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Silva-Neto HA, Barbeira PJS, Coltro WKT, Piccin E. 3D printing of electrochemical cell for voltammetric detection and photodegradation monitoring of folic acid in juice samples. Food Chem 2024; 444:138677. [PMID: 38359702 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, compact 3D-printed carbon black (CB) electrodes were manufactured for using in folic acid (FA) analysis in fruit samples. Before application in FA analysis, the electrode surfaces were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and voltammetry using well-known redox probes. Square wave voltammetric study presented linear responses in the range between 10 and 200 µmol/L (R2 > 0.99), exhibited a suitable detection limit (LOD) of ∼ 5.1 µmol/L and acceptable performance in terms of reproducibility and anti-interference experiments. The analysis of FA in four different food samples using the proposed method agreed statistically with a comparative technique based on spectrophotometric measurements. Moreover, results from photostability experiments indicated that FA can be degraded after 5 and 20 min of UV exposure. These results successfully demonstrated the analytical feasibility of the 3D-printed electrodes as sensing material and for monitoring the photostability of FA in different fruit matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habdias A Silva-Neto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG 31270-400, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo J S Barbeira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG 31270-400, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG 31270-400, Brazil; Departamento do Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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Romanholo PVV, de Andrade LM, Silva-Neto HA, Coltro WKT, Sgobbi LF. Digitally Controlled Printing of Bioink Barriers for Paper-Based Analytical Devices: An Environmentally Friendly One-Step Approach. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5349-5356. [PMID: 38554084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The patterning of hydrophilic paper with hydrophobic materials has emerged as an interesting method for the fabrication of paper-based devices (PADs). Herein, we demonstrate a digitally automated, easy, low-cost, eco-friendly, and readily available method to create highly hydrophobic barriers on paper that can be promptly employed with PADs by simply using a bioink made with rosin, a commercially available natural resin obtained from conifer trees. The bioink can be easily delivered with the use of a ballpoint pen to produce water- and organic solvent-resistant barriers, showing superior properties when compared to other methods such as wax-printing or permanent markers. The approach enables the pen to be attached to a commercially available cutting printer to perform the semiautomated fabrication of hydrophobic barriers for PADs. With the aid of digitally controlled optimization, together with features of machine learning and design of experiments, we show a thorough investigation on the barrier strength that can be further adjusted to the desired application's needs. Then, we explored the barrier sturdiness across various uses, such as wide range aqueous pH sensing and the harsh acidic/organic conditions needed for the colorimetric detection of cholecalciferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro V V Romanholo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Larissa M de Andrade
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Habdias A Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13083-861 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia F Sgobbi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Silva-Neto HA, Jaime JC, Rocha DS, Sgobbi LF, Coltro WKT. Fabrication of paper-based analytical devices using stencil-printed glass varnish barriers for colorimetric detection of salivary α-amylase. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342336. [PMID: 38438226 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing disposable paper-based devices has positively impacted analytical science, particularly in developing countries. Some benefits of those devices include their versatility, affordability, environmentally friendly, and the possibility of being integrated with portable electrochemical or colorimetric detectors. Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) comprising circular zones and microfluidic networks have been successfully employed in the analytical chemistry reign. However, the combination of the stencil-printing method and alternative binder has not been satisfactorily explored for fabricating colorimetric paper devices. RESULTS We developed PADs exploring the stencil printing approach and glass varnish as the hydrophobic chemical agent. As a proof-of-concept, the colorimetric assay of salivary α-amylase (sAA) was performed in saliva samples. Through the scanning electron microscopy measurements, it was possible to indicate satisfactory definitions between native fibers and barrier, and that the measured values for the channel width revealed suitable fidelity (R2 = 0.99) with the nominal widths (ranging from 400 to 5000 μm). The proposed hydrophobic barrier exhibited excellent chemical resistance. The analytical applicability for detecting sAA revealed linear behavior in the range from 2 to 12 U mL-1 (R2 = 0.99), limit of detection of 0.75 U mL-1, reproducibility (RSD ≤2.4%), recovery experiments ranged from 89 to 108% and AGREE response (0.86). In addition, the colorimetric analysis of sAA in four different saliva samples demonstrated levels ranging from 202 to 2080 U mL-1, which enabled monitoring the absence and presence of periodontitis. SIGNIFICANCE This report has presented the first use of a self-adhesive mask and glass varnish for creating circular zones and microfluidic architectures on paper without using thermic or UV curing treatments. Also, the proposed analytical methodology for detecting sAA exhibited suitable ecological impact considering the AGREE tool. We believe the proposed fabrication of paper devices emerges as a novel, simple, high-fidelity microfluidic channel and portable analytical approach for colorimetric sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habdias A Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Jordana C Jaime
