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Abera A, Mamecha T, Abose E, Bokicho B, Ashole A, Bishaw T, Mariyo A, Bogale B, Terefe H, Tadesse H, Belachew M, Difabachew H, Eukubay A, Kinde S, Ali A, Regasa F, Seife F, Kebede Z, Wossen M, Tollera G, Hailu M, Manaye N, Van Reet N, Priotto G, van Griensven J, Pareyn M, Tasew G. Reemergence of Human African Trypanosomiasis Caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Ethiopia. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:125-128. [PMID: 37967521 PMCID: PMC10756368 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.231319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report 4 cases of human African trypanosomiasis that occurred in Ethiopia in 2022, thirty years after the last previously reported case in the country. Two of 4 patients died before medicine became available. We identified the infecting parasite as Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Those cases imply human African trypanosomiasis has reemerged.
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Mohammed H, Landeryou T, Chernet M, Liyew EF, Wulataw Y, Getachew B, Difabachew H, Phillips A, Maddren R, Ower A, Mekete K, Belay H, Endrias T, Anjulo U, Tasew G, Anderson R, Tollera G, Abate E. Comparing the accuracy of two diagnostic methods for detection of light Schistosoma haematobium infection in an elimination setting in Wolaita Zone, South Western Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267378. [PMID: 35486627 PMCID: PMC9053789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reagent urinalysis dipstick and filtration have been recommended diagnostic methods for the detection of urogenital schistosomiasis. However, the accurate diagnosis of light infections using these methods presents a major challenge. This study evaluates the diagnosis accuracy of light infection with Schistosoma haematobium in study participants living in Wolaita Zone, an area targeted for sustainable control of Schistosomiasis, and ultimately interrupt transmission. Urine samples were collected from children and adults in surveys carried out during baseline and longitudinal sentinel site surveys conducted from 2018 to 2020. All urine samples were tested using a reagent urinalysis dipstick test (Haemastix) to detect microhaematuria with reference urine filtration technique as a proxy for S. haematobium infection. Sensitivity and specificity were determined in diagnosing urogenital schistosomiasis. Cohen’s Kappa statistics was done for the agreement of these diagnostic methods. A total of 12,102 participants were enrolled in the current baseline study. Among them, 285 (2.35%) samples tested positive for microhaematuria and 21 (0.20%) positive for S. haematobium eggs. A total of 4,357 samples were examined in year 1 and year 2 using urine dipsticks, and urine filtration 172 (3.95%) and 2 (0.05%) were positive for microhaematuria and S. haematobium eggs. The reagent urinalysis dipsticks showed the highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing light intensity of infection,100% (95% CI:85.18–100.00) and 97.4% (95% CI: 97.10–97.60), respectively. There is a slight agreement between the two methods (Kappa = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01–0.18). The present study revealed very low prevalence and light intensity of S. haematobium infections. The study also highlights that the dipstick test is considered a useful adjunct diagnostic tool for population-based control of urogenital schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mohammed
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Toby Landeryou
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melkie Chernet
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ewnetu Firdawek Liyew
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Wulataw
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Getachew
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Difabachew
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anna Phillips
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Maddren
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Ower
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalkidan Mekete
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Belay
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tujuba Endrias
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ufaysa Anjulo
- Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Core Process, Ministry of Health, Wolaita, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Roy Anderson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Getachew Tollera
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebba Abate
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abera A, Belay H, Zewude A, Gidey B, Nega D, Dufera B, Abebe A, Endriyas T, Getachew B, Birhanu H, Difabachew H, Mekonnen B, Legesse H, Bekele F, Mekete K, Seifu S, Sime H, Yemanebrhan N, Tefera M, Amare H, Beyene B, Tsige E, Kebede A, Tasew G, Tollera G, Abate E, Woyessa A, Assefa A. Establishment of COVID-19 testing laboratory in resource-limited settings: challenges and prospects reported from Ethiopia. Glob Health Action 2020; 13:1841963. [PMID: 33200686 PMCID: PMC7671712 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2020.1841963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus pandemic is recording unprecedented deaths worldwide. The temporal distribution and burden of the disease varies from setting to setting based on economic status, demography and geographic location. A rapid increase in the number of COVID-19 cases is being reported in Africa as of June 2020. Ethiopia reported the first COVID-19 case on 13 March 2020. Limited molecular laboratory capacity in resource constrained settings is a challenge in the diagnosis of the ever-increasing cases and the overall management of the disease. In this article, the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) shares the experience, challenges and prospects in the rapid establishment of one of its COVID-19 testing laboratories from available resources. The first steps in establishing the COVID-19 molecular testing laboratory were i) identifying a suitable space ii) renovating it and iii) mobilizing materials including consumables, mainly from the Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) research team at the EPHI. A chain of experimental design was set up with distinct laboratories to standardize the extraction of samples, preparation of the master mix and detection. At the commencement of sample reception and testing, laboratory contamination was among the primary challenges faced. The source of the contamination was identified in the master mix room and resolved. In summary, the established COVID-19 testing lab has tested more than 40,000 samples (August 2020) and is the preferred setting for research and training. The lessons learned may benefit the further establishment of emergency testing laboratories for COVID-19 and/or other epidemic/pandemic diseases in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adugna Abera
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Belay
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bokretsion Gidey
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Nega
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Boja Dufera
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abnet Abebe
- National Laboratories Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tujuba Endriyas
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Getachew
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Birhanu
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Difabachew
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bacha Mekonnen
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Helina Legesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Firdawek Bekele
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Mekete
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seble Seifu
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Heven Sime
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyou Yemanebrhan
- National Laboratories Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Tefera
- National Polio and Measles Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Amare
- Influenza and Arbovirus Research Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Berhane Beyene
- Laboratory Coordinator, WHO Ethiopia Country Office , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Estifanos Tsige
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology Case Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adisu Kebede
- National Laboratories Capacity Building Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Woyessa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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