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Madruga F, Martinez-Pereira Y, Schoeffmann G, Culshaw G. Spontaneous torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation in a dog during pacemaker implantation. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 32:60-65. [PMID: 33137661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Torsade de pointes is an unusual complication seen in dogs during pacemaker implantation, although ventricular fibrillation has been previously reported. This case report describes torsade de pointes in a dog during pacemaker implantation that degenerated into ventricular fibrillation and discusses the possible contributory factors. It also illustrates the relevance of a pre-emptive resuscitation plan and how this might have affected the outcome in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Madruga
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Y Martinez-Pereira
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Schoeffmann
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Culshaw
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KE, Chetboul V, Luis Fuentes V, Payne JR, Wess G, Hogan DF, Abbott JA, Häggström J, Culshaw G, Fine-Ferreira D, Cote E, Trehiou-Sechi E, Motsinger-Reif AA, Nakamura RK, Singh M, Ware WA, Riesen SC, Borgarelli M, Rush JE, Vollmar A, Lesser MB, Van Israel N, Lee PMS, Bulmer B, Santilli R, Bossbaly MJ, Quick N, Bussadori C, Bright J, Estrada AH, Ohad DG, Del Palacio MJF, Brayley JL, Schwartz DS, Gordon SG, Jung S, Bove CM, Brambilla PG, Moïse NS, Stauthammer C, Quintavalla C, Manczur F, Stepien RL, Mooney C, Hung YW, Lobetti R, Tamborini A, Oyama MA, Komolov A, Fujii Y, Pariaut R, Uechi M, Yukie Tachika Ohara V. Long-term incidence and risk of noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2572-2586. [PMID: 31605422 PMCID: PMC6872868 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic knowledge regarding noncardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in apparently healthy cats (AH) and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (pHCM) is limited, hindering development of evidence‐based healthcare guidelines. Objectives To characterize/compare incidence rates, risk, and survival associated with noncardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in AH and pHCM cats. Animals A total of 1730 client‐owned cats (722 AH, 1008 pHCM) from 21 countries. Methods Retrospective, multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Long‐term health data were extracted by medical record review and owner/referring veterinarian interviews. Results Noncardiovascular death occurred in 534 (30.9%) of 1730 cats observed up to 15.2 years. Proportion of noncardiovascular death did not differ significantly between cats that at study enrollment were AH or had pHCM (P = .48). Cancer, chronic kidney disease, and conditions characterized by chronic weight‐loss‐vomiting‐diarrhea‐anorexia were the most frequently recorded noncardiovascular causes of death. Incidence rates/risk of noncardiac death increased with age in AH and pHCM. All‐cause death proportions were greater in pHCM than AH (65% versus 40%, respectively; P < .001) because of higher cardiovascular mortality in pHCM cats. Comparing AH with pHCM, median survival (study entry to noncardiovascular death) did not differ (AH, 9.8 years; pHCM, 8.6 years; P = .10), but all‐cause survival was significantly shorter in pHCM (P = .0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance All‐cause mortality was significantly greater in pHCM cats due to disease burden contributed by increased cardiovascular death superimposed upon noncardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Fox
- Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Bruce W Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | | | - Karsten E Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel F Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey Culshaw
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, R(D)SVS Hospital for Small Animals Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Etienne Cote
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Univertisy of PEI-Department of Companion Animals, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Cardiology Unit of Alfort-Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Reid K Nakamura
- Advanced Veterinary Care Center-Cardiology, Lawndale, California, U.S.A
| | - Manreet Singh
- Veterinary Cardiac Referrals-Cardiology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy A Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A
| | | | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | - Pamela Ming-Show Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Barret Bulmer
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment & Specialties, Walpole, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Roberto Santilli
- Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Nadine Quick
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudio Bussadori
- Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milano, Italy
| | - Janice Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Amara H Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Dan G Ohad
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Denise S Schwartz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A
| | - SeungWoo Jung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A
| | - Christina M Bove
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N Sydney Moïse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Stauthammer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | | | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebecca L Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Carmel Mooney
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, South Africa
| | - Alice Tamborini
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University College Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | | | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Romain Pariaut
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
| | - Masami Uechi
