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Ryu S, Nam HJ, Lee JY, Kim JM, Kim SW. Understanding the Fluctuations in Korea's Suicide Rates: A Change-Point Analysis and Interrupted Time Series Analysis. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e125. [PMID: 38599599 PMCID: PMC11004772 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Korea has witnessed significant fluctuations in its suicide rates in recent decades, which may be related to modifications in its death registration system. This study aimed to explore the structural shifts in suicide trends, as well as accidental and ill-defined deaths in Korea, and to analyze the patterns of these changes. METHODS We analyzed age-adjusted death rates for suicides, deaths due to transport accidents, falls, drowning, fire-related incidents, poisonings, other external causes, and ill-defined deaths in Korea from 1997 to 2021. We identified change-points using the 'breakpoints' function from the 'strucchange' package and conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess trends before and after these change-points. RESULTS Korea's suicide rates had three change-points in February 2003, September 2008, and June 2012, characterized by stair-step changes, with level jumps at the 2003 and 2008 change-points and a sharp decline at the 2012 change-point. Notably, the 2003 and 2008 spikes roughly coincided with modifications to the death ascertainment process. The trend in suicide rates showed a downward slope within the 2003-2008 and 2008-2012 periods. Furthermore, ill-defined deaths and most accidental deaths decreased rapidly through several change-points in the early and mid-2000s. CONCLUSION The marked fluctuations in Korea's suicide rate during the 2000s may be largely attributed to improvements in suicide classification, with potential implications beyond socio-economic factors. These findings suggest that the actual prevalence of suicides in Korea in the 2000s might have been considerably higher than officially reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Gwangju Metropolitan Mental Health Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Mental Health Center, Gwangju, Korea.
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Abstract
We investigated the effect of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on suicide trends in Korea via a time-series analysis. We used Facebook Prophet to generate forecasting models based on the monthly numbers of suicide deaths in Korea between 1997 and 2018, validated the models by comparison with the 2019 numbers, and predicted the numbers of suicides in 2020. We compared the expected and observed numbers of suicides during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total numbers of suicides during the COVID-19 pandemic did not deviate from projections based on the pre-pandemic period. However, the number of suicides among women and those under the age of 34 years significantly exceeded the expected level. The COVID-19 pandemic did not increase the overall suicide rate significantly. However, suicides among women and young people increased, suggesting that the pandemic might drive more members of these groups to suicide. Further studies are needed to verify the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Mental Health Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Mental Health Center, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Nam HJ, Sim HB, Lee JY, Kim SW, Kim JM, Ryu S. Changing Seasonal Pattern of Suicides in Korea Between 2000 and 2019. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:320-325. [PMID: 35500905 PMCID: PMC9058267 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the changing seasonal pattern of suicides in Korea between 2000 and 2019. METHODS We calculated a seasonal pattern of suicides between 2000 and 2019 using a non-stationary cosinor model. In addition, we estimated the effect of each month on the suicide incidence compared to a reference month, using a generalized linear model with a categorical variable of the month. Then, we visualized the rate ratio curves of suicides by gender, age group, and subperiod. RESULTS We observed a seasonal pattern of suicides in Korea with a spring peak and a winter trough. The seasonal ups and downs were most pronounced in suicides among the elderly ≥65 years. However, the seasonal pattern has not been consistent over the past two decades, with lowering seasonal peaks since 2012. The amplitude of seasonality was also lower in 2010-2019 than in 2000-2009. CONCLUSION The seasonal pattern of suicides seems to have diminished in Korea in recent years. Thus, we need further studies to investigate climatic and non-climatic factors influencing the seasonality of suicides and the consequence of the change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Bo Sim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Ryu S, Nam HJ, Baek SH, Jhon M, Kim JM, Kim SW. Decline in Hospital Visits by Patients with Schizophrenia Early in the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2022; 20:185-189. [PMID: 35078961 PMCID: PMC8813312 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated trends in hospital utilization by patients with schizophrenia during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea. Methods The Prophet algorithm was used to predict the monthly number of patients with schizophrenia in 2020 based on medical insurance data between 2010 and 2019. The projected expectations were compared with the actual number of patients receiving outpatient and inpatient treatment each month in the first half of 2020. We conduct interrupted time series analyses of short-term data to determine the significance of recent changes in the trend of hospital visits by patients with schizophrenia. Results The prediction model showed that the actual number of patients receiving treatment each month during the early COVID-19 outbreak decreased by up to 3.6% compared to the projected expectations. The interrupted time series model also revealed a significant change in hospital utilization compared to the year before the onset of COVID-19 in Korea (F = 8.961, p = 0.010). Conclusion This suggests that many patients with schizophrenia were not receiving adequate treatment during the COVID-19 outbreak. A strategy should be developed to keep treating patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Gwangju Mental Health and Welfare Commission, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Gwangju Mental Health and Welfare Commission, Gwangju, Korea
