The Importance of Philanthropy Foundation for the Future Sustainability of Agriculture and Nutrition: An Opinion Study on Practical Applications, Policies, and Strategies

Food security, food sustainability, and malnutrition represent critical global challenges. Th urgency of comprehensive action is evident in the need for research collaboration between the food industry, agriculture, public health, and nutrition. This article highlights the role of philanthropy, of a non-profit organization, in supporting research and development and filling financial gaps. The article also explores the interplay of nutrition, agriculture, and government and policy, positioning philanthropy as a catalyst for transformative change and advocating for collaborative efforts to comprehensively address global food challenges. In addition, the discussion also underscores the ethical complexities surrounding charitable food aid, especially in terms of the dignity and autonomy of its recipients. The paper concludes by proposing future directions and implications, advocating for diversified intervention portfolios and collaborative efforts involving governments, businesses, and local communities. Apart from that, the importance of answering and alleviating ethical dilemmas related to food charity assistance needs to be a concern for future studies related to philanthropy because of the significant challenges faced by the contemporary food system, which include food security, health, and nutritional sustainability.

The interlink between chrono-nutrition and stunting: current insights and future perspectives

Stunting is the one factor that is responsible for the irretrievable damage to children's mental and physical health. Stunting imitates chronic undernutrition throughout the most extreme critical stages of growth and development of a child in their early life, and due to that stunted child does not completely develop and are too short for their age. Stunting is mainly linked with brain underdevelopment, along with lifelong damaging consequences, comprising weakened mental and learning capacity, deprived performance in school during childhood, and enhanced risks of nutrition linked to chronic long-lasting ailments, such as diabetes, hypertension, diabesity, and obesity in the future. In this review, the authors mainly summarize the latest studies related to chronic nutrition and how it is related to stunting. Optimal nutrition, particularly during pregnancy and the first 24 months of a child's life, is crucial in preventing stunting. Circadian rhythms play a significant role in maternal and fetal health, affecting outcomes such as premature birth and stunting. Maintaining a balanced diet, avoiding late-night carbohydrate-heavy meals during pregnancy, and promoting breastfeeding align with the body's biological clock, which can benefit newborns in various ways. Providing dedicated spaces for breastfeeding in public places is important to support infant health.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Metabolic and Gut Microbiota Modulation Activities of Probiotic in Cardiac Remodeling Condition: Evidence from Systematic Study and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic with increasing prevalence and mortality rates annually. Its main cause is myocardial infarction (MI), followed by rapid cardiac remodeling. Several clinical studies have shown that probiotics can improve the quality of life and reduce cardiovascular risk factors. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effectiveness of probiotics in preventing HF caused by a MI according to a prospectively registered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42023388870). Four independent evaluators independently extracted the data using predefined extraction forms and evaluated the eligibility and accuracy of the studies. A total of six studies consisting of 366 participants were included in the systematic review. Probiotics are not significant in intervening left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) when compared between the intervention group and the control group due to inadequate studies supporting its efficacy. Among sarcopenia indexes, hand grip strength (HGS) showed robust correlations with the Wnt biomarkers (p < 0.05), improved short physical performance battery (SPPB) scores were also strongly correlated with Dickkopf-related protein (Dkk)-3, followed by Dkk-1, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) (p < 0.05). The probiotic group showed improvement in total cholesterol (p = 0.01) and uric acid (p = 0.014) compared to the baseline. Finally, probiotic supplements may be an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and intestinal microbiota modulator in cardiac remodeling conditions. Probiotics have great potential to attenuate cardiac remodeling in HF or post-MI patients while also enhancing the Wnt signaling pathway which can improve sarcopenia under such conditions.

The importance of lutein-plant based nanoencapsulation studies - An effort to improve clinical studies on the stability and bioaccessibility of lutein for health vision

Potential studies and evidence regarding nutrient nanoencapsulation combined with emulsion-based delivery systems are relatively limited. Therefore, for the importance issue of health vision, with this critical opinion to the editor is scientifically important to invite worldwide researchers to raise their concern for clinical research and the development of plant-based lutein nanoencapsulation in staple foods in alleviating nutritional problems for the eyes, which has not been reported before. This is in line with the WHO World Report which aimed to overcome the challenge regarding vision and galvanizing action, one of which is through innovation and research. With the hypothesis that, through this opinion will increase the awareness of scientists to improve clinical studies on the stability and bioaccessibility of lutein for health vision concern. As our hypothesis and objectives, we hope that this critical short opinion to the editor will assist efforts to reduce the burden of eye conditions and vision loss to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3.8 on universal health coverage through lutein-plant based nanoencapsulation clinical studies by worldwide researchers. Finally, it is very important and needed an effort to improve clinical studies focus on the stability and bioaccessibility of lutein for health vision via lutein-plant based nanoencapsulation approaches. Moreover, the benefit of lutein supplementation for the health vision might be limited by its bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Future studies and approaches should employ strategies that could overcome the foregoing limitations, of which is through nanoencapsulation approach. Something new has been synthesized in this work, "Because, every human eye, is the eye of the world".

Gene-Diet Interactions on Metabolic Disease-Related Outcomes in Southeast Asian Populations: A Systematic Review

Diabetes and obesity are chronic diseases that are a burden to low- and middle-income countries. We conducted this systematic review to understand gene-diet interactions affecting the Southeast Asian population's risk of obesity and diabetes. The literature search was performed on Google Scholar and MEDLINE (PubMed) search engines independently by four reviewers who evaluated the eligibility of articles based on inclusion criteria. Out of 19,031 articles, 20 articles examining gene-diet interactions on obesity and/or diabetes-related traits met the inclusion criteria. Three (Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore) out of eleven Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries have conducted studies on gene-diet interactions on obesity and diabetes. From the 20 selected articles, the most common interactions were observed between macronutrients and genetic risk score (GRS) on metabolic disease-related traits in the Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnicities. Overall, we identified 29 significant gene-diet interactions in the Southeast Asian population. The results of this systematic review demonstrate ethnic-specific gene-nutrient interactions on metabolic-disease-related traits in the Southeast Asian population. This is the first systematic review to explore gene-diet interactions on obesity and diabetes in the Southeast Asian population and further research using larger sample sizes is required for better understanding and framing nutrigenetic approaches for personalized nutrition.

