1
|
Koroma MS, Costa D, Philippot M, Cardellini G, Hosen MS, Coosemans T, Messagie M. Life cycle assessment of battery electric vehicles: Implications of future electricity mix and different battery end-of-life management. Sci Total Environ 2022; 831:154859. [PMID: 35358517 PMCID: PMC9171403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The environmental performance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is influenced by their battery size and charging electricity source. Therefore, assessing their environmental performance should consider changes in the electricity sector and refurbishment of their batteries. This study conducts a scenario-based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of three different scenarios combining four key parameters: future changes in the charging electricity mix, battery efficiency fade, battery refurbishment, and recycling for their collective importance on the life-cycle environmental performance of a BEV. The system boundary covers all the life-cycle stages of the BEV and includes battery refurbishment, except for its second use stage. The refurbished battery was modelled considering refurbished components and a 50% cell conversation rate for the second life of 5 years. The results found a 9.4% reduction in climate impacts when future changes (i.e., increase in the share of renewable energy) in the charging electricity are considered. Recycling reduced the BEV climate impacts by approximately 8.3%, and a reduction smaller than 1% was observed for battery refurbishment. However, the battery efficiency fade increases the BEV energy consumption, which results in a 7.4 to 8.1% rise in use-stage climate impacts. Therefore, it is vital to include battery efficiency fade and changes to the electricity sector when estimating the use-stage impacts of BEVs; without this, LCA results could be unreliable. The sensitivity analysis showed the possibility of a higher reduction in the BEV climate impacts for longer second lifespans (>5 years) and higher cell conversation rates (>50%). BEV and battery production are the most critical stages for all the other impact categories assessed, specifically contributing more than 90% to mineral resource scarcity. However, recycling and battery refurbishment can reduce the burden of the different impact categories considered. Therefore, manufacturers should design BEV battery packs while considering recycling and refurbishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Samsu Koroma
- Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
| | - Daniele Costa
- Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Maeva Philippot
- Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Cardellini
- Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium; Energyville-VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Md Sazzad Hosen
- Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Thierry Coosemans
- Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Maarten Messagie
- Electrotechnical Engineering and Energy Technology, MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cardellini G, Mutel CL, Vial E, Muys B. Temporalis, a generic method and tool for dynamic Life Cycle Assessment. Sci Total Environ 2018; 645:585-595. [PMID: 30029133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The limitations of the static nature of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are well known. To overcome the loss of temporal information due to the aggregation of flows in the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), several dynamic LCA methodologies have been proposed. In this paper we present a new generic and operational methodology for dynamic LCA that allows for the introduction of temporal information in both in the inventory and the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) phases. The method makes use of graph traversal and convolution to calculate the temporally differentiated inventory, and makes it possible to use several types of dynamic impact assessment. We describe our method and apply it to a cradle-to-grave dynamic LCA of a glued laminated timber (glulam) product. We also test the sensitivity of the global warming results to temporal explicit LCI data. There is a considerable difference in outcome between the static and dynamic approaches. We have implemented our framework in the free and open source software Temporalis that is fully operational and can be used with existing LCA databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cardellini
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institute for Environmental Management and Land Use Planning (IGEAT), Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50 CP 130/02, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Technical University of Munich (TUM), Chair of Wood Science, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Christopher L Mutel
- Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Vial
- Technological Institute, Furniture, Environment, Economy, Primary Processing and Supply (FCBA), 10 rue Galilée, 77420 Champs sur Marne, France
| | - Bart Muys
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cardellini G, Valada T, Cornillier C, Vial E, Dragoi M, Goudiaby V, Mues V, Lasserre B, Gruchala A, Rørstad PK, Neumann M, Svoboda M, Sirgmets R, Näsärö OP, Mohren F, Achten WMJ, Vranken L, Muys B. EFO-LCI: A New Life Cycle Inventory Database of Forestry Operations in Europe. Environ Manage 2018; 61:1031-1047. [PMID: 29560524 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become a common methodology to analyze environmental impacts of forestry systems. Although LCA has been widely applied to forestry since the 90s, the LCAs are still often based on generic Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). With the purpose of improving LCA practices in the forestry sector, we developed a European Life Cycle Inventory of Forestry Operations (EFO-LCI) and analyzed the available information to check if within the European forestry sector national differences really exist. We classified the European forests on the basis of "Forest