Comparing ambulatory commercial spending in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, 2016-2019

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate trends and drivers of commercial ambulatory spending and price variation.

DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING

Commercial claims data from the Massachusetts and Rhode Island All-Payer Claims Databases from 2016 to 2019.

STUDY DESIGN

Observational study of spending in major ambulatory care settings. We calculated per member per year spending, average price, and utilization rates to consider drivers of spending, and constructed site-specific price indices to evaluate price variation.

DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS

We analyzed commercial claims data from All-Payer Claims Databases in the two states.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Ambulatory spending levels in Massachusetts were 38.0% higher than those in Rhode Island in 2019. Overall utilization rates were similar, but Massachusetts had a 6.2 percentage point higher share of visits occurring in hospital outpatient departments (HOPD). Average prices were 31.5% higher in Massachusetts in 2016 and 36.4% higher in 2019. We observed extensive price variation in both states across both office and HOPD settings.

CONCLUSIONS

States seeking to address increases in health care spending, including those with cost growth benchmarks and rate review policies, should consider additional interventions that mitigate market failures in the establishment of commercial health care prices.

Provision of evaluation and management visits by nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the USA from 2013 to 2019: cross-sectional time series study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the proportion of healthcare visits are delivered by nurse practitioners and physician assistants versus physicians and how this has changed over time and by clinical setting, diagnosis, and patient demographics.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional time series study.

SETTING

National data from the traditional Medicare insurance program in the USA.

PARTICIPANTS

Of people using Medicare (ie, those older than 65 years, permanently disabled, and people with end stage renal disease), a 20% random sample was taken.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The proportion of physician, nurse practitioner, and physician assistant visits in the outpatient and skilled nursing facility settings delivered by physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, and how this proportion varies by type of visit and diagnosis.

RESULTS

From 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2019, 276 million visits were included in the sample. The proportion of all visits delivered by nurse practitioners and physician assistants in a year increased from 14.0% (95% confidence interval 14.0% to 14.0%) to 25.6% (25.6% to 25.6%). In 2019, the proportion of visits delivered by a nurse practitioner or physician assistant varied across conditions, ranging from 13.2% for eye disorders and 20.4% for hypertension to 36.7% for anxiety disorders and 41.5% for respiratory infections. Among all patients with at least one visit in 2019, 41.9% had one or more nurse practitioner or physician assistant visits. Compared with patients who had no visits from a nurse practitioner or physician assistant, the likelihood of receiving any care was greatest among patients who were lower income (2.9% greater), rural residents (19.7%), and disabled (5.6%).

CONCLUSION

The proportion of visits delivered by nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the USA is increasing rapidly and now accounts for a quarter of all healthcare visits.

Medicare Advantage Enrollment and Disenrollment Among Persons With Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias

Importance

Large enrollment growth has been observed in the Medicare Advantage program, but less is known about enrollment patterns among persons with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD).

Objective

To evaluate patterns in Medicare Advantage enrollment and disenrollment among beneficiaries with or without ADRD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used 6 national data sources between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2018. Analyses were performed between June 2021 and August 2022. The cohort comprised US Medicare beneficiaries with acute or postacute care utilization between 2013 and 2018.

Exposure

ADRD diagnosis from an acute or postacute care encounter Medicare data source.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Enrollment in Medicare Advantage, disenrollment from Medicare Advantage to traditional Medicare, and contract exit (leaving a Medicare Advantage contract for traditional Medicare or a different Medicare Advantage contract).

Results

The 32 796 872 Medicare beneficiaries in the cohort had a mean (SD) age of 74.0 (12.5) years and included 18 228 513 females (55.6%). Enrollment in Medicare Advantage among beneficiaries with ADRD increased from 24.7% (95% CI, 24.7%-24.8%) in 2013 to 33.0% (95% CI, 32.9%-33.1%) in 2018, an absolute increase of 8.3 percentage points and a 33.4% relative increase after adjusting for demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and utilization and including county fixed effects. Among beneficiaries without ADRD, enrollment in Medicare Advantage increased by 8.2 percentage points from 27.6% (95% CI, 27.6%-27.6%) in 2013 to 35.8% (95% CI, 35.8%-35.8%) in 2018, a 29.7% relative increase over the study period. Beneficiaries with ADRD were 1.4 times as likely to disenroll from their Medicare Advantage contract to traditional Medicare (4.4% vs 3.2% in 2017-2018; P < .001) in adjusted analyses. Regardless of ADRD status, beneficiaries had similar rates of switching to a new Medicare Advantage contract. Differences in contract exit rates were associated with higher rates of disenrollment from Medicare Advantage to traditional Medicare among beneficiaries with ADRD vs those without ADRD (16.3% [95% CI, 16.2%-16.3%] vs 15.1% [95% CI, 15.1%-15.1%]). Beneficiaries with ADRD and dual eligibility for Medicaid enrollment had higher rates of contract exit than those without dual eligibility (19.7% [95% CI, 19.6%-19.7%] vs 14.9% [95% CI, 14.8%-14.9%]), and these differences were even greater than those among beneficiaries without ADRD and with and without dual-eligibility status, respectively (18.3% [95% CI, 18.2%-18.3%] vs 13.8% [95% CI, 13.7%-13.8%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of the Medicare population with acute and postacute care use, beneficiaries with ADRD had increasing enrollment in the Medicare Advantage program, proportional to the growth in overall enrollment, but their disenrollment from Medicare Advantage in the following year remained higher compared with beneficiaries without ADRD. The findings highlight the need to understand the factors associated with higher disenrollment rates and determine whether such rates reflect access or quality challenges for beneficiaries with ADRD.