Dietary Supplementation of Caulerpa racemosa Ameliorates Cardiometabolic Syndrome via Regulation of PRMT-1/DDAH/ADMA Pathway and Gut Microbiome in Mice

This study evaluated the effects of an aqueous extract of Caulerpa racemosa (AEC) on cardiometabolic syndrome markers, and the modulation of the gut microbiome in mice administered a cholesterol- and fat-enriched diet (CFED). Four groups of mice received different treatments: normal diet, CFED, and CFED added with AEC extract at 65 and 130 mg/kg body weight (BW). The effective concentration (EC₅₀) values of AEC for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and lipase inhibition were lower than those of the controls in vitro. In the mice model, the administration of high-dose AEC showed improved lipid and blood glucose profiles and a reduction in endothelial dysfunction markers (PRMT-1 and ADMA). Furthermore, a correlation between specific gut microbiomes and biomarkers associated with cardiometabolic diseases was also observed. In vitro studies highlighted the antioxidant properties of AEC, while in vivo data demonstrated that AEC plays a role in the management of cardiometabolic syndrome via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function (PRMT-1/DDAH/ADMA pathway), and gut microbiota.

Antiobesity potential of major metabolites from Clitoria ternatea kombucha: Untargeted metabolomic profiling and molecular docking simulations

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing and poses serious health risks accompanied by a decrease in life expectancy and quality of life. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of natural-derived nutraceuticals against obesity and its comorbidities needs to be explored. Molecular inhibition of lipase enzymes and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein has attracted some recent interest in efforts to find antiobesity agents. This study aims to innovate a fermented drink from Clitoria ternatea kombucha (CTK), find out their metabolites profile, and determine the antiobesity potential through a molecular docking study. The CTK formulation refers to previous research while the metabolites profile was determined using HPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS. Major compounds were selected based on best match value > 99.0% of the M/Z cloud database. A total of 79 compounds were identified in CTK, and 13 ideal compounds were selected to be simulated in the molecular docking study against human pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, porcine pancreatic lipase, and FTO proteins. The study found that Kaempferol, Quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, Quercetin, Dibenzylamine, and α-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone showed the best potential as functional antiobesity compounds since their affinity value ranked high in each respective receptor. In conclusion, the major compounds of CTK metabolites have the potential to be promising functional foods against obesity. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies should validate these health benefits.

Bioactive peptides identification and nutritional status ameliorating properties on malnourished rats of combined eel and soy-based tempe flour

Background and aims

A combined eel and soy-based tempe (CEST) flour is rich in nutrients, especially its high amino acid content in which bioactive peptides (BPs) are expected to be found. Hence, this research aimed to identify the BPs of CEST flour and CEST supplementation’s effect on improving nutritional status biomarkers by ameliorating serum protein, hemoglobin, and IGF-1 of malnourished rats.

Methods

CEST flour with a ratio of eel and soy-based tempe of 1:3.5 was produced by applying the oven drying method. Amino acid sequences from six BPs were analyzed using a protein sequencer and spectrometer-electrospray ionization (MS-ESI). A total of thirty malnourished male Rattus norvegicus aged 3–4 weeks were given low-protein (LP; 4% w/w protein) diet treatment for 4 weeks. Afterward, rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats. Group A and B remained on a low-protein diet for 4 weeks, receiving an LP diet and getting doses of CEST of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW, respectively, via oral. Group C or control was given a Normal-protein (NP) diet (23% w/w of protein) and was allowed to feed ad libitum during the trial period without a dose of CEST.

Results

Six bioactive peptides were found, with WMGPY being the most abundant, along with a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 5.0 mg/mL. The results showed that serum protein, hemoglobin, and IGF-1 of group B were significantly higher compared to groups A and C (p = 0.0021). CEST dose of 200 mg/kg BW was more effective to increase serum levels of protein (p = 0.0052), hemoglobin, and IGF-1 (p < 0.0001) compared to a 100 mg/kg BW dose.

Conclusion

This indicates that the CEST flour has six bioactive peptides, which may contribute to the improvement of nutritional status biomarkers. To establish its potential impact, a human clinical study is urgently needed.

Sea grapes powder with the addition of tempe rich in collagen: An anti-aging functional food

Background: This study aimed to determine the potential anti-aging effects of sea grapes and tempe (fermented soybeans) collagen particle size, by measuring the activities of anti-glycation, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitors. Methods: Collagen was isolated from freeze-dried sea grapes and tempe powder and treated with different NaOH concentrations (0.10 M; 0.20 M; 0.30 M), and CH3COOH 1 M solution, separately. The collagen particle size was adjusted by stirring at 1000 rpm for 5 and 10 hours. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to measure the antioxidant activity, and L-tyrosine and L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) was used as a marker of tyrosine inhibition. Results:  The collagen treated with 0.10 M NaOH produced the highest collagen yield (11.65%), and the largest particle size (2455 nm). Additionally, this collagen, when treated for 5 hours, exhibited 24.70% antioxidant activity, 62.60% anti-glycation, 8.97% L-tyrosine, and 26.77% L-Dopa inhibition activities. Meanwhile, the collagen treated for 10 hours had a 9.98% antioxidant activity, 41.48% anti-glycation, 7.89% L-tyrosine, and 2.67% L-Dopa inhibition activity. Conclusion: Sea grapes and tempe collagen powder treated with 0.10 M NaOH and stirred for 5 hours, possess the best potential anti-aging properties as a functional food.