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Ryu S, Nam HJ, Kim JM, Kim SW. Current and Future Trends in Hospital Utilization of Patients With Schizophrenia in Korea: A Time Series Analysis Using National Health Insurance Data. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:795-800. [PMID: 34404120 PMCID: PMC8390944 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate trends in hospital utilization of patients with schizophrenia during the last 10 years in Korea and to predict future trends using time series analysis. METHODS We determined the numbers of patients receiving outpatient or inpatient treatment for schizophrenia per month between 2010 and 2019, using National Health Insurance claims data. Facebook's Prophet was used to fit time series models based on observations for the previous 120 months, and to predict trends over the next 36 months. RESULTS The number of hospitalized patients per month has declined rapidly since 2015, but the monthly number of outpatient visits has steadily increased. Monthly hospital utilization has increased in patients aged ≤29 and ≥50 years, but has declined rapidly since 2014-2015 in patients in their 30s and 40s. The upward trend in overall hospital utilization has slowed considerably in recent years. These trends are expected to continue over the next few years. CONCLUSION This study revealed some notable changes in the hospital utilization patterns of patients with schizophrenia in recent years. There is a need to closely monitor and anticipate potential problems caused by these changing trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Mindlink, Gwangju Buk-gu Mental Health Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Ryu S, Lee H, Lee DK, Nam HJ, Chung YC, Kim SW. Network Structures of Social Functioning Domains in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Preliminary Study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2020; 18:571-579. [PMID: 33124589 PMCID: PMC7609205 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : This study used network analyses to examine network structures reflecting interactions between specific domains of social functioning in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS We used the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) to assess six domains of social functioning ('cognition', 'mobility', 'self-care', 'getting along', 'life activities', and 'participation') in 143 patients with SZ, 81 patients with BD, and 106 healthy subjects. We constructed regularized partial correlation networks, estimated network centrality and edge strength, tested network stability, and compared SZ and BD network structures. RESULTS Patients with SZ showed a significantly higher level of functional disability than patients with BD. In the networks we constructed, 'cognition' was the most central domain of social functioning in both SZ and BD. The 'cognition' domain was primarily associated with the 'getting along' domain in the SZ network and the 'life activities' domain in the BD network. We found no significant group-level differences in network structures for SZ vs. BD. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that cognition may play a pivotal role in social functioning in both SZ and BD. In addition, domains of social functioning in SZ and BD have similar network structures despite the higher level of disability in SZ compared to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyeongrae Lee
- Department of Mental Health Research, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Mental Health Research, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Lee JS, Kwon JS, Kim D, Kim SW, Kim JJ, Kim JH, Nam HJ, Ryu S, Park IH, An SK, Oh HS, Won S, Lee K, Lee KY, Lee SH, Lee YS, Yi JS, Hong KS, Joo YH. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia in Korea: A Multicenter Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:44-50. [PMID: 28096874 PMCID: PMC5240463 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We designed a nationwide study with limited exclusion criteria to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korea and its relationship with antipsychotic medications. METHODS This multicenter, cross-sectional, and observational study included patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Sixteen hospitals enrolled 845 patients aged 18 to 65 years prescribed any antipsychotic medication between August 2011 and August 2013. MetS was diagnosed using the criteria of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program with the Korean abdominal obesity definition (waist circumference ≥85 cm in women, ≥90 cm in men). RESULTS The prevalence of MetS in all patients was 36.5% and was significantly higher in men than women (men, 40.8%; women, 32.2%) and was significantly correlated with age [odds ratio (OR) 1.02] and duration of illness (OR 1.03). The prevalence of MetS across antipsychotic drugs in the major monotherapy group was as follows: 18.8% for quetiapine, 22.0% for aripiprazole, 33.3% for both amisulpride and paliperidone, 34.0% for olanzapine, 35% for risperidone, 39.4% for haloperidol, and 44.7% for clozapine. CONCLUSION The prevalence of MetS is very high in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Screening and monitoring of MetS is also strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Park
