1
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Dias MH, Friskes A, Wang S, Fernandes Neto JM, van Gemert F, Mourragui S, Papagianni C, Kuiken HJ, Mainardi S, Alvarez-Villanueva D, Lieftink C, Morris B, Dekker A, van Dijk E, Wilms LHS, da Silva MS, Jansen RA, Mulero-Sanchez A, Malzer E, Vidal A, Santos C, Salazar R, Wailemann RAM, Torres TEP, De Conti G, Raaijmakers JA, Snaebjornsson P, Yuan S, Qin W, Kovach JS, Armelin HA, Te Riele H, van Oudernaarden A, Jin H, Beijersbergen RL, Villanueva A, Medema RH, Bernards R. Paradoxical activation of oncogenic signaling as a cancer treatment strategy. Cancer Discov 2024:742013. [PMID: 38533987 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer homeostasis depends on a balance between activated oncogenic pathways driving tumorigenesis and engagement of stress-response programs that counteract the inherent toxicity of such aberrant signaling. While inhibition of oncogenic signaling pathways has been explored extensively, there is increasing evidence that overactivation of the same pathways can also disrupt cancer homeostasis and cause lethality. We show here that inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) hyperactivates multiple oncogenic pathways and engages stress responses in colon cancer cells. Genetic and compound screens identify combined inhibition of PP2A and WEE1 as synergistic in multiple cancer models by collapsing DNA replication and triggering premature mitosis followed by cell death. This combination also suppressed the growth of patient-derived tumors in vivo. Remarkably, acquired resistance to this drug combination suppressed the ability of colon cancer cells to form tumors in vivo. Our data suggest that paradoxical activation of oncogenic signaling can result in tumor suppressive resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anoek Friskes
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Siying Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Soufiane Mourragui
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sara Mainardi
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Cor Lieftink
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Morris
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Dekker
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emma van Dijk
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robin A Jansen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Elke Malzer
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - August Vidal
- Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Santos
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) - Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-CIBERONC, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Instituto Catalan de Oncología-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenxin Qin
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - John S Kovach
- Lixte Biotechnology Holdings, Inc., East Setauket, NY, United States
| | | | - Hein Te Riele
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, N, Netherlands
| | | | - Haojie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Alberto Villanueva
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO/IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rene H Medema
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rene Bernards
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Harmsen TJW, Pritchard CEJ, Riepsaame J, van de Vrugt HJ, Huijbers IJ, Te Riele H. HideRNAs protect against CRISPR-Cas9 re-cutting after successful single base-pair gene editing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9606. [PMID: 35688932 PMCID: PMC9187658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Promiscuous activity of the Streptococcus pyogenes DNA nuclease CRISPR-Cas9 can result in destruction of a successfully modified sequence obtained by templated repair of a Cas9-induced DNA double-strand break. To avoid re-cutting, additional target-site-disruptions (TSDs) are often introduced on top of the desired base-pair alteration in order to suppress target recognition. These TSDs may lower the efficiency of introducing the intended mutation and can cause unexpected phenotypes. Alternatively, successfully edited sites can be protected against Cas9 re-cutting activity. This method exploits the finding that Cas9 complexed to trimmed guideRNAs can still tightly bind specific genomic sequences but lacks nuclease activity. We show here that the presence of a guideRNA plus a trimmed guideRNA that matches the successfully mutated sequence, which we call hideRNA, can enhance the recovery of precise single base-pair substitution events tenfold. The benefit of hideRNAs in generating a single point mutation was demonstrated in cell lines using plasmid-based delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components and in mouse zygotes injected with Cas9/guideRNA plus Cas9/hideRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes. However, hRNA protection sometimes failed, which likely reflects an unfavorable affinity of hRNA/Cas9 versus gRNA/Cas9 for the DNA target site. HideRNAs can easily be implemented into current gene editing protocols and facilitate the recovery of single base-pair substitution. As such, hideRNAs are of great value in gene editing experiments demanding high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J W Harmsen
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Plant Sciences and Natural Products, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Colin E J Pritchard
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Henri J van de Vrugt
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Oncogenetics, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Guo Y, Wang J, Benedict B, Yang C, van Gemert F, Ma X, Gao D, Wang H, Zhang S, Lieftink C, Beijersbergen RL, Te Riele H, Qiao X, Gao Q, Sun C, Qin W, Bernards R, Wang C. Targeting CDC7 potentiates ATR-CHK1 signaling inhibition through induction of DNA replication stress in liver cancer. Genome Med 2021; 13:166. [PMID: 34663432 PMCID: PMC8524847 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Broad-spectrum kinase inhibitors like sorafenib and lenvatinib provide only modest survival benefit to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to identify novel therapeutic strategies for HCC patients. METHODS Integrated bioinformatics analyses and a non-biased CRISPR loss of function genetic screen were performed to identify potential therapeutic targets for HCC cells. Whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and time-lapse live imaging were performed to explore the mechanisms of the synergy between CDC7 inhibition and ATR or CHK1 inhibitors in HCC cells. Multiple in vitro and in vivo assays were used to validate the synergistic effects. RESULTS Through integrated bioinformatics analyses using the Cancer Dependency Map and the TCGA database, we identified ATR-CHK1 signaling as a therapeutic target for liver cancer. Pharmacological inhibition of ATR or CHK1 leads to robust proliferation inhibition in liver cancer cells having a high basal level of replication stress. For liver cancer cells that are resistant to ATR or CHK1 inhibition, treatment with CDC7 inhibitors induces strong DNA replication stress and consequently such drugs show striking synergy with ATR or CHK1 inhibitors. The synergy between ATR-CHK1 inhibition and CDC7 inhibition probably derives from abnormalities in mitosis inducing mitotic catastrophe. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlights the potential of targeting ATR-CHK1 signaling, either alone or in combination with CDC7 inhibition, for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bente Benedict
