovarian Carcinoma Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang Z, Mascheri N, Dharmakumar R, Fan Z, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Li D. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-labeled cells as an effective vehicle for tracking the GFP gene marker using magnetic resonance imaging. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:43-51. [PMID: 18956269 DOI: 10.1080/14653240802420243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of a gene using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is hindered by the magnetic resonance (MR) targeting gene technique. Therefore it may be advantageous to image gene-expressing cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles by MRI. METHODS The GFP-R3230Ac (GFP) cell line was incubated for 24 h using SPIO nanoparticles at a concentration of 20 microg Fe/mL. Cell samples were prepared for iron content analysis and cell function evaluation. The labeled cells were imaged using fluorescent microscopy and MRI. RESULTS SPIO was used to label GFP cells effectively, with no effects on cell function and GFP expression. Iron-loaded GFP cells were successfully imaged with both fluorescent microscopy and T2*-weighted MRI. Prussian blue staining showed intracellular iron accumulation in the cells. All cells were labeled (100% labeling efficiency). The average iron content per cell was 4.75+/-0.11 pg Fe/cell (P<0.05 versus control). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that the GFP expression of cells is not altered by the SPIO labeling process. SPIO-labeled GFP cells can be visualized by MRI; therefore, GFP, a gene marker, was tracked indirectly with the SPIO-loaded cells using MRI. The technique holds promise for monitoring the temporal and spatial migration of cells with a gene marker and enhancing the understanding of cell- and gene-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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11
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Eifler A, Lewandowski R, Chung J, Virmani S, Wang D, Tang R, Szolc-Kowalska B, Woloschak G, Mulcahy M, Ryu R, Salem R, Larson A, Cheon E, Strouch M, Zarlengo D, Bentrem D, Omary R. Abstract No. 274: Development of the VX2 Pancreatic Cancer Model in Rabbits: A Platform to Test Future Interventional Radiology Therapies. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2008.12.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Wahl A, Paunesku D, Paunesku T, Kataoka Y, Grdina D, Woloschak G. Lethal and Non-Lethal Toxicity Incidence in Gamma Ray and Neutron Exposed Mice Treated With and Without Amifostine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Paunesku T, Kowalska B, Woloschak G. 232 Proliferating cell nuclear antigene (PCNA)-protein induction in lymphoid tissues of radioensitive “wasted” mice. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Babbo A, Paunesku T, Link J, Woloschak G. 209 The role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein in radiation-mediated cleavage of oligonucleotides by titanium dioxide — DNA nanocomposites in vitro. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu SC, Murley JS, Woloschak G, Grdina DJ. Repression of c-myc gene expression by the thiol and disulfide forms of the cytoprotector amifostine. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18:2457-9. [PMID: 9450496 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/18.12.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinically approved cytoprotector amifostine, designated WR-2721, [S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid], protects against both radiation and drug-induced mutagenesis in animal systems. These effects extend over a wide concentration range making amifostine a strong candidate for evaluation as a possible cancer chemopreventive agent. To better identify and develop potential intermediate biomarkers for chemoprevention at the molecular level we applied the technique of differential display RT-PCR to assess the effects of both the thiol (SH), i.e. WR1065 and the disulfide (SS), i.e. WR-33278, metabolites of amifostine on gene expression in CHO-AA8 cells. Cells were exposed to either 40 microM or 4 mM of each agent for 30 min, and subsequent changes in gene expression were identified and contrasted to that found in corresponding untreated control cells. One band that showed a differential response was sequenced and was found to have 78% homology with a segment of the human pHL-1 cDNA clone contained in GenBank. This clone contains a COX III mitochondrial DNA insert and two exons of human c-myc. Northern blot analyses were performed by using the cloned human c-myc exon 1 probe to confirm whether c-myc gene expression was affected. Repression of c-myc expression was observed under all of the conditions evaluated. An exposure of cells to 40 microM of the disulfide form of amifostine was the most effective in repressing c-myc, i.e. 27% of control level. A concentration of 4 mM of the disulfide form reduced gene expression to 45% of the control level, while the thiol form was less effective, with 4 mM and 40 microM concentrations reducing c-myc gene expression to 65% and 46% of control levels, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Liu
- Center for Mechanistic Biology and Biotechnology, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, USA
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