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kyoon An
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Oh
- Yongin Psychiatric Research Institute, Yongin Mental Hospital, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Won
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanguk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Sang Lee
- Yongin Psychiatric Research Institute, Yongin Mental Hospital, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seo Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Joo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim YS, Nam HJ, Chung HY, Kim ND, Ryu JH, Lee WJ, Arking R, Yoo MA. Role of xanthine dehydrogenase and aging on the innate immune response of Drosophila. J Am Aging Assoc 2013; 24:187-93. [PMID: 23604884 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-001-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that uric acid is an important scavenger of deleterious oxygen species and peroxynitrite in biological systems. The cellular sources responsible for the generation of damage-causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widespread. Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) / oxidase (XOD) catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. The rosy (ry) gene encodes XDH/XOD in Drosophila melanogaster. XDH codes for uric acid which is a ROS scavenger. XOD however is an enzyme system implicated in ROS production. In this study, we investigated the roles of XDH in the fly's immune defense response to infection and in the aging process. We first compared ROS generation and nitric oxide (NO) level in the whole body and the gut of XDH mutant with those of wild type. Our results suggested that XDH has a protective effect with respect to both ROS and NO generations, particularly in the gut. We also examined the effect of a XDH deletion mutant on the relative sensitivity of the organism against bacterial infection, on the immune inducibility of antimicrobial peptides and on the effect of aging in the defensive response to infection. Our results strongly suggest that XDH plays an important role in the innate immune response and that the age-associated deterioration of the innate immune response might be, at least in part, associated with the loss of XDH activity in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Gumjung-ku, Pusan, 609-735 ; Institute of Genetic Engineering, Pusan National University, Gumjung-ku, Pusan, 609-735
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Kim JH, Ryu S, Nam HJ, Lim M, Baek JH, Joo YH, Kwon JS, Ha TH, Hong KS. Symptom structure of antipsychotic-induced obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:75-9. [PMID: 22617280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of clozapine or other second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) has been reported to produce obsessive compulsive (OC) symptoms as adverse mental affects. However, it is not yet clear if SGA-induced OC symptoms have the same phenomenological characteristics as those displayed in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This study investigated the nature of symptoms and dimensions of SGA-induced OC symptoms in schizophrenia patients, which were then compared with those reported in pure OCD. METHODS The study subjects were fifty-one schizophrenia patients with SGA-induced OC symptoms. Symptom evaluation was performed using the Korean version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Exploratory factor analysis of symptom categories of Y-BOCS symptom checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) was conducted. RESULTS Frequencies of individual symptom categories were comparable to those reported in Korean OCD patients. Five factors (forbidden thoughts, hoarding, cleaning, symmetry, and counting) were generated from 13 main symptom categories, which accounted for 70.7% of the total variance. This factor structure is also remarkably similar to those reported in pure OCD patients. The factor score of 'cleaning' was significantly correlated with the overall severity of OC symptoms (P<0.01). CONCLUSION A high level of similarity between the nature of symptoms and dimensions identified in patients with SGA-induced OC symptoms and those revealed in OCD patients suggests a common biological mechanism underlying these two clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ryu S, Oh S, Cho EY, Nam HJ, Yoo JH, Park T, Joo YH, Kwon JS, Hong KS. Interaction between genetic variants of DLGAP3 and SLC1A1 affecting the risk of atypical antipsychotics-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:949-59. [PMID: 21990008 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics (AAP) can include obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Based on biological evidence of the relationship between the glutamatergic system and both OC disorder and AAP, this study aimed to determine whether DLGAP3, coding a post-synaptic scaffolding protein of glutamatergic synapses, is associated with AAP-induced OC symptoms. Furthermore, we explored the interactions between DLGAP3 and a previously reported susceptibility gene, the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1, regarding this phenotype. Subjects were clinically stable schizophrenia patients receiving AAP treatment (n = 94), and they comprised an OC group (n = 40) and a non-OC group (n = 54) (patients with and without AAP-induced OC symptoms, respectively). We performed allelic/genotypic/haplotype association analyses for seven tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms of DLGAP3 and gene-gene interaction analyses with rs2228622 of