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Catto JWF, Tran B, Rouprêt M, Gschwend JE, Loriot Y, Nishiyama H, Redorta JP, Daneshmand S, Hussain SA, Cutuli HJ, Procopio G, Guadalupi V, Vasdev N, Naini V, Crow L, Triantos S, Baig M, Steinberg G. Erdafitinib in BCG-treated high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Ann Oncol 2024; 35:98-106. [PMID: 37871701 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.09.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment options are limited for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with disease recurrence after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment and who are ineligible for/refuse radical cystectomy. FGFR alterations are commonly detected in NMIBC. We evaluated the activity of oral erdafitinib, a selective pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, versus intravesical chemotherapy in patients with high-risk NMIBC and select FGFR3/2 alterations following recurrence after BCG treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients aged ≥18 years with recurrent, BCG-treated, papillary-only high-risk NMIBC (high-grade Ta/T1) and select FGFR alterations refusing or ineligible for radical cystectomy were randomized to 6 mg daily oral erdafitinib or investigator's choice of intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin C or gemcitabine). The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). The key secondary endpoint was safety. RESULTS Study enrollment was discontinued due to slow accrual. Seventy-three patients were randomized 2 : 1 to erdafitinib (n = 49) and chemotherapy (n = 24). Median follow-up for RFS was 13.4 months for both groups. Median RFS was not reached for erdafitinib [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.9 months-not estimable] and was 11.6 months (95% CI 6.4-20.1 months) for chemotherapy, with an estimated hazard ratio of 0.28 (95% CI 0.1-0.6; nominal P value = 0.0008). In this population, safety results were generally consistent with known profiles for erdafitinib and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Erdafitinib prolonged RFS compared with intravesical chemotherapy in patients with papillary-only, high-risk NMIBC harboring FGFR alterations who had disease recurrence after BCG therapy and refused or were ineligible for radical cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W F Catto
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK.
| | - B Tran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Rouprêt
- Department of Urology, GRC 5 Predictive Onco-Uro, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - J E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - H Nishiyama
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - J P Redorta
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Daneshmand
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S A Hussain
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - H J Cutuli
- Uro-oncology and Research Unit, Sirio Libanes Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Procopio
- Oncologia Medica Genitourinaria, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - V Guadalupi
- Oncologia Medica Genitourinaria, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - N Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - V Naini
- Janssen Research & Development, San Diego
| | - L Crow
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House
| | - S Triantos
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House
| | - M Baig
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House
| | - G Steinberg
- Department of Urology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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Denier N, Steinberg G, van Elst LT, Bracht T. The role of head circumference and cerebral volumes to phenotype male adults with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2460. [PMID: 35112511 PMCID: PMC8933748 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been repeatedly associated with enlargements of head circumference in children with ASD. However, it is unclear if these enlargements persist into adulthood. This is the first study to investigate head circumference in a large sample of adults with ASD. METHODS We apply a fully automated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based measurement approach to compute head circumference by combining 3D and 2D image processing. Head circumference was compared between male adults with ASD (n = 120) and healthy male controls (n = 136), from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) database. To explain which brain alterations drive our results, secondary analyses were performed for 10 additional morphological brain metrics. RESULTS ASD subjects showed an increase in head circumference (p = .0018). In addition, ASD patients had increased ventricular surface area (SA) (p = .0013). Intracranial volume, subarachnoidal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, and gray matter volume explained 50% of head circumference variance. Using a linear support vector machine, we gained an ASD classification accuracy of 73% (sensitivity 92%, specificity 68%) using head circumference and brain-morphological metrics as input features. Head circumference, ventricular SA, ventricular CSF volume, and ventricular asymmetry index contributed to 85% of feature weighting relevant for classification. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that head circumference increases in males with ASD persist into adulthood. Results may be driven by morphological alterations of ventricular CSF. The presented approach for an automated head circumference measurement allows for the retrospective investigation of large MRI datasets in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklaus Denier
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Steinberg
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bracht
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kamat A, Steinberg G, Inman B, Kates M, Uchio E, Porten S, Rouperet M, Palou J, Catto J, Kulkarni G, Powles T, Tyson M, Haas G, Ding X, Narayanan S, Lotan Y. Study EV-104: Phase 1 study of intravesical enfortumab vedotin for treatment of patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) (Trial in Progress). Eur Urol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(22)00414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Broughton E, Steinberg G, Harrison M, Bravermen J, Jaffe D, Will O, Senglaub S, King-Concialdi K, Beusterien K. Patient preferences for adjuvant treatment in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: A multi-country discrete choice experiment. EUR UROL SUPPL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(21)03199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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5
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Hatogai K, Kim D, Zha Y, Steinberg G, Pearson AT, Gajewski TF, Sweis RF. Multiplex immunofluorescence to assess the tumor microenvironment in bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Williams S, Cumberbatch M, Kamat A, Kerr P, Mcgrath J, Djaladat H, Collins J, Jubber I, Packiam V, Steinberg G, Lee E, Kassouf W, Black P, Cerantola Y, Catto J, Daneshmand S. Reporting radical cystectomy outcomes following implementation of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)34146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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7