Metabolomic Assay, Computational Screening, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Caulerpa racemosa as an Anti-obesity With Anti-aging by Altering Lipid Profile and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator 1-α Levels

Obesity is associated with an accelerated aging process, which prevents healthy aging. Both obesity and aging were manifested in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator α (PGC-1α) level. These studies fulfill the scientific gap in assembled pharmacological activity assay of Caulerpa racemosa done in a previous preclinical trial. Six major compounds from sea grape (C. racemosa) extract were evaluated using an in silico approach against human pancreatic lipase, a-glucosidase, and a-amylase to predict prospective anti-obesity candidates. The lipase inhibitory activity of the extract reached 90.30 ± 0.40%, 1.75% lower than orlistat. The a-amylase inhibitory assay of the extract was 84.07 ± 5.28%, while the inhibitory activity against a-glucosidase was 81.67 ± 1.54%; both were lower than acarbose. We observe the effect of C. racemosa extract as anti-obesity with anti-aging by evaluating the obesity parameters in the human body for a 4-week period. There was a significant decrease in blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and body weight (p < 0.05); PGC-1α and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased significantly (p = 0.000), in Group B when compared with Group A. Our study revealed that sea grape extract is a potent anti-obesity with an anti-aging reagent that does not produce any significant adverse effects.

Health Benefits of Coix Seed (Coix lacryma-jobi): A Study Review

Objectives

Coix seed (Coix lacryma-Jobi) is a whole grain cereal that has been used as food and medicinal herbs. This study aims to provide an updated understanding of Coix seed's health benefits through a study literature review.

Methods

We researched six electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Nature, Clinical Key, and Springer) in June 2021.

Results

We found 1040 articles from the databases and we screened 792 articles after duplicate removal. The final 109 studies were included in this review. Coix seed has antimicrobial, antiviral, antitoxin, wound healing, anti-aging, diuretic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Conclusions

However, study about Coix seed consumption as food and its clinical trial of its health benefits in human are still limited. Further strong clinical studies are necessary to present the effects of coix seed dietary consumption in humans.

Funding Sources

Researcher's personal funding, especially by William Ben Gunawan and Melly Wijayanti.

Effects of Tele-Exercise on Body Weight, Body Mass Index, and Fat Mass of Obese Employees

Purpose: Obesity is a growing health problem in Indonesia caused by physical inactivity. Meanwhile, employees are a group that is susceptible to obesity as they often have limited time while working sedentarily in front of a desk or computer, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This causes risks of many cardiovascular diseases, obesity and can indirectly cause death. Tele-exercise, a live online video exercise, may be the solution to this problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of tele-exercise on body weight, BMI, and fat mass percentage as indicators of obesity. Methods: The research was conducted from July 2020 to January 2021 according to the policy regarding the pandemic. Also, it used a pre-post quasy experimental design. A total of 39 subjects were given tele-exercise involving 2 strength training and 1 cardio training per week for 3 months. Findings: Subsequently, the results showed that exercise had a significant effect (p<0.05) on BMI and body weight, while fat mass percentage only decreased significantly (p<0.05) from the second to third assessment. Originality: To our knowledge, this is the first study analysing the effects of tele-exercise on obese employee’s body weight, body mass index and fat mass. Conclusion: This proves that tele-Exercise is an effective therapy for obesity that does not require a large space, and has beneficial online aspects, especially during the pandemic. The timing of measurement and hydration status should be considered to assess the body composition.

Modulation of gut microbiota and markers of metabolic syndrome in mice on cholesterol and fat enriched diet by butterfly pea flower kombucha

Clitoria ternatea, with an alternative name, Butterfly pea, is increasingly being explored for medical purposes and the development of a wide range of processed products. This study aimed to incorporate Butterfly pea into an innovative probiotic drink through a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) fermentation and to evaluate the biological activity. The benefits of the drink, referred to as butterfly pea flower kombucha (KBPF) was determined in vitro and in metabolically disorder mice that receive a diet rich in cholesterol and fat (CFED). Forty white male were categorized into four groups, i.e., A = Control/Normal Diet; B = CFED alone; C = CFED + KBPF 65 mg/kg BW (Body Weight); D = CFED + KBPF 130 mg/kg BW, and then sacrificed after 6 weeks of intervention. Seventy-nine secondary metabolite compounds were successfully identified in KBPF using LC-HRMS. In vitro studies showed the potential activity of KBPF in inhibiting not only ABTS, but also lipid (lipase) and carbohydrate (α-amylase, α-glucosidase) hydrolyzing enzymes to levels similar to acarbose control at 50–250 μg/mL. In the in vivo study, the administration of KBPF (130 mg/kg BW) significantly alleviated metabolic disorders caused by high-fat diet. Specifically, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TC, TG), blood glucose, markers of oxidative stress (SOD liver), metabolic enzymes (lipase, amylase), and markers of inflammation (PGC-1α, TNF-α, and IL-10) were in most cases restored to normal values. Additionally, the gut microbiota community analysis showed that KBPF has a positive effect (p = 0.01) on both the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Firmicutes phylum. The new KBPF drink is a promising therapeutic functional food for preventing metabolic diseases.

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Clitoria ternatea or Butterfly pea flower processed or innovated into a functional probiotic drink, namely KBPF.

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A total of 79 Secondary metabolite compounds of KBPF were successfully identified.

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In vitro studies showed the potential activity of KBPF in inhibiting ABTS, lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase.

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Administering a dose of 130 mg/kg BW KBPF was significantly promising in the alleviation of biomarker metabolic disorders with immunomodulatory effects.

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By modulating the diversity of the gut microbiome, KBPF can be a promising nutraceutical in preventing metabolic syndrome with inflammatory diseases.