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank van Gemert
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xuhui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaohang Qiao
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiang Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Sun
- Immune Regulation in Cancer Group, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - René Bernards
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Will Castro LSEP, Pieters W, Alemdehy MF, Aslam MA, Buoninfante OA, Raaijmakers JA, Pilzecker B, van den Berk PCM, Te Riele H, Medema RH, Pedrosa RC, Jacobs H. The Widely Used Antihelmintic Drug Albendazole is a Potent Inducer of Loss of Heterozygosity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:596535. [PMID: 33679394 PMCID: PMC7935534 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.596535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antihelmintic drug ABZ and its metabolites belong to the chemical family of benzimidazoles (BZM) that act as potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors, suggesting a potential re-direction of BZMs for cancer therapy. Applying UV-Vis spectrometry we here demonstrate ABZ as a DNA intercalator. This insight led us to determine the primary mode of ABZ action in mammalian cells. As revealed by RNA sequencing, ABZ did neither grossly affect replication as analyzed by survival and replication stress signaling, nor the transcriptome. Actually, unbiased transcriptome analysis revealed a marked cell cycle signature in ABZ exposed cells. Indeed, short-term exposure to ABZ arrested mammalian cells in G2/M cell cycle stages associated with frequent gains and losses of chromatin. Cellular analyses revealed ABZ as a potent mammalian spindle poison for normal and malignant cells, explaining the serious chromosome segregation defects. Since chromosomal aberrations promote both cancer development and cell death, we determined if besides its general cytotoxicity, ABZ could predispose to tumor development. As measured by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in vitro and in vivo ABZ was found as a potent inducer of LOH and accelerator of chromosomal missegregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza S E P Will Castro
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Wietske Pieters
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mir Farshid Alemdehy
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Muhammad A Aslam
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jonne A Raaijmakers
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas Pilzecker
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul C M van den Berk
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rozangela C Pedrosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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van Schie JJM, Faramarz A, Balk JA, Stewart GS, Cantelli E, Oostra AB, Rooimans MA, Parish JL, de Almeida Estéves C, Dumic K, Barisic I, Diderich KEM, van Slegtenhorst MA, Mahtab M, Pisani FM, Te Riele H, Ameziane N, Wolthuis RMF, de Lange J. Warsaw Breakage Syndrome associated DDX11 helicase resolves G-quadruplex structures to support sister chromatid cohesion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4287. [PMID: 32855419 PMCID: PMC7452896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS) is a rare disorder related to cohesinopathies and Fanconi anemia, caused by bi-allelic mutations in DDX11. Here, we report multiple compound heterozygous WABS cases, each displaying destabilized DDX11 protein and residual DDX11 function at the cellular level. Patient-derived cell lines exhibit sensitivity to topoisomerase and PARP inhibitors, defective sister chromatid cohesion and reduced DNA replication fork speed. Deleting DDX11 in RPE1-TERT cells inhibits proliferation and survival in a TP53-dependent manner and causes chromosome breaks and cohesion defects, independent of the expressed pseudogene DDX12p. Importantly, G-quadruplex (G4) stabilizing compounds induce chromosome breaks and cohesion defects which are strongly aggravated by inactivation of DDX11 but not FANCJ. The DNA helicase domain of DDX11 is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and resistance to G4 stabilizers. We propose that DDX11 is a DNA helicase protecting against G4 induced double-stranded breaks and concomitant loss of cohesion, possibly at DNA replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne J M van Schie
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Atiq Faramarz
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper A Balk
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Erika Cantelli
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke B Oostra
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin A Rooimans
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Katja Dumic
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ingeborg Barisic
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karin E M Diderich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mohammad Mahtab
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca M Pisani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Centogene, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Job de Lange
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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6
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Benedict B, van Bueren MA, van Gemert FP, Lieftink C, Guerrero Llobet S, van Vugt MA, Beijersbergen RL, Te Riele H. The RECQL helicase prevents replication fork collapse during replication stress. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/10/e202000668. [PMID: 32820027 PMCID: PMC7441523 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tumors lack the G1/S phase checkpoint and are insensitive to antigrowth signals. Loss of G1/S control can severely perturb DNA replication as revealed by slow replication fork progression and frequent replication fork stalling. Cancer cells may thus rely on specific pathways that mitigate the deleterious consequences of replication stress. To identify vulnerabilities of cells suffering from replication stress, we performed an shRNA-based genetic screen. We report that the RECQL helicase is specifically essential in replication stress conditions and protects stalled replication forks against MRE11-dependent double strand break (DSB) formation. In line with these findings, knockdown of RECQL in different cancer cells increased the level of DNA DSBs. Thus, RECQL plays a critical role in sustaining DNA synthesis under conditions of replication stress and as such may represent a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Benedict
