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DuPont M, Klumpp C, Iraca M, Allababidi D, Visca H, Engelman DM, Andreev OA, Moshnikova A, Reshetnyak YK. pHLIP targeted intracellular delivery of calicheamicin. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123954. [PMID: 38428548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Calicheamicin is a potent, cell-cycle independent enediyne antibiotic that binds and cleaves DNA. Toxicity has led to its use in a targeted form, as an antibody-drug conjugate approved for the treatment of liquid tumors. We used a reduced calicheamicin to conjugate it to a single cysteine residue at the membrane-inserting end of a pH Low Insertion Peptide (pHLIP) that targets imaging and therapeutic agents to tumors. The cytoplasmic reduction of the disulfide releases the calicheamicin, and activation, DNA binding, and strand scission ensue. We studied the interaction of pHLIP-calicheamicin with liposomal and cellular membranes and demonstrated that the agent exhibits cytotoxic activity both in highly proliferative cancer cells and in non-proliferative immune cells, such as polarized M2 macrophages. In vivo, the agent was effective in inhibiting tumor growth in mice with no signs of toxicity. Biodistribution studies confirmed tumor targeting with no accumulation of the agent in organs and tissues. The agent was found within the tumor mass and tumor-stroma interface. Treatment of tumors led to the depletion of CD206+ M2- tumor-associated macrophages within the tumor core. pHLIP-calicheamicin could be pursued as an effective therapeutic for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DuPont
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Craig Klumpp
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Marissa Iraca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Dana Allababidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Donald M Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Moshnikova A, DuPont M, Iraca M, Klumpp C, Visca H, Allababidi D, Pelzer P, Engelman DM, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK. Targeted intracellular delivery of dimeric STINGa by two pHLIP peptides for treatment of solid tumors. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1346756. [PMID: 38495104 PMCID: PMC10940318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1346756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: We have developed a delivery approach that uses two pHLIP peptides that collaborate in the targeted intracellular delivery of a single payload, dimeric STINGa (dMSA). Methods: dMSA was conjugated with two pHLIP peptides via S-S cleavable self-immolating linkers to form 2pHLIP-dMSA. Results: Biophysical studies were carried out to confirm pH-triggered interactions of the 2pHLIP-dMSA with membrane lipid bilayers. The kinetics of linker self-immolation and dMSA release, the pharmacokinetics, the binding to plasma proteins, the stability of the agent in plasma, the targeting and resulting cytokine activation in tumors, and the biodistribution of the construct was investigated. This is the first study demonstrating that combining the energy of the membrane-associated folding of two pHLIPs can be utilized to enhance the targeted intracellular delivery of large therapeutic cargo payloads. Discussion: Linking two pHLIPs to the cargo extends blood half-life, and targeted delivery of dimeric STINGa induces tumor eradication and the development of robust anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moshnikova
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Michael DuPont
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Marissa Iraca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Craig Klumpp
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Dana Allababidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Phoebe Pelzer
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Donald M. Engelman
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Department, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Oleg A. Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Yana K. Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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Silva TFD, Visca H, Klumpp C, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK, Machuqueiro M. Arginine Residues Modulate the Membrane Interactions of pHLIP Peptides. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37395685 PMCID: PMC10369490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Most processes at the water-membrane interface often involve protonation events in proteins or peptides that trigger important biological functions and events. This is the working principle behind the pHLIP peptide technology. A key titrating aspartate (Asp14 in wt) is required to protonate to induce the insertion process, increase its thermodynamic stability when membrane-embedded, and trigger the peptide's overall clinical functionality. At the core of pHLIP properties, the aspartate pKa and protonation are a consequence of the residue side chain sensing the changing surrounding environment. In this work, we characterized how the microenvironment of the key aspartate residue (Asp13 in the investigated pHLIP variants) can be modulated by a simple point mutation of a