Sea grapes powder with addition of tempe rich in collagen: An anti-aging functional food

Background: This study aimed to determine the potential anti-aging effects of sea grapes and tempe (Fermented soybeans) collagen particle size, by measuring the activities of anti-glycation, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitors. Methods: Collagen was isolated from sea grapes and tempe freeze dried powder and treated with different NaOH concentrations (0.10 M; 0.20 M; 0.30 M), and CH3COOH 1 M solution, separately. The collagen particle size was adjusted by stirring at 1000 rpm for 5 and 10 hours. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to measure the antioxidant activity, and L-tyrosine and L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) were used as a marker of tyrosine inhibition.  Results:  The collagen treated with 0.10 M NaOH produced the highest collagen yield (11.65%), and largest particle size (2455 nm). Additionally, this collagen, when treated for 5 hours, exhibited 24.70% antioxidant activity, 62.60% anti-glycation, 8.97% L-tyrosine, and 26.77% L-Dopa inhibition activities. Meanwhile, the collagen treated for 10 hours had a 9.98% antioxidant activity, 41.48% anti-glycation, 7.89% L-tyrosine, and 2.67% L-Dopa inhibition activity.  Conclusion: Sea grapes and tempe collagen powder treated with 0.10 M NaOH and stirred for 5 hours, as functional foods have anti-aging properties.

Mango Sugar Rich in Vitamin C: A Potency for Developing Functional Sugar Rich in Antioxidants

Objectives

Mango (Mangifera indica), one of tropical fruit that grows abundantly in Indonesia has big potencies to be developed into highly-valued products instead of eaten raw, namely as a mango sugar. There are several scientific researches that depict mango as a fruit rich in dietary fiber, quercetin, kaempferol, vitamin E, β-carotene, and vitamin C which have the potential to improve lipid profiles and lower blood glucose. This study was conducted to produce crystalized sugar from mango and determine vitamin C content.

Methods

Mango sugar extraction was carried out on 3 samples with different amounts (mango flesh: water) for 3 samples respectively S1 (900:0), S2 (850:150) and S3 (800:200). Samples were blended and crystallized using Freeze Driyer for 60 hours. The next step was Vitamin C analysis from 3 samples of mango sugar using Titration Iodometric Method, to determine the amount of Vitamin C (mg/100 mg). Statistical tests to determine the differences between mango and water formulations on the content of vitamin C in the use of mango sugar using One Way Anova.

Results

Obtained the amount of vitamin C in S1 sample was 140,53 mg/100 mg respectively. S2 sample was 136,65 mg/100 mg respectively. S3 sample was 115,80 respectively. There was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) that determined vitamin C levels between sample formulations. The formulation of mangoes with water in the highest amount of mango sugar containing vitamin C is S1.

Conclusions

Mango has a big potency to be developed in to crystalized sugar. The Vitamin C content in mango sugar may be a great substitute for cane sugar, since antioxidants has the ability to improve lipid profile and stabilize blood glucose fluctuation.

Funding Sources

Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology and Health, Sahid University.

Tempe, Tofu, and Amyloid-β 1-40 Serum Levels in Ovariectomized Rats

BACKGROUND

Estrogens have been found to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) levels, a risk factor associated with dementia. We hypothesized that phytoestrogenic soybean products such as tempe and tofu might show similar effects.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study were to analyze the effect of tempe and tofu flour on Aβ1-40 serum levels in ovariectomized rats.

METHODS

This research was conducted on female Sprague Dawley rats, aged 12 months. Before the intervention rats underwent ovariectomy (OVx) and were grouped into 5 intervention groups which were given tempe flour, tofu flour, estradiol, or casein as an active control. There was also a non-OVx control group which was fed a normal diet.

RESULTS

The intake of tempe and tofu flour decreased Aβ serum levels in all estrogen and phytoestrogenic treatment groups, offsetting effects of OVx (but not in the casein group, where Aβ levels rise).

CONCLUSION

The tempe flour group showed the strongest decrease in serum Aβ levels compared to the other groups. Future studies should investigate whether tempe can reduce Aβ levels in patients with dementia.

PENGETAHUAN DAN PERILAKU KONSUMSI MAHASISWA PUTRA TINGKAT PERSIAPAN BERSAMA IPB TENTANG MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT DAN KEAMANANNYA

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The aim of this study was to analyze the knowledge and consumption behaviour of the first year boy students of IPB on Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and its safety. Data were collected using self administered questionnaire. Questionnaires were given to the students through cooperation with one of internal club in IPB’s Dormitory. There were 1 324 questionnaires that were given, but only 808 questionnaires were collected back and 24 of them not filled out completely. Thus there were 784 questionnaires that qualified to be research data. Knowledge on MSG and its safety was classified into 3 levels of knowledge, such as low (&lt;60% of total score), intermediate (60—80% total score), and high (&gt;80% of total score). The results showed that most students have low level of knowledge on the MSG (81.4%) and it’s safety (94.3%). However, most of them frequently consume foods containing MSG (39—86%). Level of knowledge on MSG is not correlated to consumption behavior of MSG (p&gt;0.05).</p><p>Key words: consumption behavior, knowledge, Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengetahuan dan perilaku mahasiswa putra Tingkat Persiapan Bersama (TPB) IPB tentang Monosodium Glutamat (MSG) dan keamanannya. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang diisi sendiri oleh mahasiswa putra. Penyebaran kuesioner dilakukan melalui kerjasama dengan salah satu klub internal Asrama Putra TPB. Kuesioner survei diberikan kepada seluruh mahasiswa putra, yaitu sebanyak 1 324 orang. Jumlah mahasiswa yang mengisi kuesioner adalah 808 orang, namun 24 orang diantara- nya tidak mengisi kuesioner dengan lengkap sehingga diperoleh 784 orang sebagai subjek dalam penelitian ini. Tingkat pengetahuan tentang MSG dan keamanannya diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga, yaitu tingkat pengetahuan kurang (skor total&lt;60%), sedang (skor total 60—80%), dan tinggi (skor total&gt;80%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa putra mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan yang rendah tentang MSG (81.4%) dan keamanan MSG (94.3%), namun sebagian besar dari mereka (39—86%) juga sering mengonsumsi makanan yang mengandung MSG. Pengetahuan tentang MSG dan keamanannya tidak berhubungan dengan perilaku konsumsi makanan yang mengandung MSG (p&gt;0.05).</p><p>Kata kunci: Monosodium Glutamat (MSG), pengetahuan, perilaku konsumsi</p>

