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Das JK, Lakhani S, Rahman AR, Siddiqui F, Ali Padhani Z, Rashid Z, Mahmud O, Naqvi SK, Amir Naseem H, Jehanzeb H, Kumar S, Beg MA. Malaria in pregnancy: Meta-analyses of prevalence and associated complications. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e39. [PMID: 38347721 PMCID: PMC10945947 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aims to assess the prevalence of malaria in pregnancy during antenatal visits and delivery, species-specific burden together with regional variation in the burden of disease. It also aims to estimate the proportions of adverse pregnancy outcomes in malaria-positive women. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, a thorough and systematic search was conducted in July 2023 across two electronic databases (including PubMed and CENTRAL). Forest plots were constructed for each outcome of interest highlighting the effect measure, confidence interval, sample size, and its associated weightage. All the statistical meta-analysis were conducted using R-Studio version 2022.07. Sensitivity analyses, publication bias assessment, and meta-regression analyses were also performed to ensure robustness of the review. According to the pooled estimates of 253 studies, the overall prevalence of malaria was 18.95% (95% CI: 16.95-21.11), during antenatal visits was 20.09% (95% CI: 17.43-23.06), and at delivery was 17.32% (95% CI: 14.47-20.61). The highest proportion of malarial infection was observed in Africa approximating 21.50% (95% CI: 18.52-24.81) during ANC and 20.41% (95% CI: 17.04-24.24) at the time of delivery. Our analysis also revealed that the odds of having anaemia were 2.40 times (95% CI: 1.87-3.06), having low birthweight were 1.99 times (95% CI: 1.60-2.48), having preterm birth were 1.65 times (95% CI: 1.29-2.10), and having stillbirths were 1.40 times (95% CI: 1.15-1.71) in pregnant women with malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai K. Das
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Lakhani
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdu R. Rahman
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faareha Siddiqui
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Ali Padhani
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zainab Rashid
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Omar Mahmud
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Kanza Naqvi
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hamna Amir Naseem
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Asim Beg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ukrani RD, Shaikh AN, Martins RS, Fatima SS, Naseem HA, Baig MA. Low-cost peer-taught virtual research workshops for medical students in Pakistan: a creative, scalable, and sustainable solution for student research. BMC Med Educ 2021; 21:557. [PMID: 34724950 PMCID: PMC8560217 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pakistan has not been a major contributor to medical research, mainly because of the lack of learning opportunities to medical students. With the increase in online learning systems during COVID-19, research related skills can be taught to medical students via low-cost peer taught virtual research workshops. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive low-cost peer-taught virtual research workshops amongst medical students in Pakistan. METHODS This quasi-experimental study assessed the effectiveness of five virtual research workshops (RWs) in improving core research skills. RWs for medical students from across Pakistan were conducted over Zoom by medical students (peer-teachers) at the Aga Khan University, Pakistan, with minimal associated costs. The content of the workshops included types of research, ethical approval and research protocols, data collection and analysis, manuscript writing, and improving networking skills for research. Improvement was assessed via pre-and post-quizzes for each RW, self-efficacy scores across 16 domains, and feedback forms. Minimum criteria for completion of the RW series was attending at least 4/5 RWs and filling the post-RW series feedback form. A 6-month post-RW series follow-up survey was also emailed to the participants. RESULTS Four hundred medical students from 36 (/117; 30.8%) different medical colleges in Pakistan were enrolled in the RWs. However, only 307/400 (76.75%) medical students met the minimum requirement for completion of the RW series. 56.4% of the participants belonged to the pre-clinical years while the rest were currently to clinical years. The cohort demonstrated significant improvement in pre-and post-quiz scores for all 5 RWs (p < 0.001) with the greatest improvement in Data Collection and Analysis (+ 34.65%), and in self-efficacy scores across all domains (p < 0.001). 166/307 (54.1%) participants responded to the 6 months post-RWs follow-up survey. Compared to pre-RWs, Research involvement increased from 40.4 to 62.8% (p < 0.001) while proportion of participants with peer-reviewed publications increased from 8.4 to 15.8% (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION Virtual RWs allow for a wide outreach while effectively improving research-related knowledge and skills, with minimal associated costs. In lower-middle-income countries, virtual RWs are a creative and cost-effective use of web-based technologies to facilitate medical students to contribute to the local and global healthcare research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronika Devi Ukrani
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
- Research Mentor, Research and Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Niaz Shaikh
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
- Research Mentor, Research and Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Russell Seth Martins
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
- Research Mentor, Research and Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Sadia Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Hamna Amir Naseem
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, 74800, Karachi, Pakistan
- Research Mentor, Research and Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Mishall Ahmed Baig
- Research Mentor, Research and Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
- Medical College, DOW University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
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Kishore R, Hotz C, Naseem HA, Brown WD. Transmission electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction analysis of aluminum-induced crystallization of amorphous silicon in alpha-Si:H/Al and Al/alpha-Si:H structures. Microsc Microanal 2005; 11:133-137. [PMID: 15817142 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927605050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase crystallization of plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited (PECVD) amorphous silicon (alpha-Si:H) in alpha-Si:H/Al and Al/alpha-Si:H structures has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Radiative heating has been used to anneal films deposited on carbon-coated nickel (Ni) grids at temperatures between 200 and 400 degrees C for TEM studies. alpha-Si:H films were deposited on c-Si substrates using high vacuum (HV) PECVD for the XRD studies. TEM studies show that crystallization of alpha-Si:H occurs at 200 degrees C when Al film is deposited on top of the alpha-Si:H film. Similar behavior was observed in the XRD studies. In the case of alpha-Si:H deposited on top of Al films, the crystallization could not be observed at 400 degrees C by TEM and even up to 500 degrees C as seen by XRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kishore
- Electron Microscopy, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India.
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