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Mulato A, Lansdon E, Aoyama R, Voigt J, Lee M, Liclican A, Lee G, Singer E, Stafford B, Gong R, Murray B, Chan J, Lee J, Xu Y, Ahmadyar S, Gonzalez A, Cho A, Stepan GJ, Schmitz U, Schultz B, Marchand B, Brumshtein B, Wang R, Yu H, Cihlar T, Xu L, Yant SR. Preclinical characterization of a non-peptidomimetic HIV protease inhibitor with improved metabolic stability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0137323. [PMID: 38380945 PMCID: PMC10989020 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01373-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) remain an important component of antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection due to their high genetic barrier to resistance development. Nevertheless, the two most commonly prescribed HIV PIs, atazanavir and darunavir, still require co-administration with a pharmacokinetic boosting agent to maintain sufficient drug plasma levels which can lead to undesirable drug-drug interactions. Herein, we describe GS-9770, a novel investigational non-peptidomimetic HIV PI with unboosted once-daily oral dosing potential due to improvements in its metabolic stability and its pharmacokinetic properties in preclinical animal species. This compound demonstrates potent inhibitory activity and high on-target selectivity for recombinant HIV-1 protease versus other aspartic proteases tested. In cell culture, GS-9770 inhibits Gag polyprotein cleavage and shows nanomolar anti-HIV-1 potency in primary human cells permissive to HIV-1 infection and against a broad range of HIV subtypes. GS-9770 demonstrates an improved resistance profile against a panel of patient-derived HIV-1 isolates with resistance to atazanavir and darunavir. In resistance selection experiments, GS-9770 prevented the emergence of breakthrough HIV-1 variants at all fixed drug concentrations tested and required multiple protease substitutions to enable outgrowth of virus exposed to escalating concentrations of GS-9770. This compound also remained fully active against viruses resistant to drugs from other antiviral classes and showed no in vitro antagonism when combined pairwise with drugs from other antiretroviral classes. Collectively, these preclinical data identify GS-9770 as a potent, non-peptidomimetic once-daily oral HIV PI with potential to overcome the persistent requirement for pharmacological boosting with this class of antiretroviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mulato
- Department of Virology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Eric Lansdon
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Ron Aoyama
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Albert Liclican
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Gary Lee
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Eric Singer
- Department of Virology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Brian Stafford
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Ruoyu Gong
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Bernard Murray
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Julie Chan
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Johnny Lee
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Yili Xu
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Shekeba Ahmadyar
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Ana Gonzalez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - George J. Stepan
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Uli Schmitz
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Brian Schultz
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Bruno Marchand
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Boris Brumshtein
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Ruth Wang
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Helen Yu
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Department of Virology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Lianhong Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Stephen R. Yant
- Department of Virology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
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Subramanian R, Tang J, Zheng J, Lu B, Wang K, Yant SR, Stepan GJ, Mulato A, Yu H, Schroeder S, Shaik N, Singh R, Wolckenhauer S, Chester A, Tse WC, Chiu A, Rhee M, Cihlar T, Rowe W, Smith BJ. Lenacapavir: A Novel, Potent, and Selective First-in-Class Inhibitor of HIV-1 Capsid Function Exhibits Optimal Pharmacokinetic Properties for a Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Agent. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6213-6225. [PMID: 37917742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Lenacapavir (LEN) is a picomolar first-in-class capsid inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with a multistage mechanism of action and no known cross resistance to other existing antiretroviral (ARV) drug classes. LEN exhibits a low aqueous solubility and exceptionally low systemic clearance following intravenous (IV) administration in nonclinical species and humans. LEN formulated in an aqueous suspension or a PEG/water solution formulation showed sustained plasma exposure levels with no unintended rapid drug release following subcutaneous (SC) administration to rats and dogs. A high total fraction dose release was observed with both formulations. The long-acting pharmacokinetics (PK) were recapitulated in humans following SC administration of both formulations. The SC PK profiles displayed two-phase absorption kinetics in both animals and humans with an initial fast-release absorption phase, followed by a slow-release absorption phase. Noncompartmental and compartmental analyses informed the LEN systemic input rate from the SC depot and exit rate from the body. Modeling-enabled deconvolution of the