The Burden and Treatment of Chronic Constipation Among US Nursing Home Residents

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the burden of chronic constipation (CC) and the use of drugs to treat constipation (DTC) in 2 complementary data sources.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

US nursing home residents aged ≥65 years with CC.

METHODS

We conducted 2 retrospective cohort studies in parallel using (1) 2016 electronic health record (EHR) data from 126 nursing homes and (2) 2014-2016 Medicare claims, each linked with the Minimum Data Set (MDS). CC was defined as (1) the MDS constipation indicator and/or (2) chronic DTC use. We described the prevalence and incidence rate of CC and the use of DTC.

RESULTS

In the EHR cohort, we identified 25,739 residents (71.8%) with CC during 2016. Among residents with prevalent CC, 37% received a DTC, with an average duration of use of 19 days per resident-month during follow-up. The most frequently prescribed DTC classes included osmotic (22.6%), stimulant (20.9%), and emollient (17.9%) laxatives. In the Medicare cohort, a total of 245,578 residents (37.5%) had CC. Among residents with prevalent CC, 59% received a DTC and slightly more than half (55%) were prescribed an osmotic laxative. Duration of use was shorter (10 days per resident-month) in the Medicare (vs EHR) cohort.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The burden of CC is high among nursing home residents. The differences in the estimates between the EHR and Medicare data confirm the importance of using secondary data sources that include over-the-counter drugs and other treatments unobservable in Medicare Part D claims to assess the burden of CC and DTC use in this population.

How All-Payer Claims Databases (APCDs) Can be Used to Examine Changes in Professional Spending: Experience from the Rhode Island APCD

States are increasingly the focus of health care spending reform efforts given political deadlock at the federal level. Using the Rhode Island All-Payer Claims Database (APCD) from 2016 to 2019, a modified National Uniform Claim Committee (NUCC) provider taxonomy, and the 2021 Restructured BETOS Classification System (RBCS), we evaluate professional spending trends in commercial and Medicaid populations, identify specialties and clinical service categories driving trends, and examine price and volume contributions to spending changes. We found that professional spending from 2016-2019 in Medicaid is increasing faster than professional spending in commercial (5.2% vs. 2.7% annually). We also found that nurse practitioner and physician assistant evaluation and management (E&M), behavioral health services E&M, anesthesia, diagnostic radiology imaging, and orthopedic procedures were among the largest areas of spending increase during the study period in Rhode Island. Three-year trends showed heterogeneity in whether volume or price was primarily responsible for these spending increases.

Assessment of a Price Index for Hospital Outpatient Department Services Using Commercial Claims Data in Massachusetts

This cross-sectional study assesses a market basket price index to evaluate hospital outpatient department price levels and growth.

Frequency Of Indirect Billing To Medicare For Nurse Practitioner And Physician Assistant Office Visits

Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) represent a growing share of the health care workforce, but much of the care they provide cannot be observed in claims data because of indirect (or "incident to") billing, a practice in which visits provided by an NP or PA are billed by a supervising physician. If NPs and PAs bill directly for a visit, Medicare and many private payers pay 85 percent of what is paid to a physician for the same service. Some policy makers have proposed eliminating indirect billing, but the possible impact of such a change is unknown. Using a novel approach that relies on prescriptions to identify indirectly billed visits, we estimated that the number of all NP or PA visits in fee-for-service Medicare data billed indirectly was 10.9 million in 2010 and 30.6 million in 2018. Indirect billing was more common in states with laws restricting NPs' scope of practice. Eliminating indirect billing would have saved Medicare roughly $194 million in 2018, with the greatest decrease in revenue seen among smaller primary care practices, which are more likely to use this form of billing.

A controlled study on the effect of injected water-miscible retinyl palmitate on plasma concentrations of retinol and retinol-binding protein in children with measles in northern Nigeria

Post-measles corneal ulceration resembling keratomalacia is frequently seen in young children in northern Nigeria. The concentration of retinol in plasma has been found to be depressed more by measles than by malnutrition. In order to determine whether this could be due to a specific influence of measles on the uptake, storage and release of retinol by the liver or its subsequent transport in the plasma, retinyl ester was administered parenterally to assess its effect on the concentration of circulating holo retinol-binding protein. A water-miscible preparation of retinyl palmitate was administered by intramuscular injection to well- and malnourished children with and without acute measles. In all cases, the concentration of both retinol and retinol-binding protein rose appreciably with 24 h of administration of the vitamin preparation. Thus the failure of post-measles corneal lesions to respond to orally or parenterally administered vitamin A would not appear to be due to the inability of such vitamin A to increase the level of circulating retinal in the plasma of children with measles.