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Ae van Bueren
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Pa van Gemert
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergi Guerrero Llobet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Atm van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Benedict B, van Schie JJM, Oostra AB, Balk JA, Wolthuis RMF, Riele HT, de Lange J. WAPL-Dependent Repair of Damaged DNA Replication Forks Underlies Oncogene-Induced Loss of Sister Chromatid Cohesion. Dev Cell 2020; 52:683-698.e7. [PMID: 32084359 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Premature loss of sister chromatid cohesion at metaphase is a diagnostic marker for different cohesinopathies. Here, we report that metaphase spreads of many cancer cell lines also show premature loss of sister chromatid cohesion. Cohesion loss occurs independently of mutations in cohesion factors including SA2, a cohesin subunit frequently inactivated in cancer. In untransformed cells, induction of DNA replication stress by activation of oncogenes or inhibition of DNA replication is sufficient to trigger sister chromatid cohesion loss. Importantly, cell growth under conditions of replication stress requires the cohesin remover WAPL. WAPL promotes rapid RAD51-dependent repair and restart of broken replication forks. We propose that active removal of cohesin allows cancer cells to overcome DNA replication stress. This leads to oncogene-induced cohesion loss from newly synthesized sister chromatids that may contribute to genomic instability and likely represents a targetable cancer cell vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Benedict
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janne J M van Schie
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke B Oostra
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper A Balk
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Job de Lange
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, section Oncogenetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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8
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Houlleberghs H, Dekker M, Lusseveld J, Pieters W, van Ravesteyn T, Verhoef S, Hofstra RMW, Te Riele H. Three-step site-directed mutagenesis screen identifies pathogenic MLH1 variants associated with Lynch syndrome. J Med Genet 2019; 57:308-315. [PMID: 31784484 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivating mutations in the MLH1 DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene underlie 42% of Lynch syndrome (LS) cases. LS is a cancer predisposition causing early onset colorectal and endometrial cancer. Nonsense and frameshift alterations unambiguously cause LS. The phenotype of missense mutations that only alter a single amino acid is often unclear. These variants of uncertain significance (VUS) hinder LS diagnosis and family screening and therefore functional tests are urgently needed. We developed a functional test for MLH1 VUS termed 'oligonucleotide-directed mutation screening' (ODMS). METHODS The MLH1 variant was introduced by oligonucleotide-directed gene modification in mouse embryonic stem cells that were subsequently exposed to the guanine analogue 6-thioguanine to determine whether the variant abrogated MMR. RESUTS In a proof-of-principle analysis, we demonstrate that ODMS can distinguish pathogenic and non-pathogenic MLH1 variants with a sensitivity of >95% and a specificity of >91%. We subsequently applied the screen to 51 MLH1 VUS and identified 31 pathogenic variants. CONCLUSION ODMS is a reliable tool to identify pathogenic MLH1 variants. Implementation in clinical diagnostics will improve clinical care of patients with suspected LS and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Houlleberghs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Dekker
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarnick Lusseveld
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wietske Pieters
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Ravesteyn
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Senno Verhoef
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Wang C, Vegna S, Jin H, Benedict B, Lieftink C, Ramirez C, de Oliveira RL, Morris B, Gadiot J, Wang W, du Chatinier A, Wang L, Gao D, Evers B, Jin G, Xue Z, Schepers A, Jochems F, Sanchez AM, Mainardi S, Te Riele H, Beijersbergen RL, Qin W, Akkari L, Bernards R. Inducing and exploiting vulnerabilities for the treatment of liver cancer. Nature 2019; 574:268-272. [PMID: 31578521 PMCID: PMC6858884 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer remains difficult to treat due to a paucity of drugs that target critical dependencies1,2 and broad spectrum kinase inhibitors like sorafenib provide only modest benefit to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients3. Induction of senescence may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer, especially when such pro-senescence therapy is combined with a second drug that selectively eliminates senescent cancer cells (senolysis)4,5. Through a kinome-focused genetic screen, we report here that pharmacological inhibition of the DNA replication kinase CDC7 induces senescence selectively in TP53 mutant liver cancer cells. A follow-up chemical screen identified the anti-depressant sertraline as an agent that kills HCC cells rendered senescent by CDC7 inhibition. Sertraline supressed mTOR signalling, and selective drugs targeting this pathway were highly effective in causing apoptotic cell death of CDC7 inhibitor-treated HCC cells. Mechanistically, we report that the feedback re-activation of mTOR signalling following its inhibition6 is blocked in CDC7-inhibitor treated cells, leading to sustained mTOR inhibition and cell death. Using multiple in vivo liver cancer models, we show that combination of CDC7 and mTOR inhibitors results in dramatic tumour growth inhibition. More generally, our data indicate that exploiting an induced vulnerability could be an effective treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Vegna
- Oncode Institute, Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Haojie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bente Benedict
- Oncode Institute, Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel Ramirez
