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Gillette C, Perry CJ, Ferreri SP, Sisson CGB, Bodner GB, Jones CE, Rogers SD, Rose TH, Ip EHS, Crandall SJ. Are Physician Assistants Able to Correctly Identify Prescribing Errors? A Cross-Sectional Study. J Physician Assist Educ 2023; 34:231-234. [PMID: 37647229 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE (1) To describe how often physician assistant (PA) students correctly identify prescribing errors and (2) examine between-cohort differences on ability to correctly identify prescribing errors. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 2 cohorts of PA students at one institution. Students were presented with 3 hypothetical prescriptions, 2 of which contained a prescribing error. For each prescription, students were asked to (1) identify whether an error occurred and (2) indicate the type of error. A simple Poisson regression model analyzed the data. RESULTS We received responses from 130 students (72.6% response rate). Approximately 12% (12.3%, n = 16) correctly identified whether all 3 prescriptions were correct. The median number of correctly identified prescriptions was 1 (interquartile range = 1). There was not a statistically significant between-cohort difference identifying the correct number of prescriptions (β = 0.27, P = .10). CONCLUSION Physician assistant students' prescribing error identification was similar to previous research in medical and nursing students. Efforts to improve prescribing training are critical to ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gillette
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Courtney J Perry
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Stefanie P Ferreri
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Caroline Grey Bell Sisson
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gayle B Bodner
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Caitlin E Jones
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Samantha D Rogers
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tiffany H Rose
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Edward Hak-Sing Ip
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sonia J Crandall
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Courtney J. Perry, PharmD, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Stefanie P. Ferreri, PharmD, BCACP, FAPhA, is a Henry L. Smith and James L. Olsen PhD distinguished professor in pharmacy practice and chair, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor and interim chair, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caitlin E. Jones, MD, is an assistant professor, Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Samantha D. Rogers, MMS, PA-C, is a physician assistant, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Tiffany H. Rose, NP, is a nurse practitioner, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Edward Hak-Sing Ip, PhD, is a professor, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia J. Crandall, PhD, MS, FAMEE, is a professor and director of scholarship and research, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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4
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Gillette C, Bodner GB, Bell Sisson CG, Bates N, DeTroye A, Hussaini SS, Crandall S. What Physician Assistants Prefer in a Postprofessional Doctorate Program: A Cross-Sectional Rating and Rankings Study. J Physician Assist Educ 2023; 34:147-151. [PMID: 37133895 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The physician assistant (PA) literature has focused on the implications of creating an entry-level doctoral degree; however, there is scant primary literature on postprofessional doctorates, which are becoming more popular as the number of institutions offering them increases. The purposes of this project were to: (1) describe interest and motivation of currently practicing PAs to enroll in a postprofessional doctorate program and (2) identify the most- and least-preferred attributes of a postprofessional doctorate program. METHODS This was a quantitative cross-sectional survey of recent alumni from one institution. Measures included interest in obtaining a postprofessional doctorate, a nonrandomized Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) exercise, and motivators for enrolling in a postprofessional doctorate. The main outcome of interest was the BWS standardized score for each attribute. RESULTS The research team received 172 eligible responses (n = 172, response rate = 25.83%). Results indicate that 47.67% of respondents (n = 82) expressed interest in a postprofessional doctorate. The most preferred doctorate program attribute was a clinically based program, ending with a residency, conferring a Doctor of Medical Science (DMSc) degree, with a hybrid course delivery. DISCUSSION This sample included various interests, motivations, and preferred program attributes. Understanding these factors may help inform the design and redesign of doctoral programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gillette
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, and an associate professor, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Nathan Bates, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Alisha DeTroye, MMS, PA-C, is director of advanced practice at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and adjunct assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sobia S. Hussaini, MHA, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia Crandall, PhD, MS, is a professor and director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gayle B Bodner
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, and an associate professor, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Nathan Bates, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Alisha DeTroye, MMS, PA-C, is director of advanced practice at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and adjunct assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sobia S. Hussaini, MHA, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia Crandall, PhD, MS, is a professor and director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Caroline Grey Bell Sisson
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, and an associate professor, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Nathan Bates, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Alisha DeTroye, MMS, PA-C, is director of advanced practice at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and adjunct assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sobia S. Hussaini, MHA, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia Crandall, PhD, MS, is a professor and director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nathan Bates
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, and an associate professor, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Nathan Bates, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Alisha DeTroye, MMS, PA-C, is director of advanced practice at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and adjunct assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sobia S. Hussaini, MHA, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia Crandall, PhD, MS, is a professor and director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Alisha DeTroye
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, and an associate professor, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Nathan Bates, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Alisha DeTroye, MMS, PA-C, is director of advanced practice at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and adjunct assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sobia S. Hussaini, MHA, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia Crandall, PhD, MS, is a professor and director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sobia S Hussaini
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, and an associate professor, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Nathan Bates, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Alisha DeTroye, MMS, PA-C, is director of advanced practice at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and adjunct assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sobia S. Hussaini, MHA, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia Crandall, PhD, MS, is a professor and director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sonia Crandall
- Chris Gillette, PhD, is an associate professor and assistant director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, and an associate professor, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Gayle B. Bodner, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Caroline Grey Bell Sisson, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Nathan Bates, MMS, PA-C, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Alisha DeTroye, MMS, PA-C, is director of advanced practice at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and adjunct assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sobia S. Hussaini, MHA, is an assistant professor, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Sonia Crandall, PhD, MS, is a professor and director of research and scholarship, Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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