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Siefker-Radtke A, Steinberg G, Bedke J, Nishiyama H, Martin J, Kataria R, Frenkl T, Hoimes C. KEYNOTE-866: Phase III study of perioperative pembrolizumab (pembro) or placebo (pbo) in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cisplatin (cis)-eligible patients (pts) with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz249.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Tsakiridis E, Biziotis O, Zacharidis P, Broadfield L, Mekhaeil B, Menjolian G, Farell T, Abdulkarim B, Muti P, Steinberg G, Tsakiridis T. P1.14-33 Canagliflozin Inhibits Lung Cancer Survival and Enhances Its Response to Radiotherapy; Effective Blockade of mTOR Pathway, HIF1a, and Mitosis. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Haq S, Wang H, Kim JJ, Steinberg G, Brumell J, Khan WI. A33 ROLE OF SEROTONIN-AUTOPHAGY AXIS IN INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz006.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - H Wang
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J J Kim
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - J Brumell
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Witjes J, Gschwend J, Palou J, Meng M, Chang S, Shore N, Konety B, Steinberg G, Nishiyama H, Taylor J, Elegbe A, Lambert A, Zhu L, Ishii Y, Maeda T, Raybold B, Grossfeld G, Fischer B, Rutstein M, Hahn N. A phase 2, randomized study of nivolumab or nivolumab plus BMS-986205 with or without intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with bacillus Calmette-Guerin–unresponsive, high-risk, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: CheckMate 9UT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9056(19)31328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Wu LC, Zhang Y, Steinberg G, Qu H, Huang S, Cheng M, Bliss T, Du F, Rao J, Song G, Pisani L, Doyle T, Conolly S, Krishnan K, Grant G, Wintermark M. A Review of Magnetic Particle Imaging and Perspectives on Neuroimaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:206-212. [PMID: 30655254 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging is an emerging tomographic technique with the potential for simultaneous high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and real-time imaging. Magnetic particle imaging is based on the unique behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modeled by the Langevin theory, with the ability to track and quantify nanoparticle concentrations without tissue background noise. It is a promising new imaging technique for multiple applications, including vascular and perfusion imaging, oncology imaging, cell tracking, inflammation imaging, and trauma imaging. In particular, many neuroimaging applications may be enabled and enhanced with magnetic particle imaging. In this review, we will provide an overview of magnetic particle imaging principles and implementation, current applications, promising neuroimaging applications, and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Wu
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (L.C.W.)
| | - Y Zhang
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.)
| | - G Steinberg
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.).,Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - H Qu
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.)
| | - S Huang
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.).,Chongqing Medical University (S.H.), Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing, China
| | - M Cheng
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - T Bliss
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - F Du
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - J Rao
- Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - G Song
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (L.C.W.)
| | - L Pisani
- Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - T Doyle
- Pediatrics (T.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - S Conolly
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (S.C.), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - K Krishnan
- Departments of Materials Sciences and Engineering and Physics (K.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - G Grant
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
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Tsakiridis T, Villani L, Broadfield L, Marcinko K, Tsakiridis E, Ellis P, Muti P, Steinberg G. 69P The diabetes drug canagliflozin sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(18)30345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Kilaru S, Schuster M, Ma W, Steinberg G. Fluorescent markers of various organelles in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 105:16-27. [PMID: 28579390 PMCID: PMC5536155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
17 vectors are described that allow labelling of 7 subcellular structures. The fluorescent markers target the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus. Markers also target the actin cytoskeleton, peroxisomes and autophagosomes. These markers complete are toolkit of fluorescent reporters. Reporters allow cell biological studies in the Septoria tritici blotch fungus.
Development of novel strategies to control fungal plant pathogens requires understanding of their cellular organisation and biology. Live cell imaging of fluorescent organelle markers has provided valuable insight into various aspects of their cell biology, including invasion strategies in plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we introduce a set of 17 vectors that encode fluorescent markers to visualize the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chromosomes, the actin cytoskeleton, peroxisomes and autophagosomes in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We fused either enhanced green-fluorescent protein (eGFP) or a codon-optimised version of GFP (ZtGFP) to homologues of a plasma membrane-located Sso1-like syntaxin, an ER signalling and retention peptide, a histone H1 homologue, the LifeAct actin-binding peptide, a mitochondrial acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a peroxisomal import signal and a homologue of the ubiquitin-like autophagosomal protein Atg8. We expressed these markers in wildtype strain IPO323 and confirmed the specificity of these markers by counterstaining or physiological experiments. This new set of molecular tools will help understanding the cell biology of the wheat pathogen Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilaru
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Schuster
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - W Ma
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; University of Utrecht, Department of Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Moraff A, Dodd R, Marks M, Do H, Steinberg G, Chang S, Heit J. E-008 Patient Outcomes Following Treatment of High Flow Vascular Lesions of the Anterior Cranial Fossa and Orbit. J Neurointerv Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012589.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Heit J, Dodd R, Do H, Steinberg G, Chang S, Marks M. E-023 Patient Outcomes, Aneurysm Occlusion, and Cerebral Infarction Following Endovascular Treatment of Dissecting Vertebral Artery Aneurysms. J Neurointerv Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012589.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Tsakiridis T, Villani L, Marcinko K, Pond G, Wright J, Steinberg G. 84P Metabolic stress to sensitize non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to radiotherapy: Studies from bench to bedside. J Thorac Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(16)30197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Guo M, Kilaru S, Schuster M, Latz M, Steinberg G. Fluorescent markers for the Spitzenkörper and exocytosis in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:158-65. [PMID: 26092802 PMCID: PMC4502456 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We establish Z. tritici polarity markers ZtSec4, ZtMlc1, ZtRab11, ZtExo70 and ZtSpa2. All markers localize correctly, labeling the Spitzenkörper and sites of polar exocytosis. We provide 5 carboxin-resistance conveying vectors for integration of all markers into the sdi1 locus. We provide 5 hygromycin B-resistance conveying vectors for random integration of all markers.