- Jasmine Animal Cardiovascular Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Victoria Yukie Tachika Ohara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Small Species, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KA, Chetboul V, Luis Fuentes V, Wess G, Payne JR, Hogan DF, Motsinger-Reif A, Häggström J, Trehiou-Sechi E, Fine-Ferreira DM, Nakamura RK, Lee PM, Singh MK, Ware WA, Abbott JA, Culshaw G, Riesen S, Borgarelli M, Lesser MB, Van Israël N, Côté E, Rush JE, Bulmer B, Santilli RA, Vollmar AC, Bossbaly MJ, Quick N, Bussadori C, Bright JM, Estrada AH, Ohad DG, Fernández-Del Palacio MJ, Lunney Brayley J, Schwartz DS, Bové CM, Gordon SG, Jung SW, Brambilla P, Moïse NS, Stauthammer CD, Stepien RL, Quintavalla C, Amberger C, Manczur F, Hung YW, Lobetti R, De Swarte M, Tamborini A, Mooney CT, Oyama MA, Komolov A, Fujii Y, Pariaut R, Uechi M, Tachika Ohara VY. International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: The REVEAL Study. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:930-943. [PMID: 29660848 PMCID: PMC5980443 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most prevalent heart disorder in cats and principal cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Yet, the impact of preclinical disease is unresolved. Hypothesis/Objectives Observational study to characterize cardiovascular morbidity and survival in cats with preclinical nonobstructive (HCM) and obstructive (HOCM) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in apparently healthy cats (AH). Animals One thousand seven hundred and thirty client‐owned cats (430 preclinical HCM; 578 preclinical HOCM; 722 AH). Methods Retrospective multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Cats from 21 countries were followed through medical record review and owner or referring veterinarian interviews. Data were analyzed to compare long‐term outcomes, incidence, and risk for congestive heart failure (CHF), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and cardiovascular death. Results During the study period, CHF, ATE, or both occurred in 30.5% and cardiovascular death in 27.9% of 1008 HCM/HOCM cats. Risk assessed at 1, 5, and 10 years after study entry was 7.0%/3.5%, 19.9%/9.7%, and 23.9%/11.3% for CHF/ATE, and 6.7%, 22.8%, and 28.3% for cardiovascular death, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between HOCM compared with HCM for cardiovascular morbidity or mortality, time from diagnosis to development of morbidity, or cardiovascular survival. Cats that developed cardiovascular morbidity had short survival (mean ± standard deviation, 1.3 ± 1.7 years). Overall, prolonged longevity was recorded in a minority of preclinical HCM/HOCM cats with 10% reaching 9‐15 years. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Preclinical HCM/HOCM is a global health problem of cats that carries substantial risk for CHF, ATE, and cardiovascular death. This finding underscores the need to identify therapies and monitoring strategies that decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Fox
- Department of Cardiology and Caspary Research Institute, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Bruce W Keene
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | | | - Karsten A Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessie Rose Payne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Deborah M Fine-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Reid K Nakamura
- Advanced Veterinary Care Center, Lawndale, California, U.S.A
| | - Pamela M Lee
- Department of Cardiology and Caspary Research Institute, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Manreet K Singh
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Wendy A Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Geoffrey Culshaw
- Royal (Dick) SVS Hospital for Small Animals, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Riesen
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Barret Bulmer
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment & Specialties, Walpole, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | - Nadine Quick
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudio Bussadori
- Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milan, Italy
| | - Janice M Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Amara H Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dan G Ohad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Denise S Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina M Bové
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Seung Woo Jung
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Paola Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N Sydney Moïse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Rebecca L Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, South Africa
| | - Marie De Swarte
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice Tamborini
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | | | - Yoko Fujii
- Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Romain Pariaut
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Masami Uechi
- Jasmine Animal Cardiovascular Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Victoria Yukie Tachika Ohara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Small Species, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Lu CC, Liu MM, Culshaw G, French A, Corcoran B. Comparison of cellular changes in Cavalier King Charles spaniel and mixed breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:100-9. [PMID: 26860643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in cellular changes in Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) myxomatous mitral valves compared to non-CKCS dogs. ANIMALS Cavalier King Charles spaniels (n = 6) and age-matched mixed breed (n = 6) with severe myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and normal mixed breed (n = 4) dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry staining and qualitative and quantitative analysis of mitral valves sections, examining for the presence of CD11c and CD45, vimentin, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (Smemb), von Willebrand factor and CD31 and Ki-67. RESULTS Vimentin positive cell numbers were increased in the MMVD dogs and distributed throughout the valve with greatest density close to the endothelium. There were no significant differences in cell marker expression for the two diseased groups, but cell numbers were significantly increased compared to controls for α-SMA (CKCS only) and Smemb (CKCS and mixed breed: p < 0.05). Alpha smooth muscle actin+ cells were primarily located at the valve edge, with Smemb+ cells similarly located, but also present throughout the valve stroma. A small number of cells close to the valve edge co-expressed α-SMA and Smemb. Endothelial von Willebrand factor expression was identified in all valves, with evidence of disrupted endothelium in the diseased, but was also found in diseased valve stroma. There was no staining for CD11c, CD45 or CD31 in any valve. Ki-67+ cells formed linear clusters at the leaflet tip and were sparsely distributed throughout both myxomatous valve groups. CONCLUSIONS The cellular changes notes with advanced stage MMVD appear similar for CKCS when compared to mixed breed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Lu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M-M Liu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Culshaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A French