- Oncode Institute, Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Leite de Oliveira
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Morris
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Gadiot
- Oncode Institute, Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aimée du Chatinier
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liqin Wang
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bastiaan Evers
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guangzhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xue
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnout Schepers
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Jochems
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Mulero Sanchez
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Mainardi
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Oncode Institute, Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Leila Akkari
- Oncode Institute, Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - René Bernards
- Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Harmsen T, Klaasen S, van de Vrugt H, Te Riele H. DNA mismatch repair and oligonucleotide end-protection promote base-pair substitution distal from a CRISPR/Cas9-induced DNA break. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2945-2955. [PMID: 29447381 PMCID: PMC5888797 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ssODN)-mediated repair of CRISPR/Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) can effectively be used to introduce small genomic alterations in a defined locus. Here, we reveal DNA mismatch repair (MMR) activity is crucial for efficient nucleotide substitution distal from the Cas9-induced DNA break when the substitution is instructed by the 3' half of the ssODN. Furthermore, protecting the ssODN 3' end with phosphorothioate linkages enhances MMR-dependent gene editing events. Our findings can be exploited to optimize efficiencies of nucleotide substitutions distal from the DSB and imply that oligonucleotide-mediated gene editing is effectuated by templated break repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Harmsen
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Klaasen
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri van de Vrugt
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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van de Vrugt HJ, Harmsen T, Riepsaame J, Alexantya G, van Mil SE, de Vries Y, Bin Ali R, Huijbers IJ, Dorsman JC, Wolthuis RMF, Te Riele H. Effective CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of a Fanconi anemia defect by error-prone end joining or templated repair. Sci Rep 2019; 9:768. [PMID: 30683899 PMCID: PMC6347620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and hypersensitivity to aldehydes and crosslinking agents. For FA patients, gene editing holds promise for therapeutic applications aimed at functionally restoring mutated genes in hematopoietic stem cells. However, intrinsic FA DNA repair defects may obstruct gene editing feasibility. Here, we report on the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of a disruptive mutation in Fancf. Our experiments revealed that gene editing could effectively restore Fancf function via error-prone end joining resulting in a 27% increased survival in the presence of mitomycin C. In addition, templated gene correction could be achieved after double strand or single strand break formation. Although templated gene editing efficiencies were low (≤6%), FA corrected embryonic stem cells acquired a strong proliferative advantage over non-corrected cells, even without imposing genotoxic stress. Notably, Cas9 nickase activity resulted in mono-allelic gene editing and avoidance of undesired mutagenesis. In conclusion: DNA repair defects associated with FANCF deficiency do not prohibit CRISPR/Cas9 gene correction. Our data provide a solid basis for the application of pre-clinical models to further explore the potential of gene editing against FA, with the eventual aim to obtain therapeutic strategies against bone marrow failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri J van de Vrugt
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim Harmsen
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Genome Engineering Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford South Parks Road, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgina Alexantya
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E van Mil
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yne de Vries
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rahmen Bin Ali
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C Dorsman
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Rigter LS, Snaebjornsson P, Rosenberg EH, Atmodimedjo PN, Aleman BM, Ten Hoeve J, Geurts-Giele WR, van Ravesteyn TW, Hoeksel J, Meijer GA, Te Riele H, van Leeuwen FE, Dinjens WN, van Leerdam ME. Double somatic mutations in mismatch repair genes are frequent in colorectal cancer after Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment. Gut 2018; 67:447-455. [PMID: 29439113 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors who were treated with infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy or procarbazine-containing chemotherapy have a fivefold increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to provide insight into the development of therapy-related CRC (t-CRC) by evaluating histopathological and molecular characteristics. DESIGN 54 t-CRCs diagnosed in a Hodgkin's lymphoma survivor cohort were analysed for mismatch repair (MMR) proteins by immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability (MSI) and KRAS/BRAF mutations. MSI t-CRCs were evaluated for promoter methylation and mutations in MMR genes. Pathogenicity of MMR gene mutations was evaluated by in silico predictions and functional analyses. Frequencies were compared with a general population cohort of CRC (n=1111). RESULTS KRAS and BRAF mutations were present in 41% and 15% t-CRCs, respectively. Compared with CRCs in the general population, t-CRCs had a higher MSI frequency (24% vs 11%, p=0.003) and more frequent loss of MSH2/MSH6 staining (13% vs 1%, p<0.001). Loss of MLH1/PMS2 staining and MLH1 promoter methylation were equally common in t-CRCs and the general population. In MSI CRCs without MLH1 promoter methylation, double somatic MMR gene mutations (or loss of heterozygosity as second hit) were detected in 7/10 (70%) t-CRCs and 8/36 (22%) CRCs in the general population (p=0.008). These MMR gene mutations in t-CRCs were classified as pathogenic. MSI t-CRC cases could not be ascribed to Lynch syndrome. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a higher frequency of MSI among t-CRCs, which results from somatic MMR gene mutations. This suggests a novel association of somatic MMR gene mutations with prior anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne S Rigter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Efraim H Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy N Atmodimedjo