Fungal hyphae are highly polarized cells that invade their substrate by tip growth. In plant pathogenic fungi, hyphal growth is essential for host invasion. This makes polarity factors and secretion regulators potential new targets for novel fungicides. Polarization requires delivery of secretory vesicles to the apical Spitzenkörper, followed by polarized exocytosis at the expanding cell tip. Here, we introduce fluorescent markers to visualize the apical Spitzenkörper and the apical site of exocytosis in hyphae of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We fused green fluorescent protein to the small GTPase ZtSec4, the myosin light chain ZtMlc1 and the small GTPase ZtRab11 and co-localize the fusion proteins with the dye FM4-64 in the hyphal apex, suggesting that the markers label the hyphal Spitzenkörper in Z. tritici. In addition, we localize GFP-fusions to the exocyst protein ZtExo70, the polarisome protein ZtSpa2. Consistent with results in the ascomycete Neurospora crassa, these markers did localize near the plasma membrane at the hyphal tip and only partially co-localize with FM4-64. Thus, these fluorescent markers are useful molecular tools that allow phenotypic analysis of mutants in Z. tritici. These tools will help develop new avenues of research in our quest to control STB infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S Kilaru
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Schuster
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Latz
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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18
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Kilaru S, Schuster M, Studholme D, Soanes D, Lin C, Talbot NJ, Steinberg G. A codon-optimized green fluorescent protein for live cell imaging in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:125-31. [PMID: 26092799 PMCID: PMC4502462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are powerful tools to investigate intracellular dynamics and protein localization. Cytoplasmic expression of FPs in fungal pathogens allows greater insight into invasion strategies and the host-pathogen interaction. Detection of their fluorescent signal depends on the right combination of microscopic setup and signal brightness. Slow rates of photo-bleaching are pivotal for in vivo observation of FPs over longer periods of time. Here, we test green-fluorescent proteins, including Aequorea coerulescens GFP (AcGFP), enhanced GFP (eGFP) from Aequorea victoria and a novel Zymoseptoria tritici codon-optimized eGFP (ZtGFP), for their usage in conventional and laser-enhanced epi-fluorescence, and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. We show that eGFP, expressed cytoplasmically in Z. tritici, is significantly brighter and more photo-stable than AcGFP. The codon-optimized ZtGFP performed even better than eGFP, showing significantly slower bleaching and a 20-30% further increase in signal intensity. Heterologous expression of all GFP variants did not affect pathogenicity of Z. tritici. Our data establish ZtGFP as the GFP of choice to investigate intracellular protein dynamics in Z. tritici, but also infection stages of this wheat pathogen inside host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - D Studholme
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - D Soanes
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - C Lin
- Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 3QF, UK
| | - N J Talbot
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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Kilaru S, Steinberg G. Yeast recombination-based cloning as an efficient way of constructing vectors for Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:76-83. [PMID: 26092792 PMCID: PMC4502459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Yeast recombination-based cloning (YRBC) is a reliable and inexpensive way of generating plasmids. We provide 4 vectors for YRBC that a cover different resistance genes. Using this technique promises rapid generation of molecular tools to study Z. tritici.
Many pathogenic fungi are genetically tractable. Analysis of their cellular organization and invasion mechanisms underpinning virulence determinants profits from exploiting such molecular tools as fluorescent fusion proteins or conditional mutant protein alleles. Generation of these tools requires efficient cloning methods, as vector construction is often a rate-limiting step. Here, we introduce an efficient yeast recombination-based cloning (YRBC) method to construct vectors for the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. This method is of low cost and avoids dependency on the availability of restriction enzyme sites in the DNA sequence, as needed in more conventional restriction/ligation-based cloning procedures. Furthermore, YRBC avoids modification of the DNA of interest, indeed this potential risk limits the use of site-specific recombination systems, such as Gateway cloning. Instead, in YRBC, multiple DNA fragments, with 30 bp overlap sequences, are transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereupon homologous recombination generates the vector in a single step. Here, we provide a detailed experimental protocol and four vectors, each encoding a different dominant selectable marker cassette, that enable YRBC of constructs to be used in the wheat pathogen Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilaru
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - G Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Kilaru S, Ma W, Schuster M, Courbot M, Steinberg G. Conditional promoters for analysis of essential genes in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:166-73. [PMID: 26092803 PMCID: PMC4502454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of new fungicides, needed for sustainable control of fungal plant pathogens, requires identification of novel anti-fungal targets. Essential fungal-specific proteins are good candidates, but due to their importance, gene deletion mutants are not viable. Consequently, their cellular role often remains elusive. This hindrance can be overcome by the use of conditional mutants, where expression is controlled by an inducible/repressible promoter. Here, we introduce 5 inducible/repressible promoter systems to study essential genes in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We fused the gene for enhanced green-fluorescent protein (egfp) to the promoter region of Z. tritici nitrate reductase (Pnar1; induced by nitrogen and repressed by ammonium), 1,4-β-endoxylanase A (Pex1A; induced by