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de Sousa ARS, Ottestad I, Gjevestad GO, Holven KB, Ulven SM, Christensen JJ. Associations between PBMC whole genome transcriptome, muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in healthy home-dwelling older women. GeroScience 2023; 45:3175-3186. [PMID: 37204640 PMCID: PMC10643614 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing age is accompanied by many changes, including declining functional skeletal muscle health and immune dysfunction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are circulating cells that assemble an immune response, but their whole genome transcriptome has not been studied in the context of age-related muscle health. Consequently, this article explored associations between three muscle variables indicative of functional muscle health - maximum handgrip strength (muscle strength), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI, muscle mass), and gait speed (physical performance) - and two groups of bioinformatics-generated PBMC gene expression features (gene expression-estimated leukocyte subset proportions and gene clusters). We analyzed cross-sectional data from 95 home-dwelling healthy women ≥ 70 years, using "cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts" (CIBERSORT) to estimate leukocyte subset proportions and "weighted correlation network analysis" (WGCNA) to generate gene clusters. Associations were studied using linear regression models and relevant gene clusters were subjected to gene set enrichment analysis using gene ontology. Gait speed and ASMI associated with CIBERSORT-estimated monocyte proportions (β = - 0.090, 95% CI = (- 0.146, - 0.034), p-value = 0.002 for gait speed, and β = - 0.206, 95% CI = (- 0.385, - 0.028), p-value = 0.024 for ASMI), and gait speed associated with CIBERSORT-estimated M2 macrophage proportions (β = - 0.026, 95% CI = (- 0.043, - 0.008), p-value = 0.004). Furthermore, maximum handgrip strength associated with nine WGCNA gene clusters, enriched in processes related to immune function and skeletal muscle cells (β in the range - 0.007 to 0.008, p-values < 0.05). These results illustrate interactions between skeletal muscle and the immune system, supporting the notion that age-related functional muscle health and the immune system are closely linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R S de Sousa
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Ottestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- The Clinical Nutrition Outpatient Clinic, Section of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gyrd O Gjevestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- TINE SA, Innovation and Marketing, Postboks 113 Kalbakken, 0902, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsveien 2B, 0373, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit On Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsveien 2B, 0373, Oslo, Norway.
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Rundblad A, Holven KB, Øyri LKL, Hansson P, Ivan IH, Gjevestad GO, Thoresen M, Ulven SM. Front Cover: Intake of Fermented Dairy Products Induces a Less Pro‐Inflammatory Postprandial Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Gene Expression Response than Non‐Fermented Dairy Products: A Randomized Controlled Cross‐Over Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202070047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rundblad A, Holven KB, Øyri LKL, Hansson P, Ivan IH, Gjevestad GO, Thoresen M, Ulven SM. Intake of Fermented Dairy Products Induces a Less Pro-Inflammatory Postprandial Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Gene Expression Response than Non-Fermented Dairy Products: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000319. [PMID: 32844586 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE It is aimed to investigate how intake of high-fat meals composed of different dairy products with a similar fat content affects postprandial peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) expression of inflammation-related genes, as well as circulating inflammatory markers and metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS Healthy subjects (n = 47) consume four different high-fat meals composed of either butter, cheese, whipped cream, or sour cream in a randomized controlled cross-over study. Fasting and postprandial PBMC gene expression, plasma metabolites, and circulating inflammatory markers are measured. Using a linear mixed model, it is found that expression of genes related to lymphocyte activation, cytokine signaling, chemokine signaling, and cell adhesion is differentially altered between the four meals. In general, intake of the fermented products cheese and sour cream reduces, while intake of the non-fermented products butter and whipped cream increases, expression of these genes. Plasma amino acid concentrations increase after intake of cheese compared to the other meals, and the amino acid changes correlate with several of the differentially altered genes. CONCLUSION Intake of fermented dairy products, especially cheese, induces a less inflammatory postprandial PBMC gene expression response than non-fermented dairy products. These findings may partly explain inconsistent findings in studies on health effects of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rundblad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway
| | - Linn K L Øyri
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Patrik Hansson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Ingvild H Ivan
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | | | - Magne Thoresen
- Oslo Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Boks 1072 Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
