Synthesis of Free-Standing Tin Phosphide/Phosphate Carbon Composite Nanofibers as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Improved Low-Temperature Performance

Free-standing tin phosphide/phosphate carbon composite nanofiber mats of unique nanostructure have been successfully synthesized by electrospinning and partially reducing the phosphate-containing precursors. An unusual effect of the Sn:P molar ratio in the precursor solution on the structure and physical-electrochemical properties of the material is observed. Physical characterizations, including X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confirm the formation of tin phosphide/phosphate nanoparticles of P-rich inner Snx P layer and Sn-rich outer layer uniformly distributed within carbon nanofiber matrix when the Sn:P=1:1. The prepared material is tested as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries and it retains 1141 mAh g-1 charge capacity after 300 cycles at a current density of 250 mA g-1 with almost 100% Coulombic efficiency at room temperature. Furthermore, it demonstrates six times higher capacity (846 mAh g-1 ) at 0 °C compared to a commercial graphite anode and stable cyclability at -20 °C and 50 mA g-1 . Post-mortem ex situ XRD and SEM analyses confirm the structural stability of the designed material and the formation of a uniform stable solid electrolyte interphase layer even after 100 cycles at 50 mA g- 1 .

Synergetic Effect of α-ZrP Nanosheets and Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants on Thermoplastic Polyurethane

A supramolecular self-assembly method was used to prepare melamine cyanurate/α-ZrP nanosheets (MCA@α-ZrP) as a novel hybrid flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Microstructure characterization showed a uniform dispersion with strong interfacial strength of the MCA@α-ZrP hybrid within the TPU matrix, leading to simultaneous enhancements in both mechanical and fire-safety properties. The TPU/MCA@α-ZrP nanocomposite exhibited 43.1 and 47.0% increments in tensile strength and fracture energy, respectively. Thanks to the platelike structure of α-ZrP coupled with the dilution effect of MCA (releasing nonflammable gases), the hybrid MCA@α-ZrP reduced the peak heat release rate of TPU by 49.7% in comparison with 15.8 and 35.4% for TPU/MCA and TPU/ α-ZrP composites, respectively. The fire performance index of TPU is significantly promoted by 90% upon adding the MCA@α-ZrP hybrid. Additionally, LOI and UL-94 tests showed high flame-retarding characteristics for the MCA@α-ZrP hybrid. For example, LOI increased from 20.0% for neat TPU to 25.5% for the MCA@α-ZrP hybrid system, and it was rated V-1 from the UL-94 test. Furthermore, the smoke production and pyrolysis products were significantly suppressed by adding the MCA@α-ZrP hybrid into TPU. Interfacial hydrogen bonding, the dilution effect of MCA, forming a "labyrinth" layer, and catalytic action of α-ZrP nanosheets synergistically improved both the mechanical performance and flame retardancy of TPU nanocomposites. This work provides a new example of integrating traditional flame retardants with functional nanosheets to develop polymeric nanocomposites with high mechanical and fire-safety properties.

Polyacrylonitrile-Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Composite Gel-Polymer Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries

The three-dimensional (3D) structure of batteries nowadays obtains a lot of attention because it provides the electrodes a vast surface area to accommodate and employ more active material, resulting in a notable increase in areal capacity. However, the integration of polymer electrolytes to complicated three-dimensional structures without defects is appealing. This paper presents the creation of a flawless conformal coating for a distinctive 3D-structured NiO/Ni anode using a simple thermal oxidation technique and a polymer electrolyte consisting of three layers of PAN-(PAN-PVA)-PVA with the addition of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles as nanofillers. Such a composition with a unique combination of polymers demonstrated superior electrode performance. PAN in the polymer matrix provides mechanical stability and corrosion resistance, while PVA contributes to excellent ionic conductivity. As a result, NiO/Ni@PAN-(PAN-PVA)-PVA with 0.5 wt% Al₂O₃ NPs configuration demonstrated enhanced cycling stability and superior electrochemical performance, reaching 546 mAh g^-1 at a 0.1 C rate.

Preparation of a Ni3Sn2 alloy-type anode embedded in carbon nanofibers by electrospinning for lithium-ion batteries

Ni3Sn2 intermetallic alloy encapsulated in a carbon nanofiber matrix (Ni3Sn2@CNF) was obtained by electrospinning. The Ni3Sn2@CNF anode produced a high initial discharge capacity of ∼1300 mA h g−1, later retaining ∼350 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles.

Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon from Agar as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

New porous activated carbons with a high surface area as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were synthesized by a one-step, sustainable, and environmentally friendly method. Four chemical activators-H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, KOH, and ZnCl₂-have been investigated as facilitators of the formation of the porous structure of activated carbon (AC) from an agar precursor. The study of the materials by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods revealed its highly porous meso- and macro-structure. Among the used chemical activators, the AC prepared with the addition of KOH demonstrated the best electrochemical performance upon its reaction with lithium metal. The initial discharge capacity reached 931 mAh g^-1 and a reversible capacity of 320 mAh g^-1 was maintained over 100 cycles at 0.1 C. High rate cycling tests up to 10 C demonstrated stable cycling performance of the AC from agar.