cationic residue (ArgX) at distinct sequence positions (R10, R14, R15, and R17). We carried out a multidisciplinary study using pHRE simulations and experimental measurements. Fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements were carried out to establish the stability of pHLIP variants in state III and establish the kinetics of the insertion and exit of the peptide from the membrane. We estimated the contribution of the arginine to the local electrostatic microenvironment, which promotes or hinders other electrostatic players from coexisting in the Asp interaction shell. Our data indicate that the stability and kinetics of the peptide insertion and exit from the membrane are altered when Arg is topologically available for a direct salt-bridge formation with Asp13. Hence, the position of arginine contributes to fine-tuning the pH responses of pHLIP peptides, which finds wide applications in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás F D Silva
- BioISI─Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 United States
| | - Craig Klumpp
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 United States
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 United States
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 United States
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- BioISI─Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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DuPont M, Visca H, Moshnikova A, Engelman DM, Reshetnyak YK, Andreev OA. Tumor treatment by pHLIP-targeted antigen delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1082290. [PMID: 36686229 PMCID: PMC9853002 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1082290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted antigen delivery allows activation of the immune system to kill cancer cells. Here we report the targeted delivery of various epitopes, including a peptide, a small molecule, and a sugar, to tumors by pH Low Insertion Peptides (pHLIPs), which respond to surface acidity and insert to span the membranes of metabolically activated cancer and immune cells within tumors. Epitopes linked to the extracellular ends of pH Low Insertion Peptide peptides were positioned at the surfaces of tumor cells and were recognized by corresponding anti-epitope antibodies. Special attention was devoted to the targeted delivery of the nine residue HA peptide epitope from the Flu virus hemagglutinin. The HA sequence is not present in the human genome, and immunity is readily developed during viral infection or immunization with KLH-HA supplemented with adjuvants. We tested and refined a series of double-headed HA-pHLIP agents, where two HA epitopes were linked to a single pH Low Insertion Peptide peptide via two Peg12 or Peg24 polymers, which enable HA epitopes to engage both antibody binding sites. HA-epitopes positioned at the surfaces of tumor cells remain exposed to the extracellular space for 24-48 h and are then internalized. Different vaccination schemes and various adjuvants, including analogs of FDA approved adjuvants, were tested in mice and resulted in a high titer of anti-HA antibodies. Anti-HA antibody binds HA-pHLIP in blood and travels as a complex leading to significant tumor targeting with no accumulation in organs and to hepatic clearance. HA-pHLIP agents induced regression of 4T1 triple negative breast tumor and B16F10 MHC-I negative melanoma tumors in immunized mice. The therapeutic efficacy potentially is limited by the drop of the level of anti-HA antibodies in the blood to background level after three injections of HA-pHLIP. We hypothesize that additional boosts would be required to keep a high titer of anti-HA antibodies to enhance efficacy. pH Low Insertion Peptide-targeted antigen therapy may provide an opportunity to treat tumors unresponsive to T cell based therapies, having a small number of neo-antigens, or deficient in MHC-I presentation at the surfaces of cancer cells either alone or in combination with other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DuPont
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Donald M. Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yana K. Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Oleg A. Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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Visca H, DuPont M, Moshnikova A, Crawford T, Engelman DM, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK. pHLIP Peptides Target Acidity in Activated Macrophages. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:874-885. [PMID: 35604527 PMCID: PMC9681937 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acidity can be a useful alternative biomarker for the targeting of metabolically active cells in certain diseased tissues, as in acute inflammation or aggressive tumors. We investigated the targeting of activated macrophages by pH low insertion peptides (pHLIPs), an established technology for targeting cell-surface acidity. PROCEDURES The uptake of fluorescent pHLIPs by activated macrophages was studied in cell cultures, in a mouse model of lung inflammation, and in a mouse tumor model. Fluorescence microscopy, whole-body and organ imaging, immunohistochemistry, and FACS analysis were employed. RESULTS We find that cultured, activated macrophages readily internalize pHLIPs. The uptake is higher in glycolytic macrophages activated by LPS and INF-γ compared to macrophages activated by IL-4/IL-13. Fluorescent pHLIPs target LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice. In addition to marking cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment, fluorescent pHLIPs target CD45+, CD11b+, F4/80+, and CD206+ tumor-associated macrophages with no significant targeting of other immune cells. Also, fluorescent pHLIPs target CD206-positive cells found in the inguinal lymph nodes of animals inoculated with breast cancer cells in mammary fat pads. CONCLUSIONS pHLIP peptides sense low cell surface pH, which triggers their insertion into the cell membrane. Unlike cancerous cells, activated macrophages do not retain inserted pHLIPs on their surfaces, instead their highly active membrane recycling moves the pHLIPs into endosomes. Targeting activated macrophages in diseased tissues may enable clinical visualization and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Michael DuPont
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Troy Crawford
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Donald M Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Moshnikova A, DuPont M, Visca H, Engelman DM, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK. Eradication of tumors and development of anti-cancer immunity using STINGa targeted by pHLIP. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1023959. [PMID: 36330464 PMCID: PMC9622777 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the development of novel STING agonists (STINGa), applications appear to be challenged by the low efficiency and poor selectivity of these agents. A pH Low Insertion Peptide (pHLIP) extends the lifetime of a STINGa in the blood and targets it to acidic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid derived suppressor cells (mMDSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs). CAFs constitute 25% of all live cells within CT26 tumors, and M2-type TAMs and mMDSCs are the most abundant among the immune cells. The resulting activation of cytokines within the tumor microenvironment (TME) triggers the eradication of small (100 mm3) and large (400-700 mm3) CT26 tumors in mice after a single dose of pHLIP-STINGa. The tumor stroma was destroyed (the number of CAFs was reduced by 98%), intratumoral hemorrhage developed, and the level of acidity within the TME was reduced. Further, no tumors developed in 20 out of 25 tumor-free mice re-challenged by an additional injection of cancer cells. The therapeutic effect on CT26 tumors was insignificant in nude mice, lacking T-cells. Thus, targeted delivery of STINGa to tumor stroma and TAMs induces activation of signaling, potentially resulting in the recruitment and infiltration of T-cells, which gain access to the tumor core. The cytotoxic activity of T-cells is not impaired by an acidic environment and immune memory is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moshnikova
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Michael DuPont
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Donald M. Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Oleg A. Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Yana K. Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Yana K. Reshetnyak,
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Bauer D, Visca H, Weerakkody A, Carter LM, Samuels Z, Kaminsky S, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK, Lewis JS. PET Imaging of Acidic Tumor Environment With 89Zr-labeled pHLIP Probes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:882541. [PMID: 35664740 PMCID: PMC9160799 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.882541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidosis of the tumor microenvironment is a hallmark of tumor progression and has emerged as an essential biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of treatment response. A tool for quantitatively visualizing the acidic tumor environment could significantly advance our understanding of the behavior of aggressive tumors, improving patient management and outcomes. 89Zr-labeled pH-low insertion peptides (pHLIP) are a class of radiopharmaceutical imaging probes for the in vivo analysis of acidic tumor microenvironments via positron emission tomography (PET). Their unique structure allows them to sense and target acidic cancer cells. In contrast to traditional molecular imaging agents, pHLIP’s mechanism of action is pH-dependent and does not rely on the presence of tumor-specific molecular markers. In this study, one promising acidity-imaging PET probe ([89Zr]Zr-DFO-Cys-Var3) was identified as a candidate for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hannah Visca
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Anuradha Weerakkody
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Lukas M. Carter
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zachary Samuels
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Spencer Kaminsky
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Oleg A. Andreev
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Yana K. Reshetnyak
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason S. Lewis,