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berthe M Aleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Ten Hoeve
- Division of Computational Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willemina R Geurts-Giele
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas W van Ravesteyn
- Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hoeksel
- Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winand N Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Leerdam
- Department of Gastroenterology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Rigter LS, Spaander MCW, Moons LM, Bisseling TM, Aleman BMP, de Boer JP, Lugtenburg PJ, Janus CPM, Petersen EJ, Roesink JM, Raemaekers JMM, van der Maazen RWM, Cats A, Bleiker EMA, Snaebjornsson P, Carvalho B, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Jóźwiak K, Te Riele H, Meijer GA, van Leeuwen FE, van Leerdam ME. Colorectal cancer surveillance in Hodgkin lymphoma survivors at increased risk of therapy-related colorectal cancer: study design. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:112. [PMID: 28173773 PMCID: PMC5297162 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Second primary malignancies are a major cause of excess morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. Hodgkin lymphoma survivors who were treated with infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy and/or high-dose procarbazine have an increased risk to develop colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy surveillance plays an important role in colorectal cancer prevention by removal of the precursor lesions (adenomas) and early detection of cancer, resulting in improved survival rates. Therefore, Hodgkin lymphoma survivors treated with infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy and/or high-dose procarbazine could benefit from colonoscopy, or other surveillance modalities, which are expected to reduce colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Current knowledge on clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of therapy-related colorectal cancer is limited. The pathogenesis of such colorectal cancers might be different from the pathogenesis in the general population and therefore these patients might require a different clinical approach. We designed a study with the primary aim to assess the diagnostic yield of a first surveillance colonoscopy among Hodgkin lymphoma survivors at increased risk of colorectal cancer and to compare these results with different screening modalities in the general population. Secondary aims include assessment of the test characteristics of stool tests and evaluation of burden, acceptance and satisfaction of CRC surveillance through two questionnaires. Methods/Design This prospective multicenter cohort study will include Hodgkin lymphoma survivors who survived ≥8 years after treatment with infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy and/or procarbazine (planned inclusion of 259 participants). Study procedures will consist of a surveillance colonoscopy with removal of precursor lesions (adenomas) and 6–8 normal colonic tissue biopsies, a fecal immunochemical test and a stool DNA test. All neoplastic lesions encountered will be classified using relevant histomorphological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses in order to obtain more insight into colorectal carcinogenesis in Hodgkin lymphoma survivors. The Miscan-model will be used for cost-effectiveness analyses. Discussion Evaluation of the diagnostic performance, patient acceptance and burden of colorectal cancer surveillance is necessary for future implementation of an individualized colorectal cancer surveillance program for Hodgkin lymphoma survivors. In addition, more insight into treatment-induced colorectal carcinogenesis will provide the first step towards prevention and personalized treatment. This information may be extrapolated to other groups of cancer survivors. Trial registration Registered at the Dutch Trial Registry (NTR): NTR4961.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne S Rigter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Manon C W Spaander
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon M Moons
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanya M Bisseling
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Berthe M P Aleman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul de Boer
- Department of Hematology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cecile P M Janus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eefke J Petersen
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Roesink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John M M Raemaekers
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke Cats
- Department of Gastroenterology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline M A Bleiker
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Lansdorp-Vogelaar
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Jóźwiak
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Leerdam
- Department of Gastroenterology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.
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14
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Wielders E, Delzenne-Goette E, Dekker R, van der Valk M, Te Riele H. Truncation of the MSH2 C-terminal 60 amino acids disrupts effective DNA mismatch repair and is causative for Lynch syndrome. Fam Cancer 2016; 16:221-229. [PMID: 27873144 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-016-9945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Missense variants of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes pose a problem in clinical genetics as long as they cannot unambiguously be assigned as the cause of Lynch syndrome (LS). To study such variants of uncertain clinical significance, we have developed a functional assay based on direct measurement of MMR activity in mouse embryonic stem cells expressing mutant protein from the endogenous alleles. We have applied this protocol to a specific truncation mutant of MSH2 that removes 60 C-terminal amino acids and has been found in suspected LS families. We show that the stability of the MSH2/MSH6 heterodimer is severely perturbed, causing attenuated MMR in in vitro assays and cancer predisposition in mice. This mutation can therefore unambiguously be considered as deleterious and causative for LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wielders
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly Delzenne-Goette
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Dekker
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van der Valk