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Danielly S Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Livia F Sgobbi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Leal VG, Silva-Neto HA, da Silva SG, Coltro WKT, Petruci JFDS. AirQuality Lab-on-a-Drone: A Low-Cost 3D-Printed Analytical IoT Platform for Vertical Monitoring of Gaseous H 2S. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14350-14356. [PMID: 37672689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of gaseous compounds in the atmosphere is a multichallenging task due to their low concentration range, long and latitudinal concentration variations, and the presence of sample interferents. Herein, we present a quadcopter drone deployed with a fully integrated 3D-printed analytical laboratory for H2S monitoring. Also, the analytical system makes part of the Internet of Things approach. The analytical method applied was based on the reaction between fluorescein mercuric acetate and H2S that led to fluorescence quenching. A 5 V micropump at a constant airflow of 50 mL min-1 was employed to deliver constant air into a flask containing 800 μL of the reagent. The analytical signal was obtained using a light-emitting diode and a miniaturized digital light detector. The method enabled the detection of H2S in the range from 15 to 200 ppbv, with a reproducibility of 5% for a sampling time of 10 min and an limit of detection of 9 ppbv. All devices were controlled using an Arduino powered by a small power bank, and the results were transmitted to a smartphone via Bluetooth. The proposed device resulted in a weight of 300 g and an overall cost of ∼50 USD. The platform was used to monitor the concentration of H2S in different intervals next to a wastewater treatment plant at ground and vertical levels. The ability to perform all analytical steps in the same device, the low-energy requirements, the low weight, and the attachment of data transmission modules offer new possibilities for drone-based analytical systems for air pollution monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanderli Garcia Leal
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 2121 João Naves de Ávila Avenue, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Habdias A Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-400, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Gonçalves da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, 2121 João Naves de Ávila Avenue, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciȇncia e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas 13084-971, São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira LC, Rocha DS, Silva-Neto HA, Silva TAC, Coltro WKT. Polyester resin and graphite flakes: turning conductive ink to a voltammetric sensor for paracetamol sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:324. [PMID: 37493852 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of a disposable electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) is described using a novel formulation of conductive ink that combines graphite powder, polyester resin, and acetone. As a proof of concept, the proposed sensor was utilized for paracetamol (PAR) sensing. The introduced ink was characterized via morphological, structural, and electrochemical analysis, and the results demonstrated appreciable analytical performance. The proposed ePAD provided linear behavior (R2 = 0.99) in the concentration range between 1 and 60 µmol L-1, a limit of detection of 0.2 µmol L-1, and satisfactory reproducibility (RSD ~ 7.7%, n = 5) applying a potential of + 0.81 V vs Ag at the working electrode. The quantification of PAR was demonstrated in different pharmaceutical formulations. The achieved concentrations revealed good agreement with the labeled values, acceptable accuracy (101% and 106%), and no statistical difference from the data obtained by HPLC at the 95% confidence level. The environmental impact of the new device was assessed using AGREE software, which determined a score of 0.85, indicating that it is eco-friendly. During the pharmacokinetic study of PAR, it was found that the drug has a maximum concentration of 23.58 ± 0.01 µmol L-1, a maximum time of 30 min, and a half-life of 2.15 h. These results are comparable to other studies that utilized HPLC. This suggests that the combination of graphite powder and polyester resin can transform conductive ink into an effective ePAD that can potentially be used in various pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laísa C Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Danielly S Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Habdias A Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Thaísa A C Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Goiânia, GO, 74175-100, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência E Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil.
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Silva-Neto HA, Zucolotto V, D'Alessandro EB, Tavares MGO, Antoniosi Filho NR, Coltro WKT, Grosseli GM, Fadini PS, Urban RC. Preliminary assessment of toxicity of aerosol samples from central-west Brazil using Artemia spp. bioassays. Chemosphere 2023:139283. [PMID: 37348616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the development of a bioassay using Artemia spp. to analyse the preliminary ecotoxicity of atmospheric aerosols (PM), which can affect the environment and human health. Herein, PM samples were collected in the city of Goiânia (Brazil) in 2016, extracted with ultrapure water and subsequently filtered through membranes with different pore sizes (100, 0.8, and 0.22 μm), and the extracts employed in the bioassays. The mortality rates (endpoint analysed) declined to membranes with smaller pore sizes (15 ± 4%, 47 ± 10% and 43 ± 9% for pore sizes of 100 μm, 0.8 μm and 0.22 μm, respectively). In general, the toxicity of the extract depended on its concentration, except for the sample with a higher negative particle surface charge, which presents a lower affinity for the negatively charged surfaces of cellular membranes. Moreover, although the PM concentration was higher for the sample collected during the dry season (September), the mortality rate was not significantly different to that determined for a sample with similar physical and chemical characteristics collected in the rainy season (December). This result demonstrates the importance of monitoring PM toxicities and their chemical and physical characteristics, in addition to their concentrations. Therefore, the new protocol to provide a preliminary analysis of the toxicity of the extracts of aerosol emerges as a useful, accessible, and fast tool for monitoring possible environmental hazards, and can simplify fieldwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habdias A Silva-Neto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Physics Institute of São Carlos (IFSC), University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | | | - Maria G O Tavares
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Grosseli
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Pedro S Fadini
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Roberta C Urban