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Gayle S, Aiello R, Leelatian N, Beckta JM, Bechtold J, Bourassa P, Csengery J, Maguire RJ, Marshall D, Sundaram RK, Van Doorn J, Jones K, Moore H, Lopresti-Morrow L, Paradis T, Tylaska L, Zhang Q, Visca H, Reshetnyak YK, Andreev OA, Engelman DM, Glazer PM, Bindra RS, Paralkar VM. Correction to 'Tumor-selective, antigen-independent delivery of a pH sensitive peptide-topoisomerase inhibitor conjugate suppresses tumor growth without systemic toxicity'. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab047. [PMID: 34888524 PMCID: PMC8651162 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab021.].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nalin Leelatian
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason M Beckta
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ranjini K Sundaram
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jinny Van Doorn
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kelli Jones
- Cybrexa Therapeutics, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing Zhang
- Cybrexa Therapeutics, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Donald M Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Gayle S, Aiello R, Leelatian N, Beckta JM, Bechtold J, Bourassa P, Csengery J, Maguire RJ, Marshall D, Sundaram RK, Van Doorn J, Jones K, Moore H, Lopresti-Morrow L, Paradis T, Tylaska L, Zhang Q, Visca H, Reshetnyak YK, Andreev OA, Engelman DM, Glazer PM, Bindra RS, Paralkar VM. Tumor-selective, antigen-independent delivery of a pH sensitive peptide-topoisomerase inhibitor conjugate suppresses tumor growth without systemic toxicity. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab021. [PMID: 34316708 PMCID: PMC8210154 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase inhibitors are potent DNA damaging agents which are widely used in oncology, and they demonstrate robust synergistic tumor cell killing in combination with DNA repair inhibitors, including poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. However, their use has been severely limited by the inability to achieve a favorable therapeutic index due to severe systemic toxicities. Antibody-drug conjugates address this issue via antigen-dependent targeting and delivery of their payloads, but this approach requires specific antigens and yet still suffers from off-target toxicities. There is a high unmet need for a more universal tumor targeting technology to broaden the application of cytotoxic payloads. Acidification of the extracellular milieu arises from metabolic adaptions associated with the Warburg effect in cancer. Here we report the development of a pH-sensitive peptide-drug conjugate to deliver the topoisomerase inhibitor, exatecan, selectively to tumors in an antigen-independent manner. Using this approach, we demonstrate potent in vivo cytotoxicity, complete suppression of tumor growth across multiple human tumor models, and synergistic interactions with a PARP inhibitor. These data highlight the identification of a peptide-topoisomerase inhibitor conjugate for cancer therapy that provides a high therapeutic index, and is applicable to all types of human solid tumors in an antigen-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nalin Leelatian
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason M Beckta
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ranjini K Sundaram
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jinny Van Doorn
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kelli Jones
- Cybrexa Therapeutics, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing Zhang
- Cybrexa Therapeutics, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Hannah Visca
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Donald M Engelman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Campero CM, Moore DP, Lagomarsino H, Odeón AC, Castro M, Visca H. Serological status and abortion rate in progeny obtained by natural service or embryo transfer from Neospora caninum-seropositive cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:458-60. [PMID: 14633201 DOI: 10.1046/j.0931-1793.2003.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis is an important disease in dairy herds in Argentina. Embryo transfer (ET) technology offers the opportunity to minimize vertical transmission of neosporosis. The objective of this work was to compare the serological status and the incidence of abortion between heifers obtained via natural service and heifers obtained by ET from Neospora-infected cows. Progeny from eight Neospora-infected cows belonging to a commercial dairy farm where ET was routinely performed were studied. Between 1996 and 2001, 16 and 15 heifers were obtained by natural service and ET, respectively. Serostatus and reproductive performance were recorded in both progeny. Serostatus was determined by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). All heifers obtained by natural service were seropositive and six of 16 pregnancies ended in abortion. All heifers obtained by ET were seronegative and only two abortions of 15 pregnancies were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Campero
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), C. C. 276, (7620) Balcarce, Argentina.
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