input rates from two processes: absorption of the soluble fraction (minor) from a direct fast-release process leading to the early PK phase and absorption of the precipitated fraction (major) from an indirect slow-release process leading to the later PK phase. LEN SC PK showed flip-flop kinetics due to the input rate being substantially slower than the systemic exit rate. LEN input rates via the slow-release process in humans were slower than those in both rats and dogs. Overall, the combination of high potency, exceptional stability, and optimal release rate from the injection depot make LEN well suited for a parenteral long-acting formulation that can be administered once up to every 6 months in humans for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jennifer Tang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jim Zheng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bing Lu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kelly Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Stephen R Yant
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - George J Stepan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Andrew Mulato
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Schroeder
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Naveed Shaik
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Renu Singh
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Wolckenhauer
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Anne Chester
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Winston C Tse
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Anna Chiu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martin Rhee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - William Rowe
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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Zheng J, Yant SR, Ahmadyar S, Chan TY, Chiu A, Cihlar T, Link JO, Lu B, Mwangi J, Rowe W, Schroeder SD, Stepan GJ, Wang KW, Subramanian R, Tse WC. 539. GS-CA2: A Novel, Potent, and Selective First-In-class Inhibitor of HIV-1 Capsid Function Displays Nonclinical Pharmacokinetics Supporting Long-Acting Potential in Humans. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018. [PMCID: PMC6254825 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy210.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GS-CA2, an analog of GS-CA1, is a novel and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid function. Safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of GS-CA2 is currently being evaluated in healthy human subjects. Herein, we present the anti-HIV activity and nonclinical PK of GS-CA2, demonstrating its potential as a first-in-class long-acting antiretroviral agent. Methods GS-CA2 antiviral activity was evaluated in MT-4 cells and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) acutely infected with HIV-1 (IIIb) and clinical HIV-1 isolates, respectively. Standard in vitro methods were used to characterize compound lipophilicity (LogD), solubility and relative binding to cell culture and plasma proteins. Metabolic stability was assessed in cryopreserved hepatocytes. GS-CA2 PK parameters following intravenous and subcutaneous (SC) administration were assessed in rat and dog. GS-CA2 plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Results GS-CA2 showed potent and selective anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells (EC50 = 0.1 nM; CC50 = 26.6 µM). In PBMCs, GS-CA2 displayed a mean EC50 of 0.05 nM (0.02–0.16 nM) against 23 HIV-1 clinical isolates representing all major subtypes. GS-CA2 is highly lipophilic (LogD of 3.7) with low aqueous solubility (<0.01 mg/mL) and low predicted clearance (CL) in human hepatocytes (0.01 L/h/kg). In rat and dog, GS-CA2 demonstrated low CL (<4% of liver blood flow). GS-CA2 PK in rat and dog exhibited sustained and slow drug release following a single SC administration. Factors including species, formulation, concentration, dose, volume, and number of injections were examined for the effect on systemic exposure over time. GS-CA2 plasma concentrations in dogs (Figure 1) were maintained above the human plasma protein binding-adjusted EC95 (4 nM) for the entire study duration (16 weeks). Conclusion GS-CA2 is a selective and first-in-class HIV capsid inhibitor with picomolar potency and potential to be clinically effective against a broad range of HIV-1 strains. In animals following a single SC injection, GS-CA2 maintained therapeutically relevant concentrations for >3 months. These nonclinical data support clinical development of GS-CA2 as a novel long-acting antiretroviral agent suitable for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. ![]()
Disclosures J. Zheng, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. S. R. Yant, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. S. Ahmadyar, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. T. Y. Chan, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. A. Chiu, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. T. Cihlar, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. J. O. Link, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. B. Lu, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. J. Mwangi, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. W. Rowe, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. S. D. Schroeder, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. G. J. Stepan, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. K. W. Wang, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. R. Subramanian, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary. W. C. Tse, Gilead Sciences, Inc.: Employee, Salary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Zheng
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | | | - Tiffany Y Chan
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Anna Chiu