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Biological Stress Response, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Kooi IE, van Mil SE, MacPherson D, Mol BM, Moll AC, Meijers-Heijboer H, Kaspers GJL, Cloos J, Te Riele H, Dorsman JC. Genomic landscape of retinoblastoma in Rb -/- p130 -/- mice resembles human retinoblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:231-242. [PMID: 27750399 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several murine retinoblastoma models have been generated by deleting the genes encoding for retinoblastoma susceptibility protein pRb and one of its family members p107 or p130. In Rb-/- p107-/- retinoblastomas, somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) like Mdm2 amplification or Cdkn2a deletion targeting the p53-pathway occur, which is uncommon for human retinoblastoma. In our study, we determined SCNAs in retinoblastomas developing in Rb-/- p130-/- mice and compared this to murine Rb-/- p107-/- tumors and human tumors. Chimeric mice were made by injection of 129/Ola-derived Rb-/- p130-/- embryonic stem cells into wild type C57BL/6 blastocysts. SCNAs of retinoblastoma samples were determined by low-coverage (∼0.5×) whole genome sequencing. In Rb-/- p130-/- tumors, SCNAs included gain of chromosomes 1 (3/23 tumors), 8 (1/23 tumors), 10 (1/23 tumors), 11 (2/23 tumors), and 12 (4/23 tumors), which could be mapped to frequently altered chromosomes in human retinoblastomas. While the altered chromosomes in Rb-/- p130-/- tumors were similar to those in Rb-/- p107-/- tumors, the alteration frequencies were much lower in Rb-/- p130-/- tumors. Most of the Rb-/- p130-/- tumors (16/23 tumors, 70%) were devoid of SCNAs, in strong contrast to Rb-/- p107-/- tumors, which were never (0/15 tumors) SCNA-devoid. Similarly, to human retinoblastoma, increased age at diagnosis significantly correlated with increased SCNA frequencies. Additionally, focal loss of Cdh11 was observed in one Rb-/- p130-/- tumor, which enforces studies in human retinoblastoma that identified CDH11 as a retinoblastoma suppressor. Moreover, based on a comparison of genes altered in human and murine retinoblastoma, we suggest exploring the role of HMGA1 and SRSF3 in retinoblastoma development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irsan E Kooi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E van Mil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - David MacPherson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Berber M Mol
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Annette C Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands.,Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1081BT, The Netherlands
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16
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Kooi IE, Mol BM, Massink MPG, Ameziane N, Meijers-Heijboer H, Dommering CJ, van Mil SE, de Vries Y, van der Hout AH, Kaspers GJL, Moll AC, Te Riele H, Cloos J, Dorsman JC. Somatic genomic alterations in retinoblastoma beyond RB1 are rare and limited to copy number changes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25264. [PMID: 27126562 PMCID: PMC4850475 DOI: 10.1038/srep25264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer initiated by RB1 mutation or MYCN amplification, while additional alterations may be required for tumor development. However, the view on single nucleotide variants is very limited. To better understand oncogenesis, we determined the genomic landscape of retinoblastoma. We performed exome sequencing of 71 retinoblastomas and matched blood DNA. Next, we determined the presence of single nucleotide variants, copy number alterations and viruses. Aside from RB1, recurrent gene mutations were very rare. Only a limited fraction of tumors showed BCOR (7/71, 10%) or CREBBP alterations (3/71, 4%). No evidence was found for the presence of viruses. Instead, specific somatic copy number alterations were more common, particularly in patients diagnosed at later age. Recurrent alterations of chromosomal arms often involved less than one copy, also in highly pure tumor samples, suggesting within-tumor heterogeneity. Our results show that retinoblastoma is among the least mutated cancers and signify the extreme sensitivity of the childhood retina for RB1 loss. We hypothesize that retinoblastomas arising later in retinal development benefit more from subclonal secondary alterations and therefore, these alterations are more selected for in these tumors. Targeted therapy based on these subclonal events might be insufficient for complete tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irsan E Kooi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berber M Mol
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P G Massink
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J Dommering
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E van Mil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yne de Vries
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H van der Hout
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette C Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Biological Stress Response, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C Dorsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Vormer TL, Hansen JB, Te Riele H. The retinoblastoma protein: multitasking to suppress tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e968062. [PMID: 27308398 PMCID: PMC4905230 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.968062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor activity of the retinoblastoma protein pRB is preserved despite loss of interaction with E2F transcription factors (E2F) or proteins harboring a leucine-x-cysteine-x-glutamic acid motif (LxCxE, where x is any amino acid). This indicates that pRB uses several parallel pathways to suppress tumorigenesis, which may also include E2F- and LxCxE-independent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinke L Vormer