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
| | - B Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easterbush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Lu CC, Liu MM, Culshaw G, Clinton M, Argyle DJ, Corcoran BM. Gene network and canonical pathway analysis in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease: a microarray study. Vet J 2015; 204:23-31. [PMID: 25841900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the single most common acquired heart disease of the dog and is particularly common in small pedigree breed dogs such as the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS). There are limited data on the mitral valve transcriptome and the aim of this study was to use the microarray technology in conjunction with bioinformatics platforms to analyse transcript changes in MMVD in CKCS compared to normal dogs (non-CKCS). Differentially expressed genes (n = 5397) were identified using cut-off settings of fold change, false discovery rate (FDR) and P <0.05. In total, 4002 genes were annotated to a specific transcript in the Affymetrix canine database, and after further filtering, 591 annotated canine genes were identified: 322 (55%) were up-regulated and 269 (45%) were down-regulated. Canine microRNAs (cfa-miR; n = 59) were also identified. Gene ontology and network analysis platforms identified between six and 10 significantly different biological function clusters from which the following were selected as relevant to MMVD: inflammation, cell movement, cardiovascular development, extracellular matrix organisation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified three canonical pathways relevant to MMVD: caveolar-mediated endocytosis, remodelling of epithelial adherens junctions, and endothelin-1 signalling. Considering the biological relevance to MMVD, the gene families of importance with significant difference between groups included collagens, ADAMTS peptidases, proteoglycans, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, basement membrane components, cathepsin S, integrins, tight junction cell adhesion proteins, cadherins, other matrix-associated proteins, and members of the serotonin (5-HT)/transforming growth factor -β signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Lu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M-M Liu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Culshaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - M Clinton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B M Corcoran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK.
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Han RI, Black A, Culshaw G, French AT, Corcoran BM. Structural and cellular changes in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease: an image analysis study. J Heart Valve Dis 2010; 19:60-70. [PMID: 20329491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the single most common cardiac disease of the dog, and bears close similarities to chronic degenerative mitral valve disease in humans. However, limited quantitative data are available on cellular and morphological changes in both species. The study aim was to use an image analysis system to examine various morphological changes associated with MMVD, and in particular to measure changes in cell numbers in overtly myxomatous areas of the distal portion of the valve. METHODS Mitral valve complexes were collected from normal dogs and dogs with varying severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease (veterinary Whitney grades 1-4; a measure of disease severity and age-related disease progression in the dog). An image analysis technique (ImageJ; National Institutes of Health, USA) was used to measure valve leaflet length, thickness, connective tissue content and density, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, cell number and shape in normal and myxomatous areas of diseased valves. RESULTS There was a change in the valve leaflet anterior/posterior length ratio in the diseased valves, suggestive of valve lengthening. Distinct and statistically significant (p < 0.01) changes occurred in the valve thickness ratio for both anterior and posterior leaflets as the disease progressed, and the posterior leaflet thickness ratios were consistently higher than for the anterior leaflets. There was a statistically significant decrease in cell numbers in overtly myxomatous areas of the distal portion of affected valves compared to similar locations in normal valves, but there was no difference between the different grades of disease. The majority of cells in both diseased and normal valves had a circularity score typical of a spindle (elongated) shape. Connective tissue derangement was clearly seen in the myxomatous areas, and this was associated with a significant reduction in connective tissue density. The reduction in connective tissue density was associated with advancing disease severity (age). There was an increase in GAG expression with disease severity, as shown by the level of Alcian blue staining, but this could not be quantified with ImageJ. CONCLUSION Mitral valve myxomatous degeneration in the dog is associated with lengthening and thickening of valve leaflets, a loss of connective tissue, and a decrease in cell numbers in selected myxomatous areas, but no change in cell circularity. Some of these changes were age- (disease severity-) related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Han
- Hospital for Small Animals, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Mid-Lothian, UK
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Pereira YM, Woolley R, Culshaw G, French A, Martin M. The vasovagal tonus index as a prognostic indicator in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:587-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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