Units" (combinations of tree species and silvicultural practices). For each Forest Unit, we constructed the LCI of their forest management practices on the basis of a questionnaire filled out by national silvicultural experts. We analyzed the data reported to evaluate how they vary over Europe and how they affect LCA results and made freely available the inventory data collected for future use. The study shows important variability in rotation length, type of regeneration, amount and assortments of wood products harvested, and machinery used due to the differences in management practices. The existing variability on these activities sensibly affect LCA results of forestry practices and raw wood production. Although it is practically unfeasible to collect site-specific data for all the LCAs involving forest-based products, the use of less generic LCI data of forestry practice is desirable to improve the reliability of the studies. With the release of EFO-LCI we made a step toward the construction of regionalized LCI for the European forestry sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cardellini
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Institute for Environmental Management and Land Use Planning (IGEAT), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50 CP 130/02, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tatiana Valada
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claire Cornillier
- Technological Institute, Furniture, Environment, Economy, Primary Processing and Supply (FCBA), 10 rue Galilée, 77420 Champs sur Marne, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Vial
- Technological Institute, Furniture, Environment, Economy, Primary Processing and Supply (FCBA), 10 rue Galilée, 77420 Champs sur Marne, Paris, France
| | - Marian Dragoi
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitatea Stefan del Mare, 720229, Suceava, Romania
| | - Venceslas Goudiaby
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Mues
- Centre for Wood Science, World Forestry, University Hamburg, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Lasserre
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone 86090, Pesche, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Arkadiusz Gruchala
- Department of Forest Economics, Faculty of Forestry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Per Kristian Rørstad
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Mathias Neumann
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, A- 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 16521, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Risto Sirgmets
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olli-Pekka Näsärö
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frits Mohren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter M J Achten
- Institute for Environmental Management and Land Use Planning (IGEAT), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50 CP 130/02, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Vranken
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, BE-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buongiorno AM, Morelli S, Sagratella E, Castaldo P, Di Virgilio A, Maroccia E, Ricciardi G, Sciullo E, Cardellini G, Fallucca F, Sensi M. Levels of advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) in sera of pregnant diabetic women: comparison between type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus. Ann Ist Super Sanita 1998; 33:375-8. [PMID: 9542265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chronic hyperglycemia can lead to an increase of the advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) levels on proteins and macromolecules. Abnormal levels of AGE in several tissues has been associated with the pathogenesis of late diabetic complications. In diabetic pregnant women, high AGE levels might influence the delicate maternal-fetal balance and therefore alter the pregnancy outcome. In this preliminary study, we have measured the AGE in sera of 44 diabetic women in two trimester. Sixteen sera from non diabetic pregnant women have been used as controls. The AGE have been analyzed by means of an ELISA method with an antiserum anti-RNAse-AGE, produced in the Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Diabetic patients type 1 and type 2, in good metabolic control, showed normal AGE levels at both trimester. Patients with gestational diabetes showed significantly high serum AGE levels (p < 0.05). A more extended study will give better insight on the association between AGE levels and a physiopathology of diabetic pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Buongiorno
- Laboratorio di Biochimica Clinica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sciullo E, Cardellini G, Baroni M, Torresi P, Mazziotti F, Pozzilli P, Fallucca F. Glucose transporters (GLUT 1, GLUT 3) mRNA in human placenta of diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies. Ann Ist Super Sanita 1998; 33:361-5. [PMID: 9542263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transporters (GLUT) catalyse the transport of glucose in many human tissues, including the placenta. On the other hand glucose concentrations can affect both glucose transport activity and level of GLUT mRNA and protein. Up to now very few studies, concerning GLUT in the placenta appeared and studies in vivo in human diabetic pregnancy are lacking. Therefore we investigated placental GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 mRNA in 10 diabetic (5 IDDM, 2 NIDDM, 3 GDM) and 9 non-diabetic women. GLUT 1 mRNA was found significantly correlated with maternal age (> 30 vs < 30 years: p < 0.025), with placental weight (> 575 vs < 575 g: p < 0.05), while GLUT 3 mRNA decreased significantly in late gestation of diabetic women (38-40 vs < 38 weeks: p < 0.025). In addition GLUT 3 was significantly lower in the diabetic than in non-diabetic women in late gestation. These preliminary results deserve to better elucidate feto-maternal carbohydrate metabolism at the placental level in normal as well as diabetic pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Sciullo
