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Justen AM, Hodges HL, Kim LM, Sadecki PW, Porfirio S, Ultee E, Black I, Chung GS, Briegel A, Azadi P, Kiessling LL. Polysaccharide length affects mycobacterial cell shape and antibiotic susceptibility. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/38/eaba4015. [PMID: 32938674 PMCID: PMC7494350 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria control the length of their polysaccharides, which can control cell viability, physiology, virulence, and immune evasion. Polysaccharide chain length affects immunomodulation, but its impact on bacterial physiology and antibiotic susceptibility was unclear. We probed the consequences of truncating the mycobacterial galactan, an essential linear polysaccharide of about 30 residues. Galactan covalently bridges cell envelope layers, with the outermost cell wall linkage point occurring at residue 12. Reducing galactan chain length by approximately half compromises fitness, alters cell morphology, and increases the potency of hydrophobic antibiotics. Systematic variation of the galactan chain length revealed that it determines periplasm size. Thus, glycan chain length can directly affect cellular physiology and antibiotic activity, and mycobacterial glycans, not proteins, regulate periplasm size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Justen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Heather L Hodges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
| | - Lili M Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Patric W Sadecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
| | - Sara Porfirio
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eveline Ultee
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, 2333 BE Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Grace S Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Ariane Briegel
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, 2333 BE Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Marando VM, Calabretta PJ, Hodges HL, Kraft MB, Kim DE, Kiessling LL. Bacterial cell wall modification by glycolipid probes. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Despite the ubiquity and importance of glycans in biology, methods to probe their structures in cells are limited. Mammalian glycans can be modulated using metabolic incorporation, a process in which non-natural sugars are taken up by cells, converted to nucleotide-sugar intermediates, and incorporated into glycans via biosynthetic pathways. These studies have revealed that glycan intermediates can be shunted through multiple pathways, and this complexity can be heightened in bacteria, as they can catabolize diverse glycans. We sought to develop a strategy that probes structures recalcitrant to metabolic incorporation and that complements approaches focused on nucleotide sugars. We reasoned that lipid-linked glycans, which are intermediates directly used in glycan biosynthesis, would offer an alternative. We generated synthetic arabinofuranosyl phospholipids to test this strategy in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium smegmatis, organisms that serve as models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using a C. glutamicum mutant that lacks arabinan, we identified synthetic glycosyl donors whose addition restores cell wall arabinan, demonstrating that non-natural glycolipids can serve as biosynthetic intermediates and function in chemical complementation. The addition of an isotopically labeled glycan substrate facilitated cell wall characterization by NMR. Structural analysis revealed that all five known arabinofuranosyl transferases could process the exogenous lipid-linked sugar donor, allowing for the full recovery of the cell envelope. The lipid-based probe could also rescue wild-type cells treated with an inhibitor of cell wall biosynthesis. Our data indicate that surrogates of natural lipid-linked glycans can intervene in the cell's traditional workflow, indicating that biosynthetic incorporation is a powerful strategy for probing glycan structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Calabretta
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | | | | | - Victoria M Marando
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Wesener DA, Wangkanont K, McBride R, Song X, Kraft MB, Hodges HL, Zarling LC, Splain RA, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Paulson JC, Forest KT, Kiessling LL. Recognition of microbial glycans by human intelectin-1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:603-10. [PMID: 26148048 PMCID: PMC4526365 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The glycans displayed on mammalian cells can differ markedly from those on microbes. Such differences could, in principle, be 'read' by carbohydrate-binding proteins, or lectins. We used glycan microarrays to show that human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1) does not bind known human glycan epitopes but does interact with multiple glycan epitopes found exclusively on microbes: β-linked D-galactofuranose (β-Galf), D-phosphoglycerol-modified glycans, heptoses, D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KO) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO). The 1.6-Å-resolution crystal structure of hIntL-1 complexed with β-Galf revealed that hIntL-1 uses a bound calcium ion to coordinate terminal exocyclic 1,2-diols. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a sialic acid widespread in human glycans, has an exocyclic 1,2-diol but does not bind hIntL-1, probably owing to unfavorable steric and electronic effects. hIntL-1 marks only Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that display surface glycans with terminal 1,2-diol groups. This ligand selectivity suggests that hIntL-1 functions in microbial surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A Wesener
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2] Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew B Kraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heather L Hodges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lucas C Zarling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebecca A Splain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David F Smith
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2] Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2] Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Katrina T Forest
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Stucker KM, Schobel SA, Olsen RJ, Hodges HL, Lin X, Halpin RA, Fedorova N, Stockwell TB, Tovchigrechko A, Das SR, Wentworth DE, Musser JM. Haemagglutinin mutations and glycosylation changes shaped the 2012/13 influenza A(H3N2) epidemic, Houston, Texas. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:21122. [PMID: 25990233 PMCID: PMC5477787 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.18.21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the early start and higher intensity of the 2012/13 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemic was not unprecedented, it was the first IAV epidemic season since the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic where the H3N2 subtype predominated. We directly sequenced the genomes of 154 H3N2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of H3N2 strains and to inform the H3N2 vaccine selection process. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that multiple co-circulating clades and continual antigenic drift in the haemagglutinin (HA) of clades 5, 3A, and 3C, with the evolution of a new 3C subgroup (3C-2012/13), were the driving causes of the epidemic. Drift variants contained HA substitutions and alterations in the potential N-linked glycosylation sites of HA. Antigenic analysis demonstrated that viruses in the emerging subclade 3C.3 and subgroup 3C-2012/13 were not well inhibited by antisera generated against the 3C.1 vaccine strains used for the 2012/13 (A/Victoria/361/2011) or 2013/14 (A/Texas/50/2012) seasons. Our data support updating the H3N2 vaccine strain to a clade 3C.2 or 3C.3-like strain or a subclade that has drifted further. They also underscore the challenges in vaccine strain selection, particularly regarding HA and neuraminidase substitutions derived during laboratory passage that may alter antigenic testing accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Stucker
