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Arya R, Ahlawat S, Yadav L, Rani M, Mondal A, Jangirh R, Kotnala G, Choudhary N, Rai A, Saharan US, Yadav P, Banoo R, Sharma SK, Gurjar BR, Nemitz E, Hamilton JF, Mandal TK. Emission inventory of inorganic trace gases from solid residential fuels over the National Capital Territory of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:4012-4024. [PMID: 38097829 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In developing nations, solid residential fuels are the major sources of primary energy for various domestic activities. To date, the emission inventory of inorganic trace gases over National Capital Territory (NCT) was prepared using either default or country-specific emission factors. In this paper, we report (for the first time) the spatial variation of emission factors (EFs) of inorganic trace gases (SO2, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, and CH4) from the residential fuels used in slums and rural areas of NCT determined using dilution chamber in the laboratory. 147 residential fuel samples, including fuelwood, dung cake, crop residues, coal, etc., were collected at 149 NCT locations out of 675 slum clusters and 146 rural villages. The range of EF(s) of SO2 (0.02 ± 0.01 to 0.04 ± 0.01 g kg-1), CH4 (0.10 to 0.34 g kg-1), NO2 (0.01 to 0.02 g kg-1) is lower than the CO (3.55 ± 1.72 to 6.07 ± 1.53 g kg-1) and CO2 (0 to 129.45 ± 46.94 g kg-1). The north and north west districts of NCT are emission hotspots for CH4, NO, and NO2 emissions, whereas, the southern and northern areas of NCT are for CO2. These citywide emission inventories (0.05° × 0.05°) of inorganic trace gases are prepared using laboratory-determined EFs and available consumption data determined by recent survey information. Among solid residential fuels, fuel wood, and dung cake are two major contributors to inorganic trace gases in NCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Arya
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sakshi Ahlawat
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lokesh Yadav
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Martina Rani
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arnab Mondal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ritu Jangirh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Garima Kotnala
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ummed Singh Saharan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rubiya Banoo
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | | | - Eiko Nemitz
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Jacqueline F Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Jangirh R, Ahlawat S, Arya R, Mondal A, Yadav L, Kotnala G, Yadav P, Choudhary N, Rani M, Banoo R, Rai A, Saharan US, Rastogi N, Patel A, Gadi R, Saxena P, Vijayan N, Sharma C, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Gridded distribution of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and their chemical characterization over Delhi during winter. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:17892-17918. [PMID: 34686959 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) samples were collected at 47 different sites (47 grids of 5 × 5 km2 area) of Delhi during winter (January-February 2019) in campaign mode. To understand the spatial variation of sources, TSP samples were analyzed for chemical compositions including carbonaceous species [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC)], water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), water-soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), water-soluble inorganic species (WSIS) (F-, Cl-, SO42-, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and major and minor trace elements (B, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Pd, F, and Ag). During the campaign, the maximum concentration of several components of TSP (996 μg/m3) was recorded at the Rana Pratap Bagh area, representing a pollution hotspot of Delhi. The maximum concentrations of PAHs were recorded at Udhyog Nagar, a region close to heavily loaded diesel vehicles, small rubber factories, and waste burning areas. Higher content of Cl- and Cl-/Na+ ratio (>1.7) suggests the presence of nonmarine anthropogenic sources of Cl- over Delhi. Minimum concentrations of OC, EC, WSOC, PAHs, and WSIS in TSP were observed at Kalkaji, representing the least polluted area in Delhi. Enrichment factor <5.0 at several locations and a significant correlation of Al with Mg, Fe, Ti, and Ca and C/N ratio indicated the abundance of mineral/crustal dust in TSP over Delhi. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed for the source apportionment of TSP, and extracted soil dust was found to be the major contributor to TSP, followed by biomass burning, open waste burning, secondary aerosol, and vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jangirh
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sakshi Ahlawat
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rahul Arya
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arnab Mondal
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lokesh Yadav
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Garima Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Martina Rani
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rubiya Banoo
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ummed Singh Saharan
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Anil Patel
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- CSIR - National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Delhi Zonal Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Narayanasamy Vijayan
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Chhemendra Sharma