SLC1A1, observing a nominally significant association between AAP-induced OC symptoms and rs7525948 in both simple chi-square tests and the regression analyses (nominal P < 0.05). In the logistic regression analysis of gene-gene interaction, we found a significant interaction effect of rs7525948 of DLGAP3 and rs2228622 of SLC1A1 (permutation P = 0.036) on AAP-induced OC symptoms, with a 30.2 times higher odds for individuals carrying risk genotypes at both loci in comparison with the reference group, which had no risk genotypes. This study provides suggestive evidence that DLGAP3 and its interactive effect with SLC1A1 might be involved in susceptibility to developing OC symptoms in schizophrenia patients receiving AAP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Nam HJ, Kim N, Park T, Oh S, Jeon HO, Yoon SC, Lee YS, Lee WK, Ha K, Kim JH, Hong KS. Cognitive profiles of healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients: application of the cognitive domains of the MATRICS consensus battery. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 10:452-60. [PMID: 18792857 DOI: 10.1080/15622970802314815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Even though a large body of data suggests the presence of various types of cognitive deficits in the unaffected relatives of schizophrenia patients, more study is needed to clarify the comparative sensitivities of specific cognitive measures for relative-control differences. In this study, the authors compared the cognitive profiles of unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and those of patients and normal controls, and attempted to identify cognitive markers that might be associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia. Eighty-eight clinically stable schizophrenia patients, 44 healthy patient siblings, and 100 normal controls were evaluated using comprehensive neuropsychological tests. The domain structure of the MATRICS consensus cognitive battery was adopted, and both domain scores and individual test scores were used in the analysis. Performances of the sibling group were intermediate between those of patients and controls on most measures. A significant difference between the sibling and control groups was observed only in the Category Fluency Test. This cognitive deficit might be caused by familial predisposition to schizophrenia and could be a candidate of endophenotype for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Noh J, Kim JH, Hong KS, Kim N, Nam HJ, Lee D, Yoon SC. Factor structure of the neurocognitive tests: an application of the confirmative factor analysis in stabilized schizophrenia patients. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:276-82. [PMID: 20119583 PMCID: PMC2811297 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.2.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to identify the factor structure of neurocognitive tests used on schizophrenia patients by using the confirmative factor analysis, and to assess the factor score differences of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Comprehensive neurocognitive tests were administered to stabilized schizophrenia patients (N=114) and healthy controls (N=120). In the results of factor analyses on patients, the multifactorial-6-factor model, which included the speed of processing, working memory, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, attention/vigilance, and reasoning/problem solving as suggested by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS), showed the better goodness of fit than any of the other models tested. And assessing the group differences of factor scores, we found the patients performed worse than the controls in all factors, but the result showed meaningful variations of impairments across the cognitive factors. Our study identifies the six major domains with multifactorial structure of cognitive abilities in schizophrenia patients and confirms the distinctive impairment patterns of each cognitive domain. These results may have utility in better understanding the pathology of schizophrenia as well as in genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihae Noh
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nara Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Nam
- Seoul Metropolitan Eunpyoung Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongsoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Chang Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kwon JS, Joo YH, Nam HJ, Lim M, Cho EY, Jung MH, Choi JS, Kim B, Kang DH, Oh S, Park T, Hong KS. Association of the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 with atypical antipsychotics-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:1233-41. [PMID: 19884611 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Several studies have indicated that atypical antipsychotics (AAP) induce obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Research exploring the mechanism of this phenomenon, however, has been extremely limited. Considering the indirect evidence of genetic control and difficulties in developing animal models and performing gene expression studies, genetic association studies could be an important approach to understanding the molecular mechanism of AAP-induced OC symptoms. The glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1, which was recently reported to be associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), is a promising candidate gene for susceptibility to AAP-induced OC symptoms. OBJECTIVE To determine whether polymorphisms in SLC1A1 are associated with AAP-induced OC symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. DESIGN A pharmacogenetic case-control association study. SETTING Outpatient schizophrenia clinics. PATIENTS Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia who were receiving AAP treatment (n = 94; OC group). The OC group consisted of 40 patients with AAP-induced OC symptoms, and the non-OC group consisted of 54 patients who had received AAP for more than 24 months without developing OC symptoms. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies. The association was tested with a logistic regression model using age, sex, and medication type as covariates. RESULTS Trends of association were observed in rs2228622 and rs3780412 (nominal P = .01; adjusted permutation P = .07) for the dominant model that was the inheritance model that best fit our data. In the haplotype -based analysis, the A/C/G haplotype at rs2228622-rs3780413-rs3780412 showed a significant association with AAP-induced OC symptoms; this association withstood multiple test correction (nominal P = .01; adjusted permutation P = .04; odds ratio, 3.955; 95% confidence interval, 1.366-11.452, for dominant model). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that sequence variations in SLC1A1 are associated with susceptibility to AAP-induced OC symptoms. This is the first published pharmacogenetic study on this phenomenon and provides preliminary evidence of the involvement of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of AAP-induced OC symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Kim HB, Jang HC, Nam HJ, Lee YS, Kim BS, Park WB, Lee KD, Choi YJ, Park SW, Oh MD, Kim EC, Choe KW. In vitro activities of 28 antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from tertiary-care hospitals in Korea: a nationwide survey. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1124-7. [PMID: 15047511 PMCID: PMC375260 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.4.1124-1127.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in both hospitals and the community, has been particularly efficient at developing resistance to antimicrobial agents. As methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has prevailed and, furthermore, as S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin has emerged, the therapeutic options for the treatment of S. aureus infections have become limited. To update the current status of antibiotic resistance, clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from eight university-affiliated hospitals from June 1999 to January 2001. Susceptibility tests with 28 antibiotics were performed by the disk diffusion method. Among a total of 682 isolates, the methicillin resistance rate was 64% (439 of 682), and most of the MRSA isolates were resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. Although a constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance phenotype was common, no isolates were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin or linezolid. Rifampin, fusidic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and arbekacin showed superior in vitro activity compared with the other antibiotics against the MRSA isolates. No isolates showed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Kim S, Lee BK, Kang YH, Nam HJ, Lim OY, Seok WS, Park JK. A virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar London isolated in infants with enteritis traced by active surveillance and molecular epidemiological study. J Korean Med Sci 2003; 18:325-30. [PMID: 12808316 PMCID: PMC3055060 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2003.18.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 74 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar London were collected through the Laboratory-Based Diarrheal Diseases Surveillance in 2000-2001. In order to characterize the isolates and investigate the source of the epidemic, we performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests and XbaI Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of 44 Salmonella London isolates. Forty isolates were from feces of infants and four isolates were from adults aged 30, 52, 54, and 59 yr. Two subtypes were identified: a tetracycline-susceptible A 0 PFGE pattern and a tetracyclineresistant A 1 PFGE pattern. Interestingly, the isolates from all infants and one 30-yr-old adult were A 0 PFGE pattern and tetracycline-susceptible. Furthermore, the A 0 PFGE pattern strain was approximately 2 times more virulent than the A 1 PFGE pattern strain, according to the results of in vitro invasion assay using J774A.1 macrophage-like cells. These results indicate that the active surveillance with molecular epidemiological tools would be valuable for promptly finding new epidemic strains. Our results also suggested that the virulent Salmonella London strain might infect the infants through a common contaminated source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukho Kim
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Kim IS, Kim ER, Nam HJ, Chin MO, Moon YH, Oh MR, Yeo UC, Song SM, Kim JS, Uhm MR, Beck NS, Jin DK. Activating mutation of GS alpha in McCune-Albright syndrome causes skin pigmentation by tyrosinase gene activation on affected melanocytes. Horm Res 2000; 52:235-40. [PMID: 10844413 DOI: 10.1159/000023467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a sporadic disease characterized by café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and hyperfunctional endocrinopathies. To elucidate the mechanism of skin pigmentation, melanocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts were primary cultured from the café-au-lait spot of a MAS patient. Then, mutational analysis and morphologic evaluation were performed. Also, cAMP level and tyrosinase gene expression in cultured cells were determined. Only Gsalpha mutation was found in affected melanocytes and the cAMP level in affected melanocytes was higher than that of normal melanocytes. The mRNA expression of tyrosinase gene was increased in the affected melanocytes. This study suggests that skin pigmentation of MAS results from activating mutation of Gsalpha in melanocytes and the mechanism involves the c-AMP-mediated tyrosinase gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, SungAe General Hospital, SungAe Life Science Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Kim IS, Kim DH, Han SM, Chin MU, Nam HJ, Cho HP, Choi SY, Song BJ, Kim ER, Bae YS, Moon YH. Truncated form of importin alpha identified in breast cancer cell inhibits nuclear import of p53. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:23139-45. [PMID: 10930427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909256199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the function of tumor suppressor proteins occasionally can be dependent on their subcellular localization. In about 40% of the breast cancer tissues, p53 is found in the cytoplasm as opposed to the nucleus, where it resides in normal breast cells. This means that the regulation of subcellular location of p53 is an important mechanism in controlling its function. The transport factors required for the nuclear export of p53 and the mechanisms of their nuclear export have been extensively characterized. However, little is known about the mechanism of nuclear import of p53. p53 contains putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs) which would interact with a nuclear transport factor, importin alpha. In this report we demonstrate that importin alpha binds to NLSI in p53 and mediates the nuclear import of p53. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analyses showed that a truncated importin alpha deleted the region encoding the putative NLS-binding domain of p53, suggesting that it could not bind to NLSs of p53 proteins. Binding of importin alpha to p53 was confirmed by using yeast two-hybrid assay. When expressed in CHO-K1 cells, the truncated importin alpha predominantly localized to the cytoplasm. In truncated importin alpha expressing cells, p53 preferentially localized to cytoplasmic sites as well. A significant increase in the p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA level and induction of apoptosis were also observed in importin alpha overexpressing cells. These results strongly suggest that importin alpha functions as a component of the NLS receptor for p53 and mediates nuclear import of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Kim
- Sung Ae Life Science Research Institute, Kyeonggi 423-030, South Korea
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Kim HJ, Na HS, Sung B, Nam HJ, Chung YJ, Hong SK. Is sympathetic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglia responsible for the production of neuropathic pain in a rat model? Neurosci Lett 1999; 269:103-6. [PMID: 10430515 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Partial peripheral nerve injury often results in neuropathic pain that is aggravated by sympathetic excitation and induces sympathetic nerve sprouting in both the injured nerve and corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Presently, the functional mechanisms of the interactions between the sprouting and injured somatic afferents remain uncertain. This study was performed to see whether the sprouting in the DRGs plays a key role in the development of neuropathic pain. To this aim, we compared two groups of rats, both of which were subjected to unilateral transection of the superior and inferior caudal trunks at the level between the S1 and S2 spinal nerves, with respect to sympathetic fiber sprouting; one group showed well-developed neuropathic pain behaviors (i.e. mechanical, cold and warm allodynia signs) and the other group showed poorly-developed ones. Immuno-histochemical staining with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody of the injured S1 DRG taken from both groups of rats after behavioral tests revealed that the magnitude of penetration of TH-positive fibers into the S1 DRG was not significantly different between the two groups. These results suggest that sympathetic nerve sprouting in the injured DRG is not a key factor in the development of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Most receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) contain two conserved phosphatase domains (D1 and D2) in their intracellular region. The carboxy-terminal D2 domain has little or no catalytic activity. The crystal structure of the tandem D1 and D2 domains of the human RPTP LAR revealed that the tertiary structures of the LAR D1 and D2 domains are very similar to each other, with the exception of conformational differences at two amino acid positions in the D2 domain. Site-directed mutational changes at these positions (Leu-1644-to-Tyr and Glu-1779-to-Asp) conferred a robust PTPase activity to the D2 domain. The catalytic sites of both domains are accessible, in contrast to the dimeric blocked orientation model previously suggested. The relative orientation of the LAR D1 and D2 domains, constrained by a short linker, is stabilized by extensive interdomain interactions, suggesting that this orientation might be favored in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Nam