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Hansson P, Holven KB, Øyri LK, Brekke HK, Gjevestad GO, Rehfeld JF, Raza GS, Herzig KH, Ulven SM. Dairy products influence gut hormone secretion and appetite differently: A randomized controlled crossover trial. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:1100-1109. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gjevestad GO, Holven KB, Rundblad A, Flatberg A, Myhrstad M, Karlsen K, Mutt SJ, Herzig KH, Ottestad I, Ulven SM. Increased protein intake affects pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, immune function and IGF signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of home-dwelling old subjects using a genome-wide gene expression approach. Genes Nutr 2019; 14:32. [PMID: 31798754 PMCID: PMC6883584 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Adequate protein intake among older adults is associated with better health outcomes such as immune function and metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle, but conflicting results make it difficult to define the optimal intake. To further understand the impact of protein intake on metabolic processes, the aim of the study was to explore genome-wide gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in home-dwelling old subjects after increased protein intake for 12 weeks. Method In a parallel double-blind randomized controlled intervention study, subjects (≥ 70 years) received a protein-enriched milk (2 × 20 g protein/day, n = 14, mean (±SD) age 76.9 ± 4.9 years) or an isocaloric carbohydrate drink (n = 17, mean (±SD) age 77.7 ± 4.8 years) for breakfast and evening meal for 12 weeks. PBMCs were isolated before and after the intervention. Microarray analysis was performed using Illumina technology. Serum levels of gut peptides and insulin growth factor (IGF)-1 were also measured. Results In total 758 gene transcripts were regulated after increased protein intake, and 649 gene transcripts were regulated after intake of carbohydrates (p < 0.05). Forty-two of these genes were overlapping. After adjusting for multiple testing, 27 of the 758 gene transcripts were regulated (FDR, q-value < 0.25) after protein intake. Of these 25 were upregulated and two downregulated. In particular, genes and signaling pathways involved in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, immune function, and IGF signaling were significantly altered. Conclusions PBMCs can be used to study gene expression changes after long-term protein intake, as many signaling pathways were regulated after increased protein intake. The functional significance of these findings needs to be further investigated. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID no. NCT02218333. The study was registered on August 18, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyrd O Gjevestad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,2Innovation and marketing, TINE SA, Lakkegata 23, 0187 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,3National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amanda Rundblad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- 4Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Genomics Core Facility, Norwegian University of Sciences and Technology, Olav Kyrres gt. 9, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Myhrstad
- 5Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karina Karlsen
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shivaprakash J Mutt
- 6Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University, P.O Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- 6Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University, P.O Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,7Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Inger Ottestad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Hansson P, Holven KB, Øyri LKL, Brekke HK, Biong AS, Gjevestad GO, Raza GS, Herzig KH, Thoresen M, Ulven SM. Meals with Similar Fat Content from Different Dairy Products Induce Different Postprandial Triglyceride Responses in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:422-431. [PMID: 30759235 PMCID: PMC6398384 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial lipemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dairy products differ in nutrient content and food matrix, and little is known about how different dairy products affect postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of meals with similar amounts of fat from different dairy products on postprandial TG concentrations over 6 h in healthy adults. METHODS A randomized controlled cross-over study was performed on 47 subjects (30% men), with median (25th-75th percentile) age of 32 (25-46) y and body mass index of 23.6 (21.0-25.8) kg/m2. Meals included 1 of butter, cheese, whipped cream, or sour cream, corresponding to 45 g of fat (approximately 60 energy%). Serum concentrations of TGs (primary outcome), and total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (secondary outcomes) were measured before the meal and 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially. Incremental AUC (iAUC) was calculated for the responses, and data were analyzed using a linear mixed model. RESULTS Sour cream induced a 61% larger TG-iAUC0-6 h compared to whipped cream (P < 0.001), a 53% larger TG-iAUC0-6 h compared to butter (P < 0.001), and a 23% larger TG-iAUC0-6 h compared to cheese (P = 0.05). No differences in TG-iAUC0-6 h between the other meals were observed. Intake of sour cream induced a larger HDL cholesterol-iAUC0-6 h compared to cheese (P = 0.01). Intake of cheese induced a 124% larger insulin iAUC0-6 h compared to butter (P = 0.006). No other meal effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS High-fat meals containing similar amount of fat from different dairy products induce different postprandial effects on serum TGs, HDL cholesterol, and insulin in healthy adults. The potential mechanisms and clinical impact of our findings remain to be further elucidated. The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02836106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Hansson
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn K L Øyri
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde K Brekke
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne S Biong
- TINE SA, Centre for Research and Development, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ghulam S Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magne Thoresen
- Oslo Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Address correspondence to SMU (e-mail: )