xylose and repressed by maltodextrin), l-arabinofuranosidase B (PlaraB; induced by arabinose and repressed by glucose), galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 7 (Pgal7; induced by galactose and repressed by glucose) and isocitrate lyase (Picl1; induced by sodium acetate and repressed by glucose). This was followed by quantitative analysis of cytoplasmic reporter fluorescence under induced and repressed conditions. We show that Pnar1, PlaraB and Pex1A drive very little or no egfp expression when repressed, but induce moderate protein production when induced. In contrast, Pgal7 and Picl1 show considerable egfp expression when repressed, and were strongly induced in the presence of their inducers. Normalising the expression levels of all promoters to that of the α-tubulin promoter Ptub2 revealed that PlaraB was the weakest promoter (∼20% of Ptub2), whereas Picl1 strongly expressed the reporter (∼250% of Ptub2). The use of these tools promises a better understanding of essential genes, which will help developing novel control strategies that protect wheat from Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - W Ma
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Courbot
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - G Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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21
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Ma W, Kilaru S, Collins C, Courbot M, Steinberg G. Libraries for two-hybrid screening of yeast and hyphal growth forms in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:94-101. [PMID: 26092795 PMCID: PMC4502458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are constantly emerging resistance to anti-fungal treatments. Therefore, identification of new fungicide targets is important. Good candidates are essential fungal proteins and their regulators. An efficient way to reveal the molecular environment of an essential protein is the search for interacting factors. Here, we establish three yeast two-hybrid libraries, covering yeast and hyphal stages of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. No detectable genomic DNA was present in any of the 3 libraries. Random amplification revealed that the libraries include cDNA fragments of up to 2000bp, suggesting that small-to-medium sized proteins are represented therein. Indeed, full-length cDNAs of five proteins were found in all libraries. The full-length cDNA of large chitin synthase gene mcs1 (5742bp with introns; 5568bp without introns) could not be amplified, but its 5' and 3' regions were represented, suggesting that even larger genes are covered in all libraries. Finally, we tested for the expected interaction of the autophagy proteins ZtAtg4 and ZtAtg8 in Z. tritici, and then used ZtAtg4 to screen one of the two-hybrid libraries. Indeed, we found ZtAtg8 as a positive interaction partner, confirming that interacting proteins can be identified. Thus, these molecular tools promise to be useful in identifying novel fungicide target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ma
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - C Collins
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish Park, Limerick, Ireland(2)
| | - M Courbot
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - G Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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22
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Kilaru S, Schuster M, Latz M, Das Gupta S, Steinberg N, Fones H, Gurr SJ, Talbot NJ, Steinberg G. A gene locus for targeted ectopic gene integration in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:118-24. [PMID: 26092798 PMCID: PMC4502457 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We establish the sdi1 of Z. tritici locus for targeted integration of constructs as single copies. Integration of constructs conveys carboxin resistance. We provide a vector for integration of eGFP-expressing construct into the sdi1 locus. Integration into sdi1 locus is not affecting virulence of Z. tritici.
Understanding the cellular organization and biology of fungal pathogens requires accurate methods for genomic integration of mutant alleles or fluorescent fusion-protein constructs. In Zymoseptoria tritici, this can be achieved by integrating of plasmid DNA randomly into the genome of this wheat pathogen. However, untargeted ectopic integration carries the risk of unwanted side effects, such as altered gene expression, due to targeting regulatory elements, or gene disruption following integration into protein-coding regions of the genome. Here, we establish the succinate dehydrogenase (sdi1) locus as a single “soft-landing” site for targeted ectopic integration of genetic constructs by using a carboxin-resistant sdi1R allele, carrying the point-mutation H267L. We use various green and red fluorescent fusion constructs and show that 97% of all transformants integrate correctly into the sdi1 locus as single copies. We also demonstrate that such integration does not affect the pathogenicity of Z. tritici, and thus the sdi1 locus is a useful tool for virulence analysis in genetically modified Z. tritici strains. Furthermore, we have developed a vector which facilitates yeast recombination cloning and thus allows assembly of multiple overlapping DNA fragments in a single cloning step for high throughput vector and strain generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - M Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Latz
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S Das Gupta
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - N Steinberg
- Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - H Fones
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S J Gurr
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - N J Talbot
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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23
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Kilaru S, Schuster M, Latz M, Guo M, Steinberg G. Fluorescent markers of the endocytic pathway in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:150-7. [PMID: 26092801 PMCID: PMC4502447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We establish Z. tritici fimbrin (ZtFim1) and small GTPases (ZtRab5, ZtRab7) as endocytic markers. All markers localize correctly, proven by live cell imaging and co-staining and pharmaceutical studies. We provide 3 carboxin-resistance conveying vectors for integration of all markers into the sdi1 locus. We provide 3 hygromycin B-resistance conveying vectors for random integration of all markers.