JENIS PANGAN SARAPAN DAN PERANNYA DALAM ASUPAN GIZI HARIAN ANAK USIA 6—12 TAHUN DI INDONESIA

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The objective of this study was to analyze the type and amount of food consumed at breakfast and its also contribution in daily nutrient intake of school children (6—12 years old). The data used for this study was the secondary data of the Basic Health Survey 2010 (Riskesdas 2010) conducted by the Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Health. The data of 24-hour recall of food consumption and socio-economic were obtained from 35 000 school age children. The results of the study shows that ten most populer food consumed during breakfast are rice, scramble egg, fried tempeh, vegetable soup, fried fish, instant noodle, fried rice, stir vegetable, and fried tofu; and the five most populer beverages consumed during breakfast are drinking water, sweetened tea, milk creamer, powder milk, and tea. Nearly half (44.6%) of the children breakfast with low nutritional quality. Approximately 44.6%, 35.4%, 67.8%, 85.0%, 89.4%, and 90.3% of child-ren consume only &lt;15% RDI for energy, protein, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and fiber respectively. Based on these results and inline with one of the dietary guidelines messages – do breakfast everyday – the healthy breakfast for school children need further promoted intensively. It is suggested that the healthy breakfast should be able to fulfill 15—30% of daily nutrients requirements.</p><p>Key words: breakfast, RISKESDAS 2010, school children</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis jumlah dan jenis makanan dan minuman sarapan serta kontribusinya dalam asupan gizi harian anak usia sekolah (6—12 tahun). Data yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah data sekunder (data konsumsi pangan) yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010 yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Ke-sehatan Indonesia. Data konsumsi pangan (recall 24 jam) dan sosial ekonomi diperoleh dari 35 000 subjek anak usia sekolah (6—12 tahun). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sepuluh makanan yang paling favorit dikonsumsi saat sarapan adalah nasi putih, telur ceplok/dadar, tempe goreng, sayur berkuah, ikan goreng, mi instan, nasi goreng, sayuran (tumis), dan tahu goreng; sedangkan lima minuman terpopuler yang dikonsumsi sebagai sarapan adalah air putih, teh manis, susu kental manis, susu instan, dan air teh. Hampir separuh (44.6%) anak usia sekolah sarapan dengan kualitas gizi rendah. Sekitar 44.6%, 35.4%, 67.8%, 85.0%, 89.4%, dan 90.3% anak hanya memperoleh gizi &lt;15% AKG dari sarapan (berturut-turut untuk energi, protein, vitamin A, zat besi, kalsium, dan serat). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dan juga sejalan dengan salah satu isi Pesan Dasar Umum Gizi Seimbang (PUGS), yaitu “Sarapan setiap hari”, maka promosi mengenai kebiasaan sarapan sehat bagi anak usia sekolah perlu dilakukan lebih intensif dan berkelanjutan. Selain itu disarankan pula bahwa sarapan yang sehat sebaiknya mampu memenuhi sekitar 15—30% AKG.</p><p>Kata kunci: anak usia sekolah, RISKESDAS 2010, sarapan</p>

POLA KONSUMSI PANGAN DAN ASUPAN ENERGI DAN ZAT GIZI ANAK STUNTING DAN TIDAK STUNTING 0—23 BULAN

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The objectives of this study were to analyze food consumption, energy, and nutrients intake patterns between stunting and non-stunting in young children of 0—23 months old, using the data from BHR (Basic Health Research) 2010. The data sub-set from BHR 2010 was obtained into e-files form. From 6 634 under-two children 3 539 were screened out due to incompleteness, outlier, and unusual food consumption during data collection. Nutritional status data were processed using the WHO AnthroPlus 2007, while the other data/statistics were processed using the Excel and SPSS for windows. The different on food consumption pattern was performed with Man-Whitney U test. Food consumption, energy and nutrients intake patterns which measured were type number of food consumption, group number of food consumption, frequency of food consumption, nutrient adequacy, nutrient quality, and nutrients density. The results of study showed that analyze food consumption, and energy and nutrients intake patterns were different between stunting and non-stunting YC according to their age group; the higher the age, the higher their difference. There was no difference in food consumption, and energy and nutrients intake patterns between stunting and non-stunting children 0—5 months. Meanwhile, there was difference in children 6—11 and 12—23 months. The average of protein adequacy and protein density was difference between stunting and non-stunting children 6—11 months. In children 12—23 months, the differences not only in the average of protein adequacy and protein density but also in average of energy and calcium adequacy and calcium density, phosphor, vitamin A, and C adequacy, nutrient quality, and type number of food. Implications for Indonesia that is necessary to study the efficacy of nutritional interventions to achieving optimal linear growth in young children.</p><p>Key words: children 0—23 months old, food pattern, stunting</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pola konsumsi pangan dan asupan energi dan gizi anak stunting dan tidak stunting 0—23 bulan menggunakan data Riskesdas 2010. Sub-set data Riskesdas 2010 diperoleh dalam bentuk e-files. Dari 6 634 data anak baduta dalam e-files Riskesdas 2010, sejumlah 3 539 data anak dikeluarkan karena data tidak lengkap, pencilan, konsumsi pangan saat kondisi tidak biasa. Status gizi diolah menggunakan WHO AntroPlus 2007, pengolahan data lainnya menggunakan program Microsoft Excel 2007 dan SPSS for windows. Uji beda pola konsumsi pangan menerapkan Mann-Whitney U test. Pola konsumsi pangan dan asupan energi dan zat gizi yang diukur berupa jumlah jenis konsumsi pangan, jumlah kelompok konsumsi pangan, frekuensi konsumsi pangan, tingkat kecukupan zat gizi, mutu gizi asupan pangan, dan densitas asupan zat gizi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan pola konsumsi pangan dan asupan energi dan zat gizi anak stunting dan tidak stunting 0—23 bulan berbeda menurut kelompok umur; semakin bertambah umur semakin meningkat perbedaannya. Pada anak 0—5 bulan tidak ada perbedaan pola konsumsi pangan dan asupan energi dan gizi anak stunting dan tidak stunting; sebaliknya pada anak 6—11 dan 12—23 bulan. Pada anak 6—11 bulan, rata-rata tingkat kecukupan protein anak stunting dan tidak stunting berbeda, demikian pula densitas asupan protein. Pada anak 12—23 bulan, tidak hanya rata-rata tingkat kecukupan protein dan densitas asupan protein, tetapi rata-rata tingkat kecukupan energi, tingkat kecukupan kalsium dan densitas asupan kalsium, tingkat kecukupan fosfor, tingkat kecukupan vitamin A, tingkat kecukupan vitamin C, mutu gizi makanan, dan bahkan jenis pangan juga berbeda. Implikasi untuk Indonesia yaitu perlu dilakukan penelitian efikasi intervensi zat gizi tersebut untuk pencapaian pertumbuhan linier optimal anak.</p><p>Kata kunci: anak 0—23 bulan, pola konsumsi pangan, stunting</p>

