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Kambach S, Allan E, Bilodeau‐Gauthier S, Coomes DA, Haase J, Jucker T, Kunstler G, Müller S, Nock C, Paquette A, van der Plas F, Ratcliffe S, Roger F, Ruiz‐Benito P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Auge H, Bouriaud O, Castagneyrol B, Dahlgren J, Gamfeldt L, Jactel H, Kändler G, Koricheva J, Lehtonen A, Muys B, Ponette Q, Setiawan N, Van de Peer T, Verheyen K, Zavala MA, Bruelheide H. How do trees respond to species mixing in experimental compared to observational studies? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11254-11265. [PMID: 31641470 PMCID: PMC6802375 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, ecologists have investigated the effects of tree species diversity on tree productivity at different scales and with different approaches ranging from observational to experimental study designs. Using data from five European national forest inventories (16,773 plots), six tree species diversity experiments (584 plots), and six networks of comparative plots (169 plots), we tested whether tree species growth responses to species mixing are consistent and therefore transferrable between those different research approaches. Our results confirm the general positive effect of tree species mixing on species growth (16% on average) but we found no consistency in species-specific responses to mixing between any of the three approaches, even after restricting comparisons to only those plots that shared similar mixtures compositions and forest types. These findings highlight the necessity to consider results from different research approaches when selecting species mixtures that should maximize positive forest biodiversity and functioning relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kambach
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research - UFZHalleGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Centre for Development and EnvironmentUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Simon Bilodeau‐Gauthier
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière (DRF)Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and ParksQuébec CityQCCanada
| | - David A. Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Josephine Haase
- GeobotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute for Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Sandra Müller
- GeobotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Charles Nock
- GeobotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF)Université du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Sophia Ratcliffe
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- NBN Trust: Unit FNottinghamUK
| | - Fabian Roger
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ResearchLund University, EkologihusetLundSweden
| | - Paloma Ruiz‐Benito
- Forest Ecology and Restoration GroupDepartment of Life SciencesUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresMadridSpain
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic ChemistryEscuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y TecnologíaUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMóstolesMadridSpain
| | | | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research - UFZHalleGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- University Stefan cel Mare of SuceavaSuceavaRomania
- Laboratory of Forest InventoryNational Institute of Geographic and Forest Information (IGN)NancyFrance
| | | | | | - Lars Gamfeldt
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Gerald Kändler
- Forest Research Institute Baden‐WurttembergFreiburgGermany
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
| | | | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Earth and Life InstituteEnvironmental SciencesUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Nuri Setiawan
- Forest & Nature LabDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityGontrodeBelgium
| | - Thomas Van de Peer
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Forest & Nature LabDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityGontrodeBelgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature LabDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityGontrodeBelgium
| | - Miguel A. Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration GroupDepartment of Life SciencesUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresMadridSpain
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
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Madrigal-González J, Ruiz-Benito P, Ratcliffe S, Calatayud J, Kändler G, Lehtonen A, Dahlgren J, Wirth C, Zavala MA. Erratum: Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe. Sci Rep 2018; 8:46993. [PMID: 29863108 PMCID: PMC5985495 DOI: 10.1038/srep46993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Ruiz-Benito P, Ratcliffe S, Zavala MA, Martínez-Vilalta J, Vilà-Cabrera A, Lloret F, Madrigal-González J, Wirth C, Greenwood S, Kändler G, Lehtonen A, Kattge J, Dahlgren J, Jump AS. Climate- and successional-related changes in functional composition of European forests are strongly driven by tree mortality. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4162-4176. [PMID: 28418105 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intense droughts combined with increased temperatures are one of the major threats to forest persistence in the 21st century. Despite the direct impact of climate change on forest growth and shifts in species abundance, the effect of altered demography on changes in the composition of functional traits is not well known. We sought to (1) quantify the recent changes in functional composition of European forests; (2) identify the relative importance of climate change, mean climate and forest development for changes in functional composition; and (3) analyse the roles of tree mortality and growth underlying any functional changes in different forest types. We quantified changes in functional composition from the 1980s to the 2000s across Europe by two dimensions of functional trait variation: the first dimension was mainly related to changes in leaf mass per area and wood density (partially related to the trait differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms), and the second dimension was related to changes in maximum tree height. Our results indicate that climate change and mean climatic effects strongly interacted with forest development and it was not possible to completely disentangle their effects. Where recent climate change was not too extreme, the patterns of functional change generally followed the expected patterns under secondary succession (e.g. towards late-successional short-statured hardwoods in Mediterranean forests and taller gymnosperms in boreal forests) and latitudinal gradients (e.g. larger proportion of gymnosperm-like strategies at low water availability in forests formerly dominated by broad-leaved deciduous species). Recent climate change generally favoured the dominance of angiosperm-like related traits under increased temperature and intense droughts. Our results show functional composition changes over relatively short time scales in European forests. These changes are largely determined by tree mortality, which should be further investigated and modelled to adequately predict the impacts of climate change on forest function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sophia Ratcliffe
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Albert Vilà-Cabrera
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jaime Madrigal-González
- Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Christian Wirth
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, UK
| | - Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Gerald Kändler