Hyphal growth in filamentous fungi is supported by the uptake (endocytosis) and recycling of membranes and associated proteins at the growing tip. An increasing body of published evidence in various fungi demonstrates that this process is of essential importance for fungal growth and pathogenicity. Here, we introduce fluorescent markers to visualize the endocytic pathway in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We fused enhanced green-fluorescent protein (eGFP) to the actin-binding protein fimbrin (ZtFim1), which is located in actin patches that are formed at the plasma membrane and are participating in endocytic uptake at the cell surface. In addition, we tagged early endosomes by eGFP-labelling a Rab5-homologue (ZtRab5) and late endosomes and vacuoles by expressing eGFP-Rab7 homologue (ZtRab7). Using fluorescent dyes and live cell imaging we confirmed the dynamic behavior and localization of these markers. This set of molecular tools enables an in-depth phenotypic analysis of Z. tritici mutant strains thereby supporting new strategies towards the goal of controlling wheat against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Latz
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Guo
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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24
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Heit J, Telischak N, Do H, Dodd R, Steinberg G, Chang S, Marks M. P-020 patient outcomes and recurrent artery of heubner infarction after ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm treatment. J Neurointerv Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011917.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Schuster M, Kilaru S, Guo M, Sommerauer M, Lin C, Steinberg G. Red fluorescent proteins for imaging Zymoseptoria tritici during invasion of wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 79:132-40. [PMID: 26092800 PMCID: PMC4502450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of fluorescent proteins (FPs) in plant pathogenic fungi provides valuable insight into their intracellular dynamics, cell organization and invasion mechanisms. Compared with green-fluorescent proteins, their red-fluorescent "cousins" show generally lower fluorescent signal intensity and increased photo-bleaching. However, the combined usage of red and green fluorescent proteins allows powerful insight in co-localization studies. Efficient signal detection requires a bright red-fluorescent protein (RFP), combined with a suitable corresponding filter set. We provide a set of four vectors, suitable for yeast recombination-based cloning that carries mRFP, TagRFP, mCherry and tdTomato. These vectors confer carboxin resistance after targeted single-copy integration into the sdi1 locus of Zymoseptoria tritici. Expression of the RFPs does not affect virulence of this wheat pathogen. We tested all four RFPs in combination with four epi-fluorescence filter sets and in confocal laser scanning microscopy, both in and ex planta. Our data reveal that mCherry is the RFP of choice for investigation in Z. tritici, showing highest signal intensity in epi-fluorescence, when used with a Cy3 filter set, and laser scanning confocal microscopy. However, mCherry bleached significantly faster than mRFP, which favors this red tag in long-term observation experiments. Finally, we used dual-color imaging of eGFP and mCherry expressing wild-type strains in planta and show that pycnidia are formed by single strains. This demonstrates the strength of this method in tracking the course of Z. tritici infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Guo
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Sommerauer
- AHF Analysentechnik AG, Kohlplattenweg 18, DE-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Lin
- Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 3QF, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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26
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Schuster M, Kilaru S, Latz M, Steinberg G. Fluorescent markers of the microtubule cytoskeleton in Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 79:141-9. [PMID: 25857261 PMCID: PMC4502552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton supports vital processes in fungal cells, including hyphal growth and mitosis. Consequently, it is a target for fungicides, such as benomyl. The use of fluorescent fusion proteins to illuminate microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins has led to a break-through in our understanding of their dynamics and function in fungal cells. Here, we introduce fluorescent markers to visualize microtubules and accessory proteins in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We fused enhanced green-fluorescent protein to α-tubulin (ZtTub2), to ZtPeb1, a homologue of the mammalian plus-end binding protein EB1, and to ZtGrc1, a component of the minus-end located γ-tubulin ring complex, involved in the nucleation of microtubules. In vivo observation confirms the localization and dynamic behaviour of all three markers. These marker proteins are useful tools for understanding the organization and importance of the microtubule cytoskeleton in Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Latz
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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27
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Troncone M, Cargnelli S, Pond G, Tsiani E, Wright J, Steinberg G, Skinner H, Bo L, Bradley J. 205 Metformin to modulate AMP-kinase and enhance chemotherapy and radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Choudhri O, Feroze A, Mantha A, Steinberg G, Do H. E-012 National Trends for the Utilization of Cerebral Angiography in Patients with Unruptured Aneurysms: 1999–2009. J Neurointerv Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011343.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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29