Relationship between intra-household food distribution and coexistence of dual forms of malnutrition

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The relationship between food intake and nutritional status has been clearly established. Yet, there are only limited studies on food intake among family members and their nutritional status. The study examined the relationship between intra-household food distribution and coexistence of dual forms of malnutrition (DFM) in the same household.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Households with a malnourished child and overweight mother were categorized as DFM. Intra-household food distribution among family members was reported using ratios, which are a measure of individual intakes as compared to all household member intakes adjusted to RDA.

RESULTS

A 1,899 families were included in the study. The prevalence of DFM was 29.8% (95%CI 26.5-31.2). Children consumed lower amounts of energy (OR 1.34; 95%CI 1.06-1.69, P = 0.011), carbohydrates (OR 1.2; 95%CI1.03-1.61, P = 0.022), protein (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.03-1.64, P = 0.026), and fat (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.05-1.66, P = 0.016) than their mothers and other family members. In contrast, mothers consumed more carbohydrates than children and other family members (OR1.24; 95%CI 1.02-1.51, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to report on the food distribution among family members and its relationship with occurrence of DFM in Indonesia. The results confirm the occurrence of an unequal food distribution between children and mothers, which increases risk of DFM in the household. The results also demonstrate that nutritional education at the household level is important to increase awareness of the impact of DFM.

ALTERNATIF INDEKS GIZI SEIMBANG UNTUK PENILAIAN MUTU GIZI KONSUMSI PANGAN PRIA DEWASA INDONESIA

The study was aimed to develop Balanced Diet Index (BDI) for Indonesian adult males. The spesific purposes of this study were to assess food consumption pattern of Indonesian adult males, to develop several alternatives of BDIs and to select the most appropriate BDI for Indonesian adult males. The design of the study was cross-sectional, using the food consumption data from Basic Health Research 2010 collected using 24-hours recall method. The data covered 64 448 subjects, and 61 129 of them were analyzed in this study. There were 10 alternatives of BDIs developed based on the food group and their intake, and also their scoring systems. The gold standard used to validate the BDI is the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) measured by mean nutrient adequacy of 16 nutrients. The result showed the pearson correlation coefficient of the BDI and MAR range from 0.46 to 0.64. The most appropriate BDI to determine MAR is BDI3-60 (r=0.64). BDI3-60 consists of six food and implementing 3-level of scoring system.<br /><br />

KONSUMSI PANGAN DAN GIZI SERTA SKOR POLA PANGAN HARAPAN (PPH) PADA ANAK USIA 2—6 TAHUN DI INDONESIA

This study aimed to assess food and nutrients intake, Nutrient Dietary Quality (NDQ), and Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) score of children aged 2—6 years.This study was carried out through analyzing a consumption data set of the National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2010 were collected using 24 hour recall method. Total number 16 675 of children aged 2—6 years. The results showed that most children eat cereals (99.4%) and least eat oily seeds (1.6%). The children had deficiency of energy, fats, and water. They also had deficiency of calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B9, and vitamin C. The mean DDP score of the children was 67.1±12.9. The mean NDQ of the children was 62.4±17.1. Correlation between DDP score and each of NDQ was found 0.578—0.621 that showed moderate validity result.<br /><br />

ANALISIS JENIS, JUMLAH, DAN MUTU GIZI KONSUMSI SARAPAN ANAK INDONESIA

The objective of this study was to analyze type, amount, and nutritional quality of breakfast among Indonesian children aged 3—12 years old. Data used for this study was secondary data of Basic Health Survey 2010 (Riskesdas 2010). Data was collected from June until August 2010 by applying a cross sectional design. This study covered 33 provinces of Indonesia, with total 40,437 children consisted of 20,659 boys and 19,778 girls. The results of this study showed that ten major type of foods consumed during breakfast were rice, swamp cabbage, egg, fish, tempe, instant noodles, tofu, bread, chicken and biscuits; and five major type of beverages consumed during breakfast were drinking water, tea, milk, coffee, and syrup. The food consumed on average of more than 5 g a day during breakfast were rice, swamp cabbage, egg, fish, tempe, instant noodles; and the beverages consumed on average of more than 15 mL a day were water, tea, and milk. Only 10.6% of children breakfast met energy intake&gt;30% RDA.<br /><br />