- Division of Biological Stress Response; The Netherlands Cancer Institute ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Biological Stress Response; The Netherlands Cancer Institute ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Wojciechowicz K, Cantelli E, Van Gerwen B, Plug M, Van Der Wal A, Delzenne-Goette E, Song JY, De Vries S, Dekker M, Te Riele H. Temozolomide increases the number of mismatch repair-deficient intestinal crypts and accelerates tumorigenesis in a mouse model of Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1064-72.e5. [PMID: 25088490 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lynch syndrome, a nonpolyposis form of hereditary colorectal cancer, is caused by inherited defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Most patients carry a germline mutation in 1 allele of the MMR genes MSH2 or MLH1. With spontaneous loss of the wild-type allele, cells with defects in MMR exist among MMR-proficient cells, as observed in healthy intestinal tissues from patients with Lynch syndrome. We aimed to create a mouse model of this situation to aid in identification of environmental factors that affect MMR-defective cells and their propensity for oncogenic transformation. METHODS We created mice in which the MMR gene Msh2 can be inactivated in a defined fraction of crypt base columnar stem cells to generate MSH2-deficient intestinal crypts among an excess of wild-type crypts (Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice). Intestinal tissues were collected; immunohistochemical analyses were performed for MSH2, along with allele-specific PCR assays. We traced the fate of MSH2-deficient crypts under the influence of different external factors. RESULTS Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice developed more adenomas and adenocarcinomas than control mice; all tumors were MSH2 deficient. Exposure of Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice to the methylating agent temozolomide caused MSH2-deficient intestinal stem cells to proliferate more rapidly than wild-type stem cells. The MSH2-deficient intestinal stem cells were able to colonize the intestinal epithelium and many underwent oncogenic transformation, forming intestinal neoplasias. CONCLUSIONS We developed a mouse model of Lynch syndrome (Lgr5-CreERT2;Msh2(flox/-) mice) and found that environmental factors can modify the number and mutability of the MMR-deficient stem cells. These findings provide evidence that environmental factors can promote development of neoplasias and tumors in patients with Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wojciechowicz
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erika Cantelli
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Van Gerwen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Plug
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Van Der Wal
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly Delzenne-Goette
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Department of Animal Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra De Vries
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Dekker
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Biological Stress Response, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Holt I, Thanh Lam L, Tomé S, Wansink DG, Te Riele H, Gourdon G, Morris GE. The mouse mismatch repair protein, MSH3, is a nucleoplasmic protein that aggregates into denser nuclear bodies under conditions of stress. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1612-21. [PMID: 21344488 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mismatch repair protein, MSH3, together with MSH2, forms the MutSβ heterodimer which recognizes and repairs base pair mismatches and larger insertion/deletion loops in DNA. Lack of specific antibodies against mouse MSH3 has hampered studies of its expression and localization. Mouse MSH3 is not immunogenic in normal mice. This problem was overcome by immunizing msh3-knockout mice and generating a panel of ten monoclonal antibodies, two of which localize MSH3 specifically in cultured mouse cells and bind to an epitope containing amino-acids 33-37. The panel also includes two antibodies that recognise both mouse and human MSH3 and bind to a conserved epitope containing amino-acids 187-194. The mouse MSH3-specific antibodies show that MSH3 is a nuclear protein with a finely-granular nucleoplasmic distribution, largely absent from areas of condensed heterochromatin. Specificity of the localization was demonstrated by absence of immunostaining in a cell line from the msh3-knockout mouse. Furthermore, we show for the first time that stress treatment of mouse cells with ethanol or hydrogen peroxide caused the re-distribution of MSH3 into nuclear bodies containing the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a known binding partner of MutSβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Holt
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG. UK.
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20
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Chalastanis A, Penard-Lacronique V, Svrcek M, Defaweux V, Antoine N, Buhard O, Dumont S, Fabiani B, Renault I, Tubacher E, Fléjou JF, Te Riele H, Duval A, Muleris M. Azathioprine-induced carcinogenesis in mice according to Msh2 genotype. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1731-40. [PMID: 20923998 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thiopurine prodrug azathioprine is used extensively in cancer therapy. Exposure to this drug results in the selection of DNA mismatch repair-deficient cell clones in vitro. It has also been suggested that thiopurine drugs might constitute a risk factor for the emergence of human neoplasms displaying microsatellite instability (MSI) because of deficient DNA mismatch repair. METHODS Azathioprine was administered via drinking water (6-20 mg/kg body weight per day) to mice that were null (Msh2⁻(/)⁻; n = 27), heterozygous (Msh2(+/)⁻; n = 22), or wild type (Msh2(WT); n = 18) for the DNA mismatch repair gene Msh2. Control mice (45 Msh2⁻(/)⁻, 38 Msh2(+/)⁻, and 12 Msh2(WT)) received drinking water lacking azathioprine. The effect of azathioprine on tumorigenesis and survival of the mice was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curves using log-rank and Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon tests. Mouse tumor samples were characterized by histology and immunophenotyping, and their MSI status was determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis of three noncoding microsatellite markers and by immunohistochemistry. Msh2 status of tumor samples was assessed by loss of heterozygosity analyses and sequencing after reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of the entire Msh2 coding sequence. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Most untreated Msh2(WT) and Msh2(+/)⁻ mice remained asymptomatic and alive at 250 days of age, whereas azathioprine-treated Msh2(WT) and Msh2(+/)⁻ mice developed lymphomas and died prematurely (median survival of 71 and 165 days of age, respectively). Azathioprine-treated Msh2(+/)⁻ mice developed diffuse lymphomas lacking Msh2 expression and displaying MSI due to somatic inactivation of the functional Msh2 allele by loss of heterozygosity or mutation. By contrast, azathioprine-treated Msh2(WT) mice displayed no obvious tumor phenotype, but histological examination showed microscopic splenic foci of neoplastic lymphoid cells that retained Msh2 expression and did not display MSI. Both untreated and azathioprine-treated Msh2⁻(/)⁻ mice had a reduced lifespan compared with untreated Msh2(WT) mice (median survival of 127 and 107 days of age, respectively) and developed lymphomas with MSI. CONCLUSION Azathioprine-induced carcinogenesis in mice depends on the number of functional copies of the Msh2 gene.