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Lopez J, Ghavami F, Nguyen V, Lee L, Le S, Jaffe R, Steinberg G, Dodd R, Marks M, Do H, Herrera G, Gonzalez-Nava N, Cho C. P154: Utility of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) in altering operative management in the endovascular and surgical treatment of adult cerebral aneurysms. Clin Neurophysiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(14)50294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Bivalacqua T, Steinberg G, Smith N, Lerner S, Bochner B, Lee C, Rivera E, Jain D, Bertram T, Schoenberg M. 178 Pre-clinical and clinical translation of a tissue engineered neo–urinary conduit using adipose derived smooth muscle cells for urinary reconstruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9056(14)60177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Adachi K, Sasaki H, Nagahisa S, Yoshida K, Hattori N, Nishiyama Y, Kawase T, Hasegawa M, Abe M, Hirose Y, Alentorn A, Marie Y, Poggioli S, Alshehhi H, Boisselier B, Carpentier C, Mokhtari K, Capelle L, Figarella-Branger D, Hoang-Xuan K, Sanson M, Delattre JY, Idbaih A, Yust-Katz S, Anderson M, Olar A, Eterovic A, Ezzeddine N, Chen K, Zhao H, Fuller G, Aldape K, de Groot J, Andor N, Harness J, Lopez SG, Fung TL, Mewes HW, Petritsch C, Arivazhagan A, Somasundaram K, Thennarasu K, Pandey P, Anandh B, Santosh V, Chandramouli B, Hegde A, Kondaiah P, Rao M, Bell R, Kang R, Hong C, Song J, Costello J, Bell R, Nagarajan R, Zhang B, Diaz A, Wang T, Song J, Costello J, Bie L, Li Y, Li Y, Liu H, Luyo WFC, Carnero MH, Iruegas MEP, Morell AR, Figueiras MC, Lopez RL, Valverde CF, Chan AKY, Pang JCS, Chung NYF, Li KKW, Poon WS, Chan DTM, Wang Y, Ng HAK, Chaumeil M, Larson P, Yoshihara H, Vigneron D, Nelson S, Pieper R, Phillips J, Ronen S, Clark V, Omay ZE, Serin A, Gunel J, Omay B, Grady C, Youngblood M, Bilguvar K, Baehring J, Piepmeier J, Gutin P, Vortmeyer A, Brennan C, Pamir MN, Kilic T, Krischek B, Simon M, Yasuno K, Gunel M, Cohen AL, Sato M, Aldape KD, Mason C, Diefes K, Heathcock L, Abegglen L, Shrieve D, Couldwell W, Schiffman JD, Colman H, D'Alessandris QG, Cenci T, Martini M, Ricci-Vitiani L, De Maria R, Larocca LM, Pallini R, de Groot J, Theeler B, Aldape K, Lang F, Rao G, Gilbert M, Sulman E, Luthra R, Eterovic K, Chen K, Routbort M, Verhaak R, Mills G, Mendelsohn J, Meric-Bernstam F, Yung A, MacArthur K, Hahn S, Kao G, Lustig R, Alonso-Basanta M, Chandrasekaran S, Wileyto EP, Reyes E, Dorsey J, Fujii K, Kurozumi K, Ichikawa T, Onishi M, Ishida J, Shimazu Y, Kaur B, Chiocca EA, Date I, Geisenberger C, Mock A, Warta R, Schwager C, Hartmann C, von Deimling A, Abdollahi A, Herold-Mende C, Gevaert O, Achrol A, Gholamin S, Mitra S, Westbroek E, Loya J, Mitchell L, Chang S, Steinberg G, Plevritis S, Cheshier S, Gevaert O, Mitchell L, Achrol A, Xu J, Steinberg G, Cheshier S, Napel S, Zaharchuk G, Plevritis S, Gevaert O, Achrol A, Chang S, Harsh G, Steinberg G, Cheshier S, Plevritis S, Gutman D, Holder C, Colen R, Dunn W, Jain R, Cooper L, Hwang S, Flanders A, Brat D, Hayes J, Droop A, Thygesen H, Boissinot M, Westhead D, Short S, Lawler S, Bady P, Kurscheid S, Delorenzi M, Hegi ME, Crosby C, Faulkner C, Smye-Rumsby T, Kurian K, Williams M, Hopkins K, Faulkner C, Palmer A, Williams H, Wragg C, Haynes HR, Williams M, Hopkins K, Kurian KM, Haynes HR, Crosby C, Williams H, White P, Hopkins K, Williams M, Kurian KM, Ishida J, Kurozumi K, Ichikawa T, Onishi M, Fujii K, Shimazu Y, Oka T, Date I, Jalbert L, Elkhaled A, Phillips J, Chang S, Nelson S, Jensen R, Salzman K, Schabel M, Gillespie D, Mumert M, Johnson B, Mazor T, Hong C, Barnes M, Yamamoto S, Ueda H, Tatsuno K, Aihara K, Jalbert L, Nelson S, Bollen A, Hirst M, Marra M, Mukasa A, Saito N, Aburatani H, Berger M, Chang S, Taylor B, Costello J, Popov S, Mackay A, Ingram W, Burford A, Jury A, Vinci M, Jones C, Jones DTW, Hovestadt V, Picelli S, Wang W, Northcott PA, Kool M, Reifenberger G, Pietsch T, Sultan M, Lehrach H, Yaspo ML, Borkhardt A, Landgraf P, Eils R, Korshunov A, Zapatka M, Radlwimmer B, Pfister SM, Lichter P, Joy A, Smirnov I, Reiser M, Shapiro W, Mills G, Kim S, Feuerstein B, Jungk C, Mock A, Geisenberger C, Warta R, Friauf S, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Juratli TA, McElroy J, Meng W, Huebner A, Geiger KD, Krex D, Schackert G, Chakravarti A, Lautenschlaeger T, Kim BY, Jiang W, Beiko J, Prabhu S, DeMonte F, Lang F, Gilbert M, Aldape K, Sawaya R, Cahill D, McCutcheon I, Lau C, Wang L, Terashima K, Yamaguchi S, Burstein M, Sun J, Suzuki T, Nishikawa R, Nakamura H, Natsume A, Terasaka S, Ng HK, Muzny D, Gibbs R, Wheeler D, Lautenschlaeger T, Juratli TA, McElroy J, Meng W, Huebner A, Geiger KD, Krex D, Schackert G, Chakravarti A, Zhang XQ, Sun S, Lam KF, Kiang KMY, Pu JKS, Ho ASW, Leung GKK, Loebel F, Curry WT, Barker FG, Lelic N, Chi AS, Cahill DP, Lu D, Yin J, Teo C, McDonald K, Madhankumar A, Weston C, Slagle-Webb B, Sheehan J, Patel A, Glantz M, Connor J, Maire C, Francis J, Zhang CZ, Jung J, Manzo V, Adalsteinsson V, Homer H, Blumenstiel B, Pedamallu CS, Nickerson E, Ligon A, Love C, Meyerson M, Ligon K, Mazor T, Johnson B, Hong C, Barnes M, Jalbert LE, Nelson SJ, Bollen AW, Smirnov IV, Song JS, Olshen AB, Berger MS, Chang SM, Taylor BS, Costello JF, Mehta S, Armstrong B, Peng S, Bapat A, Berens M, Melendez B, Mollejo M, Mur P, Hernandez-Iglesias T, Fiano C, Ruiz J, Rey JA, Mock A, Stadler V, Schulte A, Lamszus K, Schichor C, Westphal M, Tonn JC, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Morozova O, Katzman S, Grifford M, Salama S, Haussler D, Nagarajan R, Zhang B, Johnson B, Bell R, Olshen A, Fouse S, Diaz A, Smirnov I, Kang R, Wang T, Costello J, Nakamizo S, Sasayama T, Tanaka H, Tanaka K, Mizukawa K, Yoshida M, Kohmura E, Northcott P, Hovestadt V, Jones D, Kool M, Korshunov A, Lichter P, Pfister S, Otani R, Mukasa A, Takayanagi S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Shin M, Saito N, Ozawa T, Riester M, Cheng YK, Huse J, Helmy K, Charles N, Squatrito M, Michor F, Holland E, Perrech M, Dreher L, Rohn G, Goldbrunner R, Timmer M, Pollo B, Palumbo V, Calatozzolo C, Patane M, Nunziata R, Farinotti M, Silvani A, Lodrini S, Finocchiaro G, Lopez E, Rioscovian A, Ruiz R, Siordia G, de Leon AP, Rostomily C, Rostomily R, Silbergeld D, Kolstoe D, Chamberlain M, Silber J, Roth P, Keller A, Hoheisel J, Codo P, Bauer A, Backes C, Leidinger P, Meese E, Thiel E, Korfel A, Weller M, Saito K, Mukasa A, Nagae G, Nagane M, Aihara K, Takayanagi S, Tanaka S, Aburatani H, Saito N, Salama S, Sanborn JZ, Grifford M, Brennan C, Mikkelsen T, Jhanwar S, Chin L, Haussler D, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nakamizo S, Nishihara M, Tanaka H, Mizukawa K, Kohmura E, Schliesser M, Grimm C, Weiss E, Claus R, Weichenhan D, Weiler M, Hielscher T, Sahm F, Wiestler B, Klein AC, Blaes J, Weller M, Plass C, Wick W, Stragliotto G, Rahbar A, Soderberg-Naucler C, Sulman E, Won M, Ezhilarasan R, Sun P, Blumenthal D, Vogelbaum M, Colman H, Jenkins R, Chakravarti A, Jeraj R, Brown P, Jaeckle K, Schiff D, Dignam J, Atkins J, Brachman D, Werner-Wasik M, Gilbert M, Mehta M, Aldape K, Terashima K, Shen J, Luan J, Yu A, Suzuki T, Nishikawa R, Matsutani M, Liang Y, Man