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Dubey A, Kotnala G, Mandal TK, Sonkar SC, Singh VK, Guru SA, Bansal A, Irungbam M, Husain F, Goswami B, Kotnala RK, Saxena S, Sharma SK, Saxena KN, Sharma C, Kumar S, Aswal DK, Manchanda V, Koner BC. Evidence of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in atmospheric air and surfaces of a dedicated COVID hospital. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5339-5349. [PMID: 33913527 PMCID: PMC8242543 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted from July 1, 2020 to September 25, 2020 in a dedicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) hospital in Delhi, India to provide evidence for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus in atmospheric air and surfaces of the hospital wards. Swabs from hospital surfaces (patient's bed, ward floor, and nursing stations area) and suspended particulate matter in ambient air were collected by a portable air sampler from the medicine ward, intensive care unit, and emergency ward admitting COVID‐19 patients. By performing reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for E‐gene and RdRp gene, SARS‐CoV‐2 virus was detected from hospital surfaces and particulate matters from the ambient air of various wards collected at 1 and 3‐m distance from active COVID‐19 patients. The presence of the virus in the air beyond a 1‐m distance from the patients and surfaces of the hospital indicates that the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has the potential to be transmitted by airborne and surface routes from COVID‐19 patients to health‐care workers working in COVID‐19 dedicated hospital. This warrants that precautions against airborne and surface transmission of COVID‐19 in the community should be taken when markets, industries, educational institutions, and so on, reopen for normal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Tuhin K Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Subash C Sonkar
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer A Guru
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aastha Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Monica Irungbam
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Husain
- Department of Anesthesia, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Binita Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India.,Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra K Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirti N Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Chhemendra Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh K Aswal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Manchanda
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bidhan C Koner
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India.,Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Kotnala G, Mandal TK, Sharma SK, Kotnala RK. Emergence of Blue Sky Over Delhi Due to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Lockdown Implications. Aerosol Sci Eng 2020; 4:228-238. [PMCID: PMC7246289 DOI: 10.1007/s41810-020-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) prevailing in more than 210 countries, out of them only few have promulgated lockdown and on March 24, 2020 India also implemented lockdown for 21 days to prevent the community spread of virus among people. Since then, lockdown heavily restricts travel movements of flights, rail, intercity bus services besides industrial activity halt throughout the country. The significant improvement in the air quality of Delhi region was observed due to strict implementation of lockdown. During the lockdown period, improvement in ambient air quality helped us in circumventing the coronavirus community spread. The preliminary results showing the decrease in horizontal advection of pollutants has given an opportunity to understand the background concentrations of air pollutants over Delhi. To analyse this peculiar situation, we have assessed the pollutants datasets collected by twelve different online ambient air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India and observed a colossal improvement in the ambient air quality. The analysis of data confirms the sharp decline in concentrations (nearly 200%) of PM2.5 and PM10. The concentration of nitrous oxides (NOx), recorded its maximum (342 ppb) on 12 January 2020 in CRRI–Mathura Road, Delhi with the lowest value as 24 ppb on 30 March 2020 (reduced to nearly 14 times of the peak value). In the triad of this infectious disease, the role of environment is not linked better however, the ground reality cannot be ignored due to environment around us receives, maintains, protects and transports the aetiological agents to host prevailing in polluted environment which makes our lungs more susceptible to viral attacks. Therefore, a cleaner environment would prove to be an effective measure to halt and reduce the transmission of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 India
| | - T. K. Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 India
| | - S. K. Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 India
| | - R. K. Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 India
- Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai, India
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Kotnala G, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Influence of Vehicular Emissions (NO, NO 2, CO and NMHCs) on the Mixing Ratio of Atmospheric Ammonia (NH 3) in Delhi, India. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 78:79-85. [PMID: 31832738 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixing ratios of atmospheric ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), and methane (CH4) were measured to investigate the vehicular emissions, which are a dominant source of atmospheric NH3 in urban sites of Delhi, India from January 2013 to December 2014. The annual average mixing ratios of NH3, NO, CO, NMHCs, and CH4 were 21.2 ± 2.1 ppb, 21.2 ± 6.1 ppb, 1.89 ± 0.18 ppm, 0.67 ± 0.21 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.53 ppm, respectively. Considering NO as a tracer of vehicular plume, ambient NH3 was correlated with NO during peak traffic hour in the morning (7:00-10:00 h) and evening (17:00-19:00 h) and observed significant positive correlation between them. Result reveals that the mixing ratio of atmospheric NH3 significantly positive correlated with traffic related pollutants (NO, CO, and NHHCs) during all the seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). During winter, the average mixing ratio of atmospheric NH3 was increased by 1.2-3.5 ppb in the morning peak hour, whereas increased by 0.3-1.6 ppb in the evening peak hour. Similarly, an increase in NH3 mixing ratio was observed during summer (morning: 1.2-2.7 ppb and evening: 1.5-1.6 ppb) and monsoon (morning: 0.4-3.6 ppb and evening: 0.9-1.4 ppb) seasons. The results emphasized that the traffic could be one of the dominant source of ambient NH3 at the urban site of Delhi, as illustrated by positive relationships of NH3 with traffic related co-pollutants (NO, CO and NMHCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kotnala
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - S K Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - T K Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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