Structural and Chemical Modifications Towards High-Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Harvesting abundant mechanical energy has been considered one of the promising technologies for developing autonomous self-powered active sensors, power units, and Internet-of-Things devices. Among various energy harvesting technologies, the triboelectric harvesters based on contact electrification have recently attracted much attention because of their advantages such as high performance, light weight, and simple design. Since the first triboelectric energy-harvesting device was reported, the continuous investigations for improving the output power have been carried out. This review article covers various methods proposed for the performance enhancement of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), such as a triboelectric material selection, surface modification through the introduction of micro-/nano-patterns, and surface chemical functionalization, injecting charges, and their trapping. The main purpose of this work is to highlight and summarize recent advancements towards enhancing the TENG technology performance through implementing different approaches along with their potential applications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the TENG technology and its factors affecting the output power as material selection, surface physical and chemical modification, charge injection, and trapping techniques.

NiCo2S4 Nanocrystals on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

In recent years, the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density has become one of the important research directions to fulfill the needs of electric vehicles and smart grid technologies. Nowadays, traditional LIBs have reached their limits in terms of capacity, cycle life, and stability, necessitating their further improvement and development of alternative materials with remarkably enhanced properties. A nitrogen-containing carbon nanotube (N-CNT) host for bimetallic sulfide (NiCo₂S₄) is proposed in this study as an anode with attractive electrochemical performance for LIBs. The prepared NiCo₂S₄/N-CNT nanocomposite exhibited improved cycling stability, rate performance, and an excellent reversible capacity of 623.0 mAh g^-1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^-1 and maintained a high capacity and cycling stability at 0.5 A g^-1. The excellent electrochemical performance of the composite can be attributed to the unique porous structure, which can effectively enhance the diffusivity of Li ions while mitigating the volume expansion during the charge-discharge processes.

Carbon nanotubes assembled on porous TiO2 matrix doped with Co3O4 as sulfur host for lithium-sulfur batteries

Advanced design and fabrication of high performance sulfur cathodes with improved conductivity and chemical adsorption towards lithium polysulfides (LiPS) are crucial for further development of Li-S batteries. Hence, we designed a TiO₂/Co₃O₄-CNTs composite derived from Ti-MOF (MIL-125) as the host matrix for sulfur cathode. The polar nature of metal oxides (TiO₂, Co₃O₄) creates the adsorptive sites in the composite and leads to an efficient chemical capture of LiPS. The CNTs ensure the contact between S/Li₂S and the host material with high conductivity, enhanced charge transfer and fast electrochemical kinetics. At the same time, the CNTs strengthen the stability of the electrode material. Consequently, the as-prepared TiO₂/Co₃O₄-CNTs composite showed excellent electrochemical performance. The cell with S-TiO₂/Co₃O₄-CNTs delivers an initial specific capacity of 1270 mAh g^-1 at 0.2 C and high rate performance with a capacity of 603 mAh g^-1 at 3 C.

Onion-Structured Si Anode Constructed with Coating by Li4Ti5O12 and Cyclized-Polyacrylonitrile for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Low dimensional Si-based materials are very promising anode candidates for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, to satisfy the ever-increasing demand in more powerful energy storage devices, electrodes based on Si materials should display high-power accompanied with low volume change upon operation. Thus far, there were no reports on the Si-based materials which satisfy the stated requirements. Hence, here, we report on modified onion-structured Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) co-coated with Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and cyclized polyacrylonitrile (cPAN) to bring the synergistic effect enhancing the conductivity, tolerance to volume change and stable performance. Obtained results suggest that the nanoparticles were conformally coated with both materials simultaneously and the thicknesses of the films were in a range of a few nanometers. Electrochemical tests show that the modified SiNPs deliver a high initial capacity of 2443 mAh g-1 and stable capacity retention over 50 cycles with 95% Coulombic efficiency.

A Review of Piezoelectric PVDF Film by Electrospinning and Its Applications

With the increase of interest in the application of piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in nanogenerators (NGs), sensors, and microdevices, the most efficient and suitable methods of their synthesis are being pursued. Electrospinning is an effective method to prepare higher content β-phase PVDF nanofiber films without additional high voltage poling or mechanical stretching, and thus, it is considered an economically viable and relatively simple method. This work discusses the parameters affecting the preparation of the desired phase of the PVDF film with a higher electrical output. The design and selection of optimum preparation conditions such as solution concentration, solvents, the molecular weight of PVDF, and others lead to electrical properties and performance enhancement in the NG, sensor, and other applications. Additionally, the effect of the nanoparticle additives that showed efficient improvements in the PVDF films was discussed as well. For instance, additives of BaTiO3, carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoclays, and others are summarized to show their contributions to the higher piezo response in the electrospun PVDF. The recently reported applications of electrospun PVDF films are also analyzed in this review paper.