TK, Lau C, Trister A, Tokita M, Mikheeva S, Mikheev A, Friend S, Rostomily R, van den Bent M, Erdem L, Gorlia T, Taphoorn M, Kros J, Wesseling P, Dubbink H, Ibdaih A, Sanson M, French P, van Thuijl H, Mazor T, Johnson B, Fouse S, Heimans J, Wesseling P, Ylstra B, Reijneveld J, Taylor B, Berger M, Chang S, Costello J, Prabowo A, van Thuijl H, Scheinin I, van Essen H, Spliet W, Ferrier C, van Rijen P, Veersema T, Thom M, Meeteren ASV, Reijneveld J, Ylstra B, Wesseling P, Aronica E, Kim H, Zheng S, Mikkelsen T, Brat DJ, Virk S, Amini S, Sougnez C, Chin L, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Verhaak RGW, Watts C, Sottoriva A, Spiteri I, Piccirillo S, Touloumis A, Collins P, Marioni J, Curtis C, Tavare S, Weiss E, Grimm C, Schliesser M, Hielscher T, Claus R, Sahm F, Wiestler B, Klein AC, Blaes J, Tews B, Weiler M, Weichenhan D, Hartmann C, Weller M, Plass C, Wick W, Yeung TPC, Al-Khazraji B, Morrison L, Hoffman L, Jackson D, Lee TY, Yartsev S, Bauman G, Zheng S, Fu J, Vegesna R, Mao Y, Heathcock LE, Torres-Garcia W, Ezhilarasan R, Wang S, McKenna A, Chin L, Brennan CW, Yung WKA, Weinstein JN, Aldape KD, Sulman EP, Chen K, Koul D, Verhaak RGW. OMICS AND PROGNSTIC MARKERS. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:iii136-iii155. [PMCID: PMC3823898 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
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Wilson DM, Cohen B, Keshari K, Vogel H, Steinberg G, Dillon W. Case report: glioblastoma multiforme complicating familial cavernous malformations. Clin Neuroradiol 2013; 24:293-6. [PMID: 23942770 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-013-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue,Room L-371, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0628, USA,
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Gossec L, Rouanet S, Steinberg G, Combe B. THU0063 Does biologic treatment modify the relationship of the variables associated with fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? The peps study of tocilizumab in real life:. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agrawal
- Department of Hematopathology, Clarient Labs, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA.
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Dougados M, Nataf H, Steinberg G, Rouanet S, Falissard B. Relative importance of doctor-reported outcomes vs patient-reported outcomes in DMARD intensification for rheumatoid arthritis: the DUO study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 52:391-9. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Santarelli J, Steinberg G, Do H, Dodd R, McTaggart R, Marcellus M, Adler J, Chang S, Marks M. O-022 Pre-radiosurgical embolization of arteriovenous malformations: a single institution review. J Neurointerv Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010455a.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lee L, Steinberg G, Jones E, Lopez J. Isolated Loss of Focal Motor Evoked Potentials during Intracranial Aneurysm Clipping as an Early Predictor of Reversible Ischemia: Case Report (P04.023). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Woodard J, Fischbein N, Choudhry O, Bell-Stephens T, Steinberg G, Dorfman L. Moyamoya Disease Can Masquerade as Multiple Sclerosis (P02.146). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Steinberg G, Lossnitzer N, Schellberg D, Mueller-Tasch T, Krueger C, Haass M, Ladwig KH, Herzog W, Juenger J. Peak oxygen uptake and left ventricular ejection fraction, but not depressive symptoms, are associated with cognitive impairment in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4:879-87. [PMID: 22267941 PMCID: PMC3258018 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to assess cognitive impairment in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and its associations with depressive symptoms and somatic indicators of illness severity, which is a matter of controversy. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-five patients with CHF (mean age 55.3 ± 7.8 years; 80% male; New York Heart Association functional class I-III) underwent assessment with an expanded neuropsychological test battery (eg, memory, complex attention, mental flexibility, psychomotor speed) to evaluate objective and subjective cognitive impairment. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (SCID) and a self-report inventory (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]). A comprehensive clinical dataset, including left ventricular ejection fraction, peak oxygen uptake, and a 6-minute walk test, was obtained for all patients. Neuropsychological functioning revealed impairment in 56% of patients in at least one measure of our neuropsychological test battery. However, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) could only detect cognitive impairment in 1.8% of all patients, 24% had HADS scores indicating depressive symptoms, and 11.1% met SCID criteria for a depressive disorder. No significant association was found between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment. Left ventricular ejection fraction was related to subjective cognitive impairment, and peak oxygen uptake was related to objective cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Cognitive functioning was substantially reduced in patients with CHF and should therefore be diagnosed and treated in routine clinical practice. Caution is advised when the MMSE is used to identify cognitive impairment in patients with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Steinberg
- University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Pandey P, Steinberg G, Harraher C, Dodd R, Do H, Marks M. O-011 Multimodality management of spetzler-martin grade III arteriovenous malformations. J Neurointerv Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010097.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Nguyen V, Cho S, Chang S, Steinberg G, Marks M, Do H, Lopez J. P31-22 Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in the endovascular and surgical treatment of pediatric arteriovenous malformations. Clin Neurophysiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(10)61189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pandey P, Dodd R, Do H, Steinberg G, Marks M. E-067 Intra-arterial nicardipine via guide catheter for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurointerv Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jnis.2010.003251.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Pandey P, Dodd R, Do H, Steinberg G, Marks M. E-035 Intraoperative angiography during surgery for dural arteriovenous fistulas: a retrospective analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jnis.2010.003251.