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21
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Wielders E, Dekker M, Riele HT. Generation of double-knockout embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 530:205-218. [PMID: 19266346 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-471-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gene inactivation in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells usually affects a single allele that is subsequently transmitted to the mouse germline. Upon breeding to homozygosity the consequences of complete gene ablation can be studied in the context of the complete organism. In many cases, it can be useful to study the consequences of gene ablation already in ES cells, for example, when a cellular phenotype is expected. This requires both alleles of a gene to be disrupted. Besides consecutive targeting by using different selectable marker genes, homozygosity for gene disruption can also be obtained by selecting cells for duplication of (part of) the chromosome carrying the targeted allele with concomitant loss of the wild-type allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wielders
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Loss of activity of the retinoblastoma pathway is a common event in human cancer. Mouse models have revealed that tumorigenesis by loss of Rb was accelerated by concomitant loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p27KIP1. This has been attributed to reduced apoptosis and weakening of the G1 checkpoint. However, the role of p27KIP1 in a recently identified G2 restriction point may offer an alternative explanation for this synergy. Here, we have investigated the significance of the G2 restriction point in Rb-deficient pituitaries. We show that Rb loss in the pituitary gland activated the G2 restriction point, as evidenced by the appearance of cyclin B1-p27KIP1 complexes. Somewhat unexpectedly, these complexes remained present in Rb-deficient tumors. These results indicate that the G2 restriction point does operate in vivo. However, in the pituitary gland, this mechanism seems to retard rather than to prevent tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Foijer
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Verlinden L, Eelen G, Beullens I, Van Camp M, Van Hummelen P, Engelen K, Van Hellemont R, Marchal K, De Moor B, Foijer F, Te Riele H, Beullens M, Bollen M, Mathieu C, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A. Characterization of the Condensin Component Cnap1 and Protein Kinase Melk as Novel E2F Target Genes Down-regulated by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37319-30. [PMID: 16144839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503587200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) has potent antiproliferative effects characterized by a hampered G(1)/S transition. cDNA microarrays were used to monitor expression of 21,492 genes in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h after treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Statistical analysis revealed a cluster of genes that were strongly down-regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and which not only function in cell cycle regulation and DNA replication but also mediate checkpoint control, DNA repair, chromosome modifications, and mitosis. Because many of these genes were shown earlier to be regulated by the transcriptional repressor E2F4, the intergenic regions of these 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-down-regulated genes were searched for the presence of E2F binding sites. This led to the characterization of two novel E2F target genes, chromosome condensation-related SMC-associated protein 1 (Cnap1) and maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (Melk). Transfection studies and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed Cnap1 and Melk to be bona fide E2F targets. Repression of Cnap1 and Melk by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was confirmed not only in MC3T3-E1 cells but also in several other bone-unrelated cell types. This down-regulation as well as the antiproliferative effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) depended on the pocket proteins p107 and p130 because 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) failed to repress these E2F target genes and lost its antiproliferative action in p107(-/-);p130(-/-) cells but not in pRb(-/-) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Laboratorium voor Experimentele Geneeskunde en Endocrinologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Balciunaite E, Spektor A, Lents NH, Cam H, Te Riele H, Scime A, Rudnicki MA, Young R, Dynlacht BD. Pocket protein complexes are recruited to distinct targets in quiescent and proliferating cells. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:8166-78. [PMID: 16135806 PMCID: PMC1234327 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.18.8166-8178.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and genetic studies have determined that retinoblastoma protein (pRB) tumor suppressor family members have overlapping functions. However, these studies have largely failed to distinguish functional differences between the highly related p107 and p130 proteins. Moreover, most studies pertaining to the pRB family and its principal target, the E2F transcription factor, have focused on cells that have reinitiated a cell cycle from quiescence, although recent studies suggest that cycling cells exhibit layers of regulation distinct from mitogenically stimulated cells. Using genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that there are distinct classes of genes directly regulated by unique combinations of E2F4, p107, and p130, including a group of genes specifically regulated in cycling cells. These groups exhibit both distinct histone acetylation signatures and patterns of mammalian Sin3B corepressor recruitment. Our findings suggest that cell cycle-dependent repression results from recruitment of an unexpected array of diverse complexes and reveals specific differences between transcriptional regulation in cycling and quiescent cells. In addition, factor location analyses have, for the first time, allowed the identification of novel and specific targets of the highly related transcriptional regulators p107 and p130, suggesting new and distinct regulatory networks engaged by each protein in continuously cycling cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Balciunaite
- Department of Pathology, MSB 504, New York University School of Medicine and New York University Cancer Institute, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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25
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Claij N, Te Riele H. Methylation tolerance in mismatch repair proficient cells with low MSH2 protein level. Oncogene 2002; 21:2873-9. [PMID: 11973647 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2001] [Revised: 02/04/2002] [Accepted: 02/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Loss of DNA mismatch repair has been found in tumors associated with the familial cancer predisposition syndrome HNPCC (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer) and a subset of sporadic cancers. MSH2 deficiency abolishes the action of the mismatch repair system, resulting in a phenotype which is characterized by an increased accumulation of base substitutions and frameshifts, enhanced recombination between homologous but non-identical DNA sequences, and tolerance to the cytotoxic effects of methylating agents. In this study we describe an embryonic stem cell line in which the level of MSH2 protein is 10-fold reduced compared to that in wild-type cells. Remarkably, these MSH2-low cells were as resistant to killing by methylating agents as cells completely lacking MSH2, while they had retained almost maximal mismatch repair capacity as judged from their anti-mutagenic and anti-recombinogenic capacity and the absence of microsatellite instability. In contrast, MSH2-low cells were highly sensitive to methylation-damage induced mutagenesis. Thus, 10-fold reduced MSH2 protein levels render cells resistant to the toxic and highly sensitive to the mutagenic effects of methylating agents. This condition is not manifested by microsatellite instability and may have implications for both the etiology and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Claij
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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