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Silva-Neto HA, Duarte-Junior GF, Rocha DS, Bedioui F, Varenne A, Coltro WKT. Recycling 3D Printed Residues for the Development of Disposable Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 36884339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose a recyclable approach using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) residues from additive manufacturing in combination with low-cost and accessible graphite flakes as a novel and potential mixture for creating a conductive paste. The graphite particles were successfully incorporated in the recycled thermoplastic composite when solubilized with acetone and the mixture demonstrated greater adherence to different substrates, among which cellulose-based material made possible the construction of a paper-based electrochemical sensor (PES). The morphological, structural, and electrochemical characterizations of the recycled electrode material were demonstrated to be similar to those of the traditional carbon-based surfaces. Faradaic responses based on redox probe activity ([Fe(CN)6]3-/4-) exhibited well-defined peak currents and diffusional mass transfer as a quasi-reversible system (96 ± 5 mV) with a fast heterogeneous rate constant value of 2 × 10-3 cm s-1. To improve the electrode electrochemical properties, both the PES and the classical 3D-printed electrode surfaces were modified with a combination of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and copper. Both electrode surfaces demonstrated the suitable oxidation of nitrite at 0.6 and 0.5 V vs Ag, respectively. The calculated analytical sensitivities for PES and 3D-printed electrodes were 0.005 and 0.002 μA/(μmol L-1), respectively. The proposed PES was applied for the indirect amperometric analysis of S-nitroso-cysteine (CysNO) in serum samples via nitrite quantitation, demonstrating a limit of detection of 4.1 μmol L-1, with statistically similar values when compared to quantitative analysis of the same samples by spectrophotometry (paired t test, 95% confidence limit). The evaluated electroanalytical approach exhibited linear behavior for nitrite in the concentration range between 10 and 125 μmol L-1, which is suitable for realizing clinical diagnosis involving Parkinson's disease, for example. This proof of concept shows the great promise of this recyclable strategy combining ABS residues and conductive particles in the context of green chemical protocols for constructing disposable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habdias A Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | | | - Danielly S Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Fethi Bedioui
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences i-CLeHS, Chimie ParisTech-PSL/CNRS, Paris 8060, France
| | - Anne Varenne
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences i-CLeHS, Chimie ParisTech-PSL/CNRS, Paris 8060, France
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas 13084-971, São Paulo Brazil
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Rocha DS, de Campos RP, Silva-Neto HA, Duarte-Junior GF, Bedioui F, Coltro WK. Digital microfluidic platform assembled into a home-made studio for sample preparation and colorimetric sensing of S-nitrosocysteine. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1254:341077. [PMID: 37005016 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a versatile lab-on-a-chip platform that allows integration with several types of sensors and detection techniques, including colorimetric sensors. Here, we propose, for the first time, the integration of DMF chips into a mini studio containing a 3D-printed holder with previously fixed UV-LEDs to promote sample degradation on the chip surface before a complete analytical procedure involving reagent mixture, colorimetric reaction, and detection through a webcam integrated on the equipment. As a proof-of-concept, the feasibility of the integrated system was successfully through the indirect analysis of S-nitrosocysteine (CySNO) in biological samples. For this purpose, UV-LEDs were explored to perform the photolytic cleavage of CySNO, thus generating nitrite and subproducts directly on DMF chip. Nitrite was then colorimetrically detected based on a modified Griess reaction, in which reagents were prepared through a programable movement of droplets on DMF devices. The assembling and the experimental parameters were optimized, and the proposed integration exhibited a satisfactory correlation with the results acquired using a desktop scanner. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the obtained CySNO degradation to nitrite was 96%. Considering the analytical parameters, the proposed approach revealed linear behavior in the CySNO concentration range between 12.5 and 400 μmol L-1 and a limit of detection equal to 2.8 μmol L-1. Synthetic serum and human plasma samples were successfully analyzed, and the achieved results did not statistically differ from the data recorded by spectrophotometry at the confidence level of 95%, thus indicating the huge potential of the integration between DMF and mini studio to promote complete analysis of lowmolecular weight compounds.
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Silva-Neto HA, Arantes IV, Ferreira AL, do Nascimento GH, Meloni GN, de Araujo WR, Paixão TR, Coltro WK. Recent advances on paper-based microfluidic devices for bioanalysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Andrade LM, Romanholo PV, Carolina A. Ananias A, Venancio KP, Silva-Neto HA, Coltro WK, Sgobbi LF. Pocket test for instantaneous quantification of starch adulterant in milk using a counterfeit banknote detection pen. Food Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rocha DS, Duarte LC, Silva-Neto HA, Chagas CL, Santana MH, Antoniosi Filho NR, Coltro WK. Sandpaper-based electrochemical devices assembled on a reusable 3D-printed holder to detect date rape drug in beverages. Talanta 2021; 232:122408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Silva-Neto HA, Cardoso TMG, McMahon CJ, Sgobbi LF, Henry CS, Coltro WKT. Plug-and-play assembly of paper-based colorimetric and electrochemical devices for multiplexed detection of metals. Analyst 2021; 146:3463-3473. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an00176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose a “plug-and-play” (PnP) assembly for coupling paper-based colorimetric and electrochemical devices for multiplexed detection of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lívia F. Sgobbi
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
- Goiânia
- Brazil
| | | | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
- Goiânia
- Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica
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