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lopez J, Chen D, Cho S, Chang S, Steinberg G. FC30.2 The use of intraoperative transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEPs) monitoring in the surgical management of cerebral aneurysms. Clin Neurophysiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lenz JH, Schuchardt I, Straube A, Steinberg G. A dynein loading zone for retrograde endosome motility at microtubule plus-ends. EMBO J 2006; 25:2275-86. [PMID: 16688221 PMCID: PMC1478194 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fungus Ustilago maydis, early endosomes move bidirectionally along microtubules (MTs) and facilitate growth by local membrane recycling at the tip of the infectious hypha. Here, we set out to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this process. We show that endosomes travel by Kinesin-3 activity into the hyphal apex, where they reverse direction and move backwards in a dynein-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that dynein, dynactin and Lis1 accumulate at MT plus-ends within the hyphal tip, where they provide a reservoir of inactive motors for retrograde endosome transport. Consistently, endosome traffic is abolished after depletion of the dynein activator Lis1 and in Kinesin-1 null mutants, which was due to a defect in targeting of dynein and dynactin to the apical MT plus-ends. Furthermore, biologically active GFP-dynein travels on endosomes in retrograde and not in anterograde direction. Surprisingly, a CLIP170 homologue was neither needed for dynein localization nor for endosome transport. These results suggest an apical dynein loading zone in the hyphal tip, which ensure that endosomes reach the expanding growth region before they reverse direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lenz
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Marburg, Germany
| | - I Schuchardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Straube
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Marburg, Germany
| | - G Steinberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany. Tel.: +49 6421 178 530; Fax: +49 6421 599; E-mail:
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi are an important group of tip-growing organisms, which include numerous plant pathogens such as Magnaporthe grisea and Ustilago maydis. Despite their ecological and economical relevance, we are just beginning to unravel the importance of endocytosis in filamentous fungi. Most evidence for endocytosis in filamentous fungi is based on the use of endocytic tracer dyes that are taken up into the cell and delivered to the vacuole. Moreover, genomewide screening for candidate genes in Neurospora crassa and U. maydis confirmed the presence of most components of the endocytic machinery, indicating that endocytosis participates in filamentous growth. Indeed, it was shown that in U. maydis early endosomes cluster at sites of growth, where they support morphogenesis and polar growth, most likely via endosome-based membrane recycling. In humans, such recycling processes to the plasma membrane involve small GTPases such as Rab4. A homologue of this protein is encoded in the genome of U. maydis but is absent from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suggesting that Rab4-mediated recycling is important for filamentous growth. Furthermore, human Rab4 regulates traffic of early endosomes along microtubules, and a similar microtubule-based transport is described for U. maydis. These observations suggest that Rab4-like GTPases might regulate endosome- and microtubule-based recycling during tip growth of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Fuchs
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Jin JO, Lehmann J, Stockle M, Steinberg G, Stadler W. Phase II trial of adjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) with amifostine cytoprotection in patients (pts) with locally advanced bladder cancer (BC). J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.4695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. O. Jin
- The Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Saarland Univ, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - J. Lehmann
- The Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Saarland Univ, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M. Stockle
- The Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Saarland Univ, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - G. Steinberg
- The Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Saarland Univ, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - W. Stadler
- The Univ of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Saarland Univ, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Abstract
Microtubules are an important part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, which participates in numerous essential cellular processes. In fungi interphase microtubules mediate cell polarity and participate in polar growth. However, our understanding of their detailed role in fungal growth is just at the beginning. In growing cells of the plant pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis microtubules are organized by polar microtubule organizing centres that focus the microtubule minus ends at the small bud. Two opposing motor complexes utilize this microtubule polarity. Cytoplasmic dynein and a kinesin of the Unc104/Kif1A family of kinesins mediate rapid bi-directional transport of early endosomes. A balance of their activity is required for cell cycle-dependent accumulation of early endosomes at the growth site, the rear cell pole and the region of cell cleavage. Mutant phenotypes suggest that these endosomes participate in polar growth, bud site selection and cell separation. Therefore, our data suggest that endocytotic membrane recycling participates in local exocytosis, and that the microtubule cytoskeleton has a crucial role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steinberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., D-35083 Marburg, Germany.
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Courcier-Duplantier S, Falissard B, Fender P, Arnould B, Avouac B, Chassany O, Hamelin B, Lapeyre G, Lendresse P, Leplège A, Lièvre M, Mathiex-Fortunet H, Paintaud G, Pigeon M, Puech A, Samoyeau R, Spriet A, Steinberg G, Vilain C. Subjective Outcome Measures of Drug Efficacy. Therapie 2003. [DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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