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Wurttemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Dahlgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Röhling S, Dunger K, Kändler G, Klatt S, Riedel T, Stümer W, Brötz J. Comparison of calculation methods for estimating annual carbon stock change in German forests under forest management in the German greenhouse gas inventory. Carbon Balance Manag 2016; 11:12. [PMID: 27398091 PMCID: PMC4917569 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-016-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The German greenhouse gas inventory in the land use change sector strongly depends on national forest inventory data. As these data were collected periodically 1987, 2002, 2008 and 2012, the time series on emissions show several "jumps" due to biomass stock change, especially between 2001 and 2002 and between 2007 and 2008 while within the periods the emissions seem to be constant due to the application of periodical average emission factors. This does not reflect inter-annual variability in the time series, which would be assumed as the drivers for the carbon stock changes fluctuate between the years. Therefore additional data, which is available on annual basis, should be introduced into the calculations of the emissions inventories in order to get more plausible time series. RESULTS This article explores the possibility of introducing an annual rather than periodical approach to calculating emission factors with the given data and thus smoothing the trajectory of time series for emissions from forest biomass. Two approaches are introduced to estimate annual changes derived from periodic data: the so-called logging factor method and the growth factor method. The logging factor method incorporates annual logging data to project annual values from periodic values. This is less complex to implement than the growth factor method, which additionally adds growth data into the calculations. CONCLUSION Calculation of the input variables is based on sound statistical methodologies and periodically collected data that cannot be altered. Thus a discontinuous trajectory of the emissions over time remains, even after the adjustments. It is intended to adopt this approach in the German greenhouse gas reporting in order to meet the request for annually adjusted values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Röhling
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Karsten Dunger
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Gerald Kändler
- Forstliche Versuchs-und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wohnhaldestraße 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susann Klatt
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedel
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stümer
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Johannes Brötz
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
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Madrigal-González J, Ruiz-Benito P, Ratcliffe S, Calatayud J, Kändler G, Lehtonen A, Dahlgren J, Wirth C, Zavala MA. Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32233. [PMID: 27571971 PMCID: PMC5004187 DOI: 10.1038/srep32233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglecting tree size and stand structure dynamics might bias the interpretation of the diversity-productivity relationship in forests. Here we show evidence that complementarity is contingent on tree size across large-scale climatic gradients in Europe. We compiled growth data of the 14 most dominant tree species in 32,628 permanent plots covering boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forest biomes. Niche complementarity is expected to result in significant growth increments of trees surrounded by a larger proportion of functionally dissimilar neighbours. Functional dissimilarity at the tree level was assessed using four functional types: i.e. broad-leaved deciduous, broad-leaved evergreen, needle-leaved deciduous and needle-leaved evergreen. Using Linear Mixed Models we show that, complementarity effects depend on tree size along an energy availability gradient across Europe. Specifically: (i) complementarity effects at low and intermediate positions of the gradient (coldest-temperate areas) were stronger for small than for large trees; (ii) in contrast, at the upper end of the gradient (warmer regions), complementarity is more widespread in larger than smaller trees, which in turn showed negative growth responses to increased functional dissimilarity. Our findings suggest that the outcome of species mixing on stand productivity might critically depend on individual size distribution structure along gradients of environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Madrigal-González
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences.University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Ratcliffe
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig (ULE, Germany)
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.,Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Gerald Kändler
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg (FVA, Germany)
| | | | - Jonas Dahlgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU, Sweden)
| | - Christian Wirth
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University Leipzig (ULE, Germany).,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv, Germany)
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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Ruiz-Benito P, Madrigal-González J, Ratcliffe S, Coomes DA, Kändler G, Lehtonen A, Wirth C, Zavala MA. Stand Structure and Recent Climate Change Constrain Stand Basal Area Change in European Forests: A Comparison Across Boreal, Temperate, and Mediterranean Biomes. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hanewinkel M, Cullmann DA, Michiels HG, Kändler G. Converting probabilistic tree species range shift projections into meaningful classes for management. J Environ Manage 2014; 134:153-165. [PMID: 24486469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper deals with the management problem how to decide on tree species suitability under changing environmental conditions. It presents an algorithm that classifies the output of a range shift model for major tree species in Europe into multiple classes that can be linked to qualities characterizing the ecological niche of the species. The classes: i) Core distribution area, ii) Extended distribution area, iii) Occasional occurrence area, and iv) No occurrence area are first theoretically developed and then statistically described. The classes are interpreted from an ecological point of view using criteria like population structure, competitive strength, site spectrum and vulnerability to biotic hazards. The functioning of the algorithm is demonstrated using the example of a generalized linear model that was fitted to a pan-European dataset of presence/absence of major tree species with downscaled climate data from a General Circulation Model (GCM). Applications of the algorithm to tree species suitability classification on a European and regional level are shown. The thresholds that are used by the algorithm are precision-based and include Cohen's Kappa. A validation of the algorithm using an independent dataset of the German National Forest Inventory shows good accordance of the statistically derived classes with ecological traits for Norway spruce, while the differentiation especially between core and extended distribution for European beech that is in the centre of its natural range in this area is less accurate. We hypothesize that for species in the core of their range regional factors like forest history superimpose climatic factors. Problems of uncertainty issued from potentially applying a multitude of modelling approaches and/or climate realizations within the range shift model are discussed and a way to deal with the uncertainty by revealing the underlying attitude towards risk of the decision maker is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hanewinkel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Research Unit Forest Resources and Management, Zuercherstr. 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik A Cullmann
- Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Department of Biometrics and Informatics, Wonnhaldestr. 4, D-79100 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Gerd Michiels
- Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Department of Forest Ecology, Wonnhaldestr. 4, D-79100 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gerald Kändler
- Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Department of Biometrics and Informatics, Wonnhaldestr. 4, D-79100 Freiburg, Germany.
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