- Cattedra di Diabetologia, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fallucca F, Tiberti C, Torresi P, Cardellini G, Sciullo E, D'Aliberti T, Napoli A, Di Mario U. Autoimmune markers of diabetes in diabetic pregnancy. Ann Ist Super Sanita 1998; 33:425-8. [PMID: 9542275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been described in 1-3% of pregnancies and increases the risk (up to 60-70%) to subsequently developing an overt diabetes (generally of type 2 non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)). Several humoral autoimmune phenomena have been described in GDM: islet cell antibodies (ICA) have been found and it was shown that ICA+ patients tend to have a worse glucose tolerance. Recently, autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), were detected in type 1 diabetic sera before or at the onset of the disease; these markers, as well as ICA and insulin antibodies, seem to have a predictive value for the onset of the disease. Aim of our study was to investigate the presence of GAD65 in 83 GDM, 79 NIDDM and 64 pregnant normal women in late gestation. GAD Ab positivity was found (0.035 index as limit) only in GDM and NIDDM (3.6% in GDM, 3.8% in NIDDM, and nothing in control women). These results indicate that GAD positivity in GDM overlaps that of NIDDM, suggesting that the two diabetic populations have the same predisposition to develop a type 1 diabetes mellitus, and likely they share the same disease. Further studies need to clarify whether this prevalence of GAD positivity may unmask type 1 diabetes in both GDM and NIDDM diabetic women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Fallucca
- Cattedra di Diabetologia, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sciullo E, Cardellini G, Baroni MG, Torresi P, Buongiorno A, Pozzilli P, Fallucca F. Glucose transporter (Glut1, Glut3) mRNA in human placenta of diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancies. Early Pregnancy 1997; 3:172-82. [PMID: 10086067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Transport of glucose into the cell is catalyzed by glucose transporters (Glut). Glut1 and Glut3 are expressed at various levels in many human tissues, including the placenta. It has been reported that ambient glucose can affect both glucose transport activity and expression of the Glut genes, and protein. To date, very few studies concerning Glut in the placenta have been published, and studies in vivo in human diabetic pregnancy are lacking. We therefore investigated placental Glut1 and Glut3 mRNA by Northern blot analysis in ten diabetic (five insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), two non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and three gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)) and nine non-diabetic women. The quantitative results of specific mRNA/beta-actin ratios were expressed as arbitrary units. The results were evaluated according to metabolic and clinical findings. Glut1 and Glut3 mRNA values in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women were similar. The metabolic environment seems to affect the Glut3 mRNA levels in IDDM pregnant women but not the control women. In addition, Glut3 mRNA decreased in late pregnancy in the diabetic but not in the control women. Moreover, Glut1 mRNA levels were correlated with maternal age in the diabetic as well as in the control women (significantly). Finally, an inverse correlation was found between Glut1 mRNA levels and placental weight (in both diabetic and non-diabetic women). These results, although preliminary, shed some light on the function of these glucose transporters in normal as well as in diabetic pregnancies and prompt us to carry out a further investigation to better elucidate fetomaternal metabolic correlation at the placental level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Sciullo
- Cattedra di Diabetologia, II Clinica Medica, CIMS, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fallucca F, Sciullo E, Napoli A, Cardellini G, Maldonato A. Amniotic fluid insulin and C peptide levels in diabetic and nondiabetic women during early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:137-9. [PMID: 8550740 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.81.1.8550740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the widespread use of amniocentesis, glucose, insulin, and C peptide have often been measured in amniotic fluid (AF) during late gestation, but little is known about their concentrations during early pregnancy. To better understand early fetal beta-cell function under normal conditions and in the presence of maternal diabetes, we measured glucose, insulin, and C peptide in the AF collected during weeks 15-22 in 77 healthy and 9 diabetic women undergoing amniocentesis for clinical indications and compared the results with those obtained during late pregnancy (weeks 34-36). The AF C peptide concentration was higher in diabetic women (102 +/- 53 vs. 38 +/- 2 pmol/L), in the women with a family history of diabetes (41 +/- 6 vs. 35 +/- 2 pmol/L), after the 19th week of gestation (46 +/- 5 vs. 35 +/- 2 pmol/L; in the presence of lower glucose concentrations), and in the presence of maternal plasma glucose levels greater than 5.56 mmol/L (42 +/- 3.5 vs. 34 +/- 2 pmol/L). The comparison between early and late gestation showed decreasing glucose and increasing C peptide concentrations in both healthy and diabetic women (in the latter, C peptide values were always 3 times higher), whereas the insulin concentration was increased in late gestation only in diabetic women. The AF C peptide/insulin molar ratio increased throughout pregnancy in both healthy (from 0.97 +/- 0.06 to 4.3 +/- 1.2) and diabetic (from 2.9 +/- 1.1 to 13.2 +/- 1.6) women. These parallel changes suggest that the fetal clearance and/or degradation of insulin and C peptide may greatly change during both normal and diabetic gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Fallucca
- Diabetes Unit-CIMS, Institute Clinica Medica 2, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|