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | - John O Link
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Bing Lu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Judy Mwangi
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | - William Rowe
- FPD, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | | | - Kelly Wei Wang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | - Winston C Tse
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
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Choppin A, Stepan GJ, Loury DN, Watson N, Eglen RM. Characterization of the muscarinic receptor in isolated uterus of sham operated and ovariectomized rats. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1551-8. [PMID: 10455309 PMCID: PMC1566143 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1999] [Revised: 04/25/1999] [Accepted: 05/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The pharmacological characteristics of muscarinic receptors in rat isolated uterus were studied in ovariectomized (ov.) and sham operated (sh.) animals. 2. Competition radioligand binding studies, using uterine membranes and [3H]-NMS, were undertaken with several muscarinic receptor antagonists. Most of the antagonists indicated a one-site fit with apparent affinity estimates (pKi) unchanged by ovariectomy. The selective M2 antagonist, tripitramine revealed high (representing 33+/-8 and 38+/-2%) and low (67+/-8 and 62+/-2%) affinity binding sites in both sh. and ov. rat uterus, respectively. These sites likely represented muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors and the proportions were not significantly different in the two conditions. 3. Carbachol induced concentration-dependent contractions which were surmountably antagonized by several muscarinic receptor antagonists (pKB, sh.; ov.): zamifenacin (9.19; 9.18), p-F-HHSiD (8. 50; 9.06), tripitramine (7.23; 7.54), himbacine (7.21; 7.41), methoctramine (6.79; 7.49), pirenzepine (6.48; 7.21), AF DX 116 (6. 26; 6.61), MTx 3 (<7.00; <7.00) and PD 102807 (<7.00; <7.00). 4. The apparent affinity values obtained in functional studies using the uteri from both sh. and ov. animals correlated most closely with values reported at human recombinant muscarinic M3 receptors. This suggests that the muscarinic M3 receptor mediates contraction under both conditions. 5. Radioligand binding experiments indicate the presence of M2 receptors, in addition to M3 receptors, which probably explains the discrepancies between functional and binding affinities. These data further suggest that the pharmacological profile and proportions of the two populations of muscarinic receptors are unaffected by ovariectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Choppin
- Center for Biological Research, Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, R2-101, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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McIntyre KW, Stepan GJ, Kolinsky KD, Benjamin WR, Plocinski JM, Kaffka KL, Campen CA, Chizzonite RA, Kilian PL. Inhibition of interleukin 1 (IL-1) binding and bioactivity in vitro and modulation of acute inflammation in vivo by IL-1 receptor antagonist and anti-IL-1 receptor monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 1991; 173:931-9. [PMID: 1826128 PMCID: PMC2190808 DOI: 10.1084/jem.173.4.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and 35F5, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the type I mouse IL-1 receptor, were examined for their ability to bind to IL-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) on various types of mouse cells and to block immune and inflammatory responses to IL-1 in vitro and in mice. IL-1ra competed for binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha to type I IL-1R present on EL-4 thymoma cells, 3T3 fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing recombinant mouse type I IL-1R. The IC50 values for IL-1ra binding (ranging from 2 to 4 ng/ml) were similar to those of IL-1 alpha. In contrast, IL-1ra bound with very low affinity (IC50 values ranging from 10 to 200 micrograms/ml) to cells expressing type II IL-1R, i.e., 70Z/3 pre-B cell line and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) derived from bone marrow and acute inflammatory exudates. The mAb 35F5 bound specifically to type I IL-1R; no inhibition of 125I-IL-1 alpha binding to cells having type II IL-1R was observed with very high concentrations of antibody. While neither IL-1ra nor 35F5 had intrinsic activity in bioassays using T helper D10.G4.1 cells and mouse thymocytes, both agents blocked the ability of IL-1 to stimulate proliferation of these cells. The effects of IL-1ra and 35F5 on acute inflammatory responses in mice were also evaluated. IL-1ra and 35F5 blocked the local accumulation of PMN after intraperitoneal injection of rIL-1 alpha. The response to IL-1 was inhibited when IL-1ra or 35F5 was administered simultaneously with or before administration of IL-1. IL-1ra and 35F5 also blocked PMN accumulation after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide or proteose peptone, suggesting IL-1 is important in mediating responses to these agents. In addition, IL-1ra and 35F5 significantly blocked the ability of IL-1 to stimulate egress of PMN from bone marrow, to induce a transient neutrophilia, and to elevate serum levels of hepatic acute phase proteins, IL-6, and corticosterone. Thus, IL-1ra and 35F5 competitively inhibit the binding of IL-1 to the IL-1R on certain cell types. These two IL-1 receptor antagonists act to inhibit biological responses induced by IL-1 and other inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W McIntyre
- Department of Immunopharmacology, Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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