FAKTOR RISIKO KEGEMUKAN PADA WANITA DEWASA INDONESIA

This study was aimed to analyze risk factors of overweight women aged 19—55 years in Indonesia. This study used electronic files data of the National Basic Health Research 2010 from Ministry of Health, which was designed as a cross sectional survey. A total of 57,167 women aged 19—55 years were selected for the analysis. A logistic regression was applied to analyze risk factors of overweight. The result showed that 29.4% of subjects were overweight (including obese). The significant risk factors (p&lt;0.05) of overweight among subjects were marital status (OR for married=2.712; 95%CI:2.559—2.875), household income (OR for high income=1.566; 95%CI:1.504—1.631), living settlement (OR for urban=1.358; 95%CI:1.304—1.413), physical activity (OR for sedentary=1.213; 95%CI:1.153—1.275), energy from carbohydrate (EAC) (OR for EAC≥55%=1.119; 95%CI:1.067—1.173), and energy from sugary sweetened foods (ESF) (OR for ESF≥10%=1.100; 95%CI:1.037—1.166). Education level (OR for higher education=0.817; 95%CI:0.782—0.853) was a protective factors for overweight. This implies the importance of promoting physical activity and healthy diet, especially with sugary sweetened foods and adequate energy from carbohydrate, for preventing and controlling overweight among Indonesian adults especially women.

KAJIAN BIOAKTIF DAN ZAT GIZI PROPOLIS INDONESIA DAN BRASIL

Indonesia has a potency to produce its own propolis, however the propolis market in Indonesia is dominated by imported product, such as from Brazil. Currently, still there is no reasearch which evaluate bioactive compound and nutrient content of Indonesian Propolis (IP) compare with Brazilian Propolis (BP). The objectives of this study were to analyze bioactive compounds and nutrient contents of IP compared to BP. Bioactive compounds and nutrients content were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry. The results<br />showed both IP and BP contain fenol, α-amyrin, cylolanost, and pyrimidines. Bioactive compounds which specifically found in IP were eudesmane compound, ethyl acridine, lupeol, friedooleanan; while β amyrin and cinnamic acid compound only found in BP. The nutrient contents of IP were higher than BP except for vitamin A. In conclusion, IP might have potential health benefit, similar to BP.<br /><br />

DETERMINAN GIZI KURANG DAN STUNTING ANAK UMUR 0 – 36 BULAN BERDASARKAN DATA PROGRAM KELUARGA HARAPAN (PKH) 2007

The objective of this study was to analyze the determinant factors of nutritional status (weight/age and height/age) on children aged 0 – 36 month from the Conditional Cash Transfer Family Program (CCTFP) participants. This data was analised from the CFP survey at six provinces in 2007. The survey was conducted in six provinces in Indonesia (DKI Jakarta, West Java, East Java, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, and East Nusa Tenggara). Numbers of samples were 9221. The study showed the protective factors of underweight (W/A) on children aged 0 – 36 month were being female (OR = 0.75; CI 95%:068-083), family received cash transfer or BLT (OR = 0.80; CI 95%:0.70-0.91) and family received food aids or Raskin (OR = 0.74; CI 95%:0.63 -0.88). Protective factor of stunting and severe stunting (H/A) children were being female (OR = 0.75; CI 95%:0.69-0.81), family received BLT (OR = 0.86; CI 95%:0.77-0.95) and Raskin (OR = 0.85; CI 95%:0.75 - 0.96).<br />Key words: Conditional Family Program, underweight, stunting, children 0–36 months, protective factor<br />ABSTRAK<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis berbagai faktor determinan kejadian status gizi kurang (underweight)<br />dan pendek (stunting) pada batita (anak umur 0 – 36 bulan) yang berasal dari keluarga peserta Program<br />Keluarga Harapan/PKH. Data yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini berasal dari survai PKH tahun 2007 yang dilaksanakan di enam propinsi (DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur) di Indonesia. Jumlah contoh dalam penelitian adalah sebanyak 9221 anak usia 0 – 36 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor protektif terhadap kejadian gizi kurang (underweight) pada anak usia 0 – 36 bulan adalah anak dengan jenis kelamin perempuan (OR = 0.75; CI 95%: 068-083), keluarga yang mendapatkan BLT (OR = 0.80; CI 95%: 0.70-0.91) dan yang mendapatkan Raskin (OR = 0.74; CI 95%:0.63-0.88). Faktor protektif untuk kejadian pendek dan sangat pendek (stunting) pada anak umur 0 – 36 bulan adalah jenis kelamin perempuan (OR = 0.75; CI 95%: 0.69-0.81), keluarga mendapatkan BLT (OR = 0.86; CI 95%: 0.77-0.95), dan mendapatkan Raskin (OR = 0.85; CI 95%: 0.75 -0.96).

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN ZAT MULTI GIZI MIKRO DAN PENDIDIKAN GIZI TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN GIZI, PEMENUHAN ZAT GIZI DAN STATUS BESI REMAJA PUTRI

This study was aimed to analyze the effect of multi-micronutrients (MMN) supplementation and nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and iron status of young adolescent girls (YAG). The study was done in three purposively selected junior high schools (JHS) in rural Bogor by implementing a quasi experiment control trial for 112 YAG for 16 weeks: thirty five YAG in the first JHS as a MMN group (SG) were given three times of MMN tablets per week, forty two YAG in the second JHS were given MMN tablet plus nutrition education delivered by trained teacher fortnightly called SGP group and thirty five YAG in the third JHS as a control group. The result showed that the increment of nutrition knowledge score as well as MAR of SGP group were significantly higher than the other two groups. The decrement level of hemoglobin (Hb) in SG and SGP groups was significantly lower than in control group, but in the subset data of anemic group, both intervention groups had significantly increased level of Hb. This imply that nutrition education improved nutrition knowledge of YAG, but MMN tablet could not improve Hb level in general and only had effect on YAG suffering from anemia.<br />Key words: multi-micro nutrients, nutrition education, iron status, adolescent girls