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland,
United States
| | - S A Schobel
- Bioinformatics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville,
Maryland, United States
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of
Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - R J Olsen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist
Hospital, and Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases
Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - H L Hodges
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland,
United States
| | - X Lin
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland,
United States
| | - R A Halpin
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland,
United States
| | - N Fedorova
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland,
United States
| | - T B Stockwell
- Bioinformatics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville,
Maryland, United States
| | - A Tovchigrechko
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville,
Maryland, United States
| | - S R Das
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland,
United States
| | - D E Wentworth
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland,
United States
| | - J M Musser
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist
Hospital, and Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases
Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States
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Briegel A, Wong ML, Hodges HL, Oikonomou CM, Piasta KN, Harris MJ, Fowler DJ, Thompson LK, Falke JJ, Kiessling LL, Jensen GJ. Correction to New Insights into Bacterial Chemoreceptor Array Structure and Assembly from Electron Cryotomography. Biochemistry 2014. [PMCID: PMC4204879 DOI: 10.1021/bi501167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Briegel A, Wong ML, Hodges HL, Oikonomou CM, Piasta KN, Harris MJ, Fowler DJ, Thompson LK, Falke JJ, Kiessling LL, Jensen GJ. New insights into bacterial chemoreceptor array structure and assembly from electron cryotomography. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1575-85. [PMID: 24580139 PMCID: PMC3985956 DOI: 10.1021/bi5000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chemoreceptors cluster in highly ordered, cooperative, extended arrays with a conserved architecture, but the principles that govern array assembly remain unclear. Here we show images of cellular arrays as well as selected chemoreceptor complexes reconstituted in vitro that reveal new principles of array structure and assembly. First, in every case, receptors clustered in a trimers-of-dimers configuration, suggesting this is a highly favored fundamental building block. Second, these trimers-of-receptor dimers exhibited great versatility in the kinds of contacts they formed with each other and with other components of the signaling pathway, although only one architectural type occurred in native arrays. Third, the membrane, while it likely accelerates the formation of arrays, was neither necessary nor sufficient for lattice formation. Molecular crowding substituted for the stabilizing effect of the membrane and allowed cytoplasmic receptor fragments to form sandwiched lattices that strongly resemble the cytoplasmic chemoreceptor arrays found in some bacterial species. Finally, the effective determinant of array structure seemed to be CheA and CheW, which formed a "superlattice" of alternating CheA-filled and CheA-empty rings that linked receptor trimers-of-dimer units into their native hexagonal lattice. While concomitant overexpression of receptors, CheA, and CheW yielded arrays with native spacing, the CheA occupancy was lower and less ordered, suggesting that temporal and spatial coordination of gene expression driven by a single transcription factor may be vital for full order, or that array overgrowth may trigger a disassembly process. The results described here provide new insights into the assembly intermediates and assembly mechanism of this massive macromolecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Briegel
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Mackiewicz MR, Hodges HL, Reed SM. C-reactive protein induced rearrangement of phosphatidylcholine on nanoparticle mimics of lipoprotein particles. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5556-62. [PMID: 20364851 DOI: 10.1021/jp911617q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-coated metal nanoparticles are developed here as a mimic of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and used to study C-reactive protein (CRP) binding to highly curved lipid membranes. A 12 nm shift in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was observed when CRP was added to the lipid-coated gold nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that CRP induced a structural change to the lipids, resulting in clusters of nanoparticles. This clustering provides a visualization of how CRP could cause the aggregation of LDL particles, which is a key step in atherosclerosis. The cluster formation and resultant LSPR shift requires the presence of both CRP and calcium. Fluorescence anisotropy, using a CRP-specific, fluorophore-labeled aptamer confirmed that CRP was bound to the lipid-coated nanoparticles. An increase in the fluorescence anisotropy (Delta r = +0.261 +/- 0.004) of the aptamer probe occurs in the presence of CRP, PC-coated nanoparticles, and calcium. Subsequent sequestration of calcium by EDTA leads to a decrease in the anisotropy (Delta r = -0.233 +/- 0.011); however, there is no change in the LSPR and no change to the cluster structure observed by TEM. This indicates that CRP binds to the PC membrane on the nanoparticle surface reversibly through a calcium bridging mechanism while changing the underlying membrane structure irreversibly as a result of binding.
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Abstract
An increasing trend of Sr(90) concentration in rain observed at Fayetteville, Ark., after November 1959, indicates that the seasonal and global movements of stratospheric air masses, such as described by Brewer (I) and Dobson (2), play an important role in causing the spring peaks of the Sr(90) fallout.
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Hodges HL. We can save more teeth. J Acad Gen Dent 1969; 17:34-6. [PMID: 5259126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kuroda PK, Hodges HL, Fry LM, Moore HE. Stratospheric Residence Time of Strontium-90: An overall average residence time of 0.7 0.1 year was observed during the period 1958 through 1960. Science 1962; 137:15-7. [PMID: 17774120 DOI: 10.1126/science.137.3523.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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