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Gjevestad GO, Hamarsland H, Raastad T, Ottestad I, Christensen JJ, Eckardt K, Drevon CA, Biong AS, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Gene expression is differentially regulated in skeletal muscle and circulating immune cells in response to an acute bout of high-load strength exercise. Genes Nutr 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28270867 PMCID: PMC5335818 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background High-intensity exercise induces many metabolic responses. In is unknown whether the response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) reflects the response in skeletal muscle and whether mRNA expression after exercise can be modulated by nutritional intake. The aims were to (i) investigate the effect of dairy proteins on acute responses to exercise in skeletal muscle and PBMCs measuring gene expression and (ii) compare this response in young and older subjects. Methods We performed two separate studies in young (20–40 years) and older subjects (≥70 years). Subjects were randomly allocated to a milk group or a whey group. Supplements were provided immediately after a standardized exercise session. We measured mRNA expression of selected genes after a standardized breakfast and 60/120 min after finishing the exercise, using RT-qPCR. Results We observed no significant differences in mRNA expression between the milk and the whey group; thus, we merged both groups for further analysis. The mRNA expression of IL6, TNF, and CCL2 in skeletal muscle increased significantly after exercise compared with smaller or no increase, in mRNA expression in PBMCs in all participants. The mRNA expression of IL1RN, IL8, and IL10 increased significantly in skeletal muscle and PBMCs. Some mRNA transcripts were differently regulated in older compared to younger participants in PBMCs. Conclusions An acute bout of heavy-load strength exercise, followed by protein supplementation, caused overlapping, but also unique, responses in skeletal muscle and PBMCs, suggesting tissue-specific functions in response to exercise. However, no different effects of the different protein supplements were observed. Altered mRNA expressions in PBMCs of older participants may affect regenerative mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0556-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyrd O Gjevestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway.,Centre for Research and Development, TINE SA, P.O. Box 7, Kalbakken, 0902 Oslo Norway
| | - Håvard Hamarsland
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.B. 4104 USA, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.B. 4104 USA, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Ottestad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
| | - Kristin Eckardt
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Anne S Biong
- Centre for Research and Development, TINE SA, P.O. Box 7, Kalbakken, 0902 Oslo Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Norway.,National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo Norway
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Ottestad I, Løvstad AT, Gjevestad GO, Hamarsland H, Šaltytė Benth J, Andersen LF, Bye A, Biong AS, Retterstøl K, Iversen PO, Raastad T, Ulven SM, Holven KB. Intake of a Protein-Enriched Milk and Effects on Muscle Mass and Strength. A 12-Week Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:1160-1169. [PMID: 29188875 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of 20 g protein with breakfast and evening meal on muscle mass, muscle strength and functional performance in older adults. DESIGN A double-blinded randomized controlled study. SETTING Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Norway. PARTICIPANTS Healthy community-dwelling men and women (≥ 70 years) with reduced physical strength and/or performance. INTERVENTION Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either protein-enriched milk (2 x 0.4 L/d; protein group) or an isocaloric carbohydrate drink (2 x 0.4 L/d; control group) with breakfast and evening meal for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS The primary endpoints were muscle mass measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry, and tests of muscle strength (one repetition maximum test of chest press and leg press) and functional performance (handgrip strength, stair calimb and repeated chair rise). RESULTS In total, 438 subjects were screened, 50 subjects were randomized and 36 completed the study. Chest press improved significantly in the protein (1.3 kg (0.1-2.5), p=0.03) and the control group (1.5 kg (0.0-3.0), p=0.048), but with no difference between the groups (p=0.85). No significant change in leg press (p=0.93) or muscle mass (p=0.54) were observed between the protein and the control group. Nor did we observe any significant differences in the functional performance tests (p>0.05 for all tests) between the groups. CONCLUSION Increased protein intake (2 x 20 g/d) did not significantly improve muscle mass, muscle strength or functional performance in healthy older weight stable adults. Whether intake of > 20 g protein to each meal is necessary for preservation of muscle mass and strength in older adults should be further investigated in a larger study. This underscores the need for well-designed studies that can differentiate between the effect of protein intake and increased energy. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID no. NCT02218333).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ottestad
- Inger Ottestad, Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. Tel: + 47-228540206,
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Abstract
Regular physical activity seems to be one of the most important contributors to prevent disease and promote health. Being physically active reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some types of cancers. The molecular mechanisms are however not fully elucidated. Depending on duration and intensity, exercise will cause disruption of muscle fibers triggering a temporary inflammatory response. This response may not only involve the muscle tissue, but also peripheral tissues such as white blood cells, which are important components of the immune system. The immune system plays a vital role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby making white blood cells relevant to study when looking at molecular mechanisms induced by physical activity. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on exercise and gene expression in human white blood cells, and discuss these results in relation to inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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