JENIS DAN JUMLAH KONSUMSI TAMBELO, SIPUT DAN KERANG OLEH PENDUDUK DI KAWASAN MUARA MIMIKA, PAPUA

<p>This study is intended to analyse type and amount of MSS (Mangrove worm, Snail and Shell) consumed by the local people live in 12 estuary villages of Mimika. About 30 people for each village - consist of children (2-10 yrs), teenages (11-19 yrs) and adults (&gt;=20 yrs) from both sexes, were selected as subjects. The data collected include socio-economic of<br />the family, type and amount of MSS consumption. The results showed that Bactronophorus thoracites (tambelo), Nerita balteata (snail) and Telecopium telescopium (snail), Naqueita capulina (snail) and Geloina sp (shell), Geloina cf coaxan (shell) were the six types of MSS commonly consumed by people in the study areas; and they were consumed by more than 10 % of the subjects with eating frequency more than three times a week for each. The mean intake of tambelo, snail and shell was 290.1±509.4, 96.0±271.2, and 152.8±278.6 g/week respectively in edible portion. Among the age groups, the highest intake of ambelo (433.2±627.5 g/week) and snail (133.8±387.9 g/week) was in adults, but the highest intake of shell (213.7±369.7 g/week) was in teenages. Intake data by village showed that, the highest intake of tambelo was in male of Mioko (542.1±730.8 g/week), the highest intake of snail was in female of Karaka (649.2±487.9 g/week), and so for shell (599.8±484.0 g/week). This implies that the MSS play important roles in the diet of the local people of Mimika’s estuary. </p>

PENGARUH STATUS GIZI AWAL DAN KONSUMSI CHLORELLA GROWTH FACTOR TERHADAP KELUHAN KLINIS PENDERITA DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 7.1pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of pre-nutritional status and consumption of Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) on symptom of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Design of this study was a randomized clinical trial with 37 subjects of intervention group and 37 subjects of control group. The subjects were DHF in-patient of economic class of Karya Bhakti Hospital. The criteria for subjects were DHF in-patients (grade II and III), age ≥ 17 years, fever up to 7 days, serology Dengue Ig M (+), platelet &lt;100.000/mm3, not pregnant and not suffering from immune impaired diseases. The result show that effect of pre-nutritional status (p&gt; 0.01) was not significant, but the effect CGF consumption was significant (p&lt; 0.01) on clinical symptom of DHF. This implies that CGF reduce</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">d</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> the symptom severity of DHF. Further studies required for identify the actual bioactive components of CGF effects on DHF; and effect of selected nutritional biomarkers on DHF.</span></p>

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENERIMAAN PETANI TERHADAP PRODUK REKAYASA GENETIKA

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 7.1pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">This cross sectional study was aimed at analyzing determinant factors of farmer’s acceptance on GMO Product. For these purpose </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">0 farmers was selected from Jombang District (East Java) and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">150 rests was selected from </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Deli Serdang District (North Sumatera). A logistic regression was applied to analyze the determinant factors of farmer’s acceptance on GMO. The result showed th</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">at</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <span lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">determinant factor</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">farmer’s acceptance was farmer’s knowledge on GMO. The higher level of knowledge, the lower the acceptance. The knowledge of farmer’s on GMO was different between the two areas. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Another result of this study showed </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">farmers </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">expectation about </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">GMO Food could be circulated i</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">t</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> can give </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">positive impact: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">high quality for their agriculture produce; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">increase </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">the productivity of Indonesian agriculture</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">more</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> information and socialization about GMO Product</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> from the government</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. The government preferably compiled the program to increase knowledge of the farmer’s against GMO by carrying out the approach and giving of information and the fact about GMO in the field through the increased in the activity of farmer’s involvement in the farmers group.</span></p>

PEMANFAATAN RPO (RED PALM OIL) SEBAGAI SUMBER PROVITAMIN A ALAMI PADA PRODUK MI INSTAN UNTUK ANAK BALITA

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 12.65pt .0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The objective of this research was to study the use of RPO as a sources of natural provitamin A in instant noodle product for under five children. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">For this purpose 5 formulas were developed based on RPO’s level added to the formula (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). The result shown that instant noodle with 75% RPO was the best formula of RPO instant noodle. No significant difference in acceptance between this formula and other commercial instant noodle (α&gt;0.05). The result of RPO instant noodle’s chemical analysis were moisture content 7.40% (wb), ash content 2.51% (db), protein content 13.66% (db), fat content 9.84% (db), carbohydrate was 74.49% (db) and carotenoid 136.41 ppm (≈ 76.42 ppm β-carotene ≈ 636.8 RE/serving size). RPO instant noodle has physical properties as follow, optimum cooking time was 3 minutes, the color was yellow-red, elasticity properties was 261.94%-455.65% and water holding capacity was 137.98%. This noodle was contributing 100% of vitamin A RDA for the children.</span></p>

DETERMINAN INTENSITAS KERAWANAN PANGAN SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN FOOD COPING STRATEGIES DAN TINGKAT KECUKUPAN ENERGI DI KECAMATAN RAWAN DAN TAHAN PANGAN

<span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">The objective of the study was to analyze the correlation among intensity of food insecurity and food coping strategy with energy intake and child nutritional status. The study design was a crosectional study.  Research was conducted in Pandeglang Distric, in </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">April - May – July 2009</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. A purposive sampling were applied to select 220 households. The data collected include socio economi, food coping strategy, intensity of food insequrity and, food intake. The Rank Sperman and Pearsons test were applied to analyse correlation between variable socio economic, food insecurity intensity, food coping strategy and energy intake. Logistic regression was used to analyze determinant of food insecurity intensity. Multiple regression was used to analyse determinant of energy intake. The results showed that there were significant correlatin between intensity of food insequrity with household expenditure, and food coping startegy. Determinan of food insecurity intensity were household expenditure per capita (OR=0.033) and type of food insecurity program (OR=6.664). determinan of energy intake were food insecurity intensity, household expenditure percapita and household size.</span>