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kim YI, Na HS, Kim SH, Han HC, Yoon YW, Sung B, Nam HJ, Shin SL, Hong SK. Cell type-specific changes of the membrane properties of peripherally-axotomized dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 1998; 86:301-9. [PMID: 9692763 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that neuropathic pain from partial peripheral nerve injury is maintained by electrophysiologically abnormal signals from injured sensory neurons. To gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying this electrophysiological abnormality, we examined the effects of S1 spinal nerve transection on the membrane properties of S1 dorsal root ganglion neurons one to two weeks after injury. This injury produced significant action potential broadening [40% (1 ms) in C-, 149% (1.5 ms) in A delta- and 84% (0.5 ms) in A alpha/beta-cells], which was primarily due to the enhancement of the "shoulder" appearing on the falling phase of the action potential in C- and A delta-cells and the emergence of a shoulder in A alpha/beta-cells, and significant cell-type specific changes in the time-course of the rising phase of the action potential; i.e. an increase in rise time (A delta: 35%, 0.15 ms; A alpha/beta: 13%, 0.04 ms) and a decrease in the maximal rate of rise (A delta: 17%, 77 V/s; A alpha/beta: 13%, 79 V/s). In addition, the nerve injury led to a significant reduction of the rheobase, an index of neuronal excitability, in all types of cells (by 41% in C-, 71% in A delta- and 59% in A alpha/beta-cells). The reduction of rheobase in A-cells was associated with a concomitant increase in apparent input resistance (by 269% in A delta- and 192% in A alpha/beta-cells), which was measured near the resting membrane potential. By contrast, the rheobase reduction in C-cells was associated with a concurrent depolarizing shift (approximately 4 mV) of the resting membrane potential. The nerve injury-induced reduction of rheobase was not accompanied by related change in input resistance or threshold potential in any of the cell populations. The present results indicate that chronic peripheral axotomy of dorsal root ganglion neurons, which gives rise to neuropathic pain, produces profound changes in the action potential waveform of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a cell type-specific fashion. Furthermore, the results suggest that the axotomy increases the excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons not by altering input resistance (i.e. leak conductance) or threshold potential, but by increasing apparent input resistance near the resting membrane potential in A-cells and decreasing the resting membrane potential in C-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Abl nonreceptor tyrosine kinase is implicated in a range of cellular processes and its transforming variants are involved in human leukemias. The N-terminal regulatory region of the Abl protein contains Src homology domains SH2 and SH3 which have been shown to be important for the regulation of its activity in vivo. These domains are often found together in the same protein and biochemical data suggest that the functions of one domain can be influenced by the other. RESULTS We have determined the crystal structure of the Abl regulatory region containing the SH3 and SH2 domains. In general, the individual domains are very similar to those of previously solved structures, although the Abl SH2 domain contains a loop which is extended so that one side of the resulting phosphotyrosine-binding pocket is open. In our structure the protein exists as a monomer with no intermolecular contacts to which a biological function may be attributed. However, there is a significant intramolecular contact between a loop of the SH3 domain and the extended loop of the SH2 domain. This contact surface includes the SH2 loop segment that is responsible for binding the phosphate moiety of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins and is therefore critical for orienting peptide interactions. CONCLUSIONS The crystal structure of the composite Abl SH3-SH2 domain provides the first indication of how SH2 and SH3 domains communicate with each other within the same molecule and why the presence of one directly influences the activity of the other. This is the first clear evidence that these two domains are in contact with each other. The results suggest that this direct interaction between the two domains may affect the ligand binding properties of the SH2 domain, thus providing an explanation for biochemical and functional data concerning the Bcr-Abl kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Nam
- Department of X-ray Crystallography, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kim HJ, Na HS, Nam HJ, Park KA, Hong SK, Kang BS. Sprouting of sympathetic nerve fibers into the dorsal root ganglion following peripheral nerve injury depends on the injury site. Neurosci Lett 1996; 212:191-4. [PMID: 8843105 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury often induces sympathetic nerve fiber sprouting in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and injured nerve. Presently, the underlying mechanism and functional significance of the sprouting are unknown. This study was performed to see whether the degree of the sprouting in the DRG was a function of the distance between the DRG and injury site. To this aim, we compared two groups of rats with respect to the sympathetic nerve fibers sprouting in the S1-3 DRG; one group was subjected to unilateral inferior and superior caudal trunk transections at the level between the S3 and S4 spinal nerves (S34 group) and the other group at the levels between the S1 and S2, between S2 and S3 and between S3 and S4 spinal nerves (S123 group). The transections in both groups equally eliminated the inputs from the tail to the S1-3 DRG, but the distance from the S1/S2 DRG to the injury site was different between the two groups. Immunohistochemical staining with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody of the S1-3 DRG removed from rats a week after the injury revealed that the degree of penetration of TH-positive fibers into the S1 and S2 DRG was much more extensive in the S123 group than in the S34 group, whereas that into the S3 DRG was not significantly different between the two groups. These results suggest that the extent of the sympathetic nerve fiber sprouting in the DRG following peripheral nerve injury is inversely related to the distance between the DRG and injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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