1
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Glitzner E, Korosec A, Brunner PM, Drobits B, Amberg N, Schonthaler HB, Kopp T, Wagner EF, Stingl G, Holcmann M, Sibilia M. Specific roles for dendritic cell subsets during initiation and progression of psoriasis. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1312-27. [PMID: 25216727 PMCID: PMC4287934 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several subtypes of APCs are found in psoriasis patients, but their involvement in disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the contribution of Langerhans cells (LCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in psoriasis. In human psoriatic lesions and in a psoriasis mouse model (DKO* mice), LCs are severely reduced, whereas pDCs are increased. Depletion of pDCs in DKO* mice prior to psoriasis induction resulted in a milder phenotype, whereas depletion during active disease had no effect. In contrast, while depletion of Langerin-expressing APCs before disease onset had no effect, depletion from diseased mice aggravated psoriasis symptoms. Disease aggravation was due to the absence of LCs, but not other Langerin-expressing APCs. LCs derived from DKO* mice produced increased IL-10 levels, suggesting an immunosuppressive function. Moreover, IL-23 production was high in psoriatic mice and further increased in the absence of LCs. Conversely, pDC depletion resulted in reduced IL-23 production, and therapeutic inhibition of IL-23R signaling ameliorated disease symptoms. Therefore, LCs have an anti-inflammatory role during active psoriatic disease, while pDCs exert an instigatory function during disease initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Glitzner
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Korosec
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Drobits
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helia B Schonthaler
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Kopp
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Guinea-Viniegra J, Jiménez M, Schonthaler HB, Navarro R, Delgado Y, Concha-Garzón MJ, Tschachler E, Obad S, Daudén E, Wagner EF. Targeting miR-21 to treat psoriasis. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:225re1. [PMID: 24574341 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease with limited treatment options that is characterized by a complex interplay between keratinocytes, immune cells, and inflammatory mediators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression and play critical roles in many human diseases. A number of miRNAs have been described to be up-regulated in psoriasis, but their causal contribution to disease development has not been demonstrated. We confirm that miR-21 expression is increased in epidermal lesions of patients with psoriasis and that this leads to reduced epidermal TIMP-3 (tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 3) expression and activation of TACE (tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme)/ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17). Using patient-derived skin samples and mouse models of psoriasis, we demonstrate that increased miR-21 may be a consequence of impaired transcriptional activity of Jun/activating protein 1 (AP-1), leading to activation of the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) pathway. Inhibition of miR-21 by locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified anti-miR-21 compounds ameliorated disease pathology in patient-derived psoriatic skin xenotransplants in mice and in a psoriasis-like mouse model. Targeting miR-21 may represent a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guinea-Viniegra
- F-BBVA-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
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3
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Schonthaler HB, Guinea-Viniegra J, Wculek SK, Ruppen I, Ximénez-Embún P, Guío-Carrión A, Navarro R, Hogg N, Ashman K, Wagner EF. S100A8-S100A9 protein complex mediates psoriasis by regulating the expression of complement factor C3. Immunity 2014; 39:1171-81. [PMID: 24332034 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common heterogeneous inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathophysiology and limited treatment options. Here we performed proteomic analyses of human psoriatic epidermis and found S100A8-S100A9, also called calprotectin, as the most upregulated proteins, followed by the complement component C3. Both S100A8-S100A9 and C3 are specifically expressed in lesional psoriatic skin. S100A9 is shown here to function as a chromatin component modulating C3 expression in mouse and human cells by binding to a region upstream of the C3 start site. When S100A9 was genetically deleted in mouse models of skin inflammation, the psoriasis-like skin disease and inflammation were strongly attenuated, with a mild immune infiltrate and decreased amounts of C3. In addition, inhibition of C3 in the mouse model strongly reduced the inflammatory skin disease. Thus, S100A8-S100A9 can regulate C3 at the nuclear level and present potential new therapeutic targets for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia B Schonthaler
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Guinea-Viniegra
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruppen
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Ximénez-Embún
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guío-Carrión
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Navarro
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nancy Hogg
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Keith Ashman
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 29029 Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Palla AR, Piazzolla D, Abad M, Li H, Dominguez O, Schonthaler HB, Wagner EF, Serrano M. Reprogramming activity of NANOGP8, a NANOG family member widely expressed in cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:2513-9. [PMID: 23752184 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NANOG is a key transcription factor for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. The analysis of NANOG in human cells is confounded by the presence of multiple and highly similar paralogs. In particular, there are three paralogs encoding full-length proteins, namely, NANOG1, NANOG2 and NANOGP8, and at least eight additional paralogs that do not encode full-length NANOG proteins. Here, we have examined NANOG family expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and in human cancer cell lines using a multi-NANOG PCR that amplifies the three functional paralogs and most of the non-functional ones. As anticipated, we found that hESCs express large amounts of NANOG1 and, interestingly, they also express NANOG2. In contrast, most human cancer cells tested express NANOGP8 and the non-coding paralogs NANOGP4 and NANOGP5. Notably, in some cancer cell lines, the NANOG protein levels produced by NANOGP8 are comparable to those produced by NANOG1 in pluripotent cells. Finally, we show that NANOGP8 is as active as NANOG1 in the reprogramming of human and murine fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells. These results show that cancer-associated NANOGP8 can contribute to promote de-differentiation and/or cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Palla
- Tumour Suppression Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Piazzolla
- Tumour Suppression Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Abad
- Tumour Suppression Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - H Li
- Tumour Suppression Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Dominguez
- Genomics Core Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - H B Schonthaler
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, F-BBVA-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - E F Wagner
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, F-BBVA-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Serrano
- Tumour Suppression Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Cuello S, Ximénez-Embún P, Ruppen I, Schonthaler HB, Ashman K, Madrid Y, Luque-Garcia JL, Cámara C. Analysis of protein expression in developmental toxicity induced by MeHg in zebrafish. Analyst 2012; 137:5302-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35913h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological response of the body to tissue injury, pathogen invasion and irritants. In the course of inflammation, immune cells of the innate and/or adaptive immune system are activated and recruited to the site of inflammation. Attraction and activation of immune cells is regulated by a variety of different cytokines and chemokines, which are predominantly regulated by transcription factors such as AP-1, NF-κB, NFATs and STATs. The evidence that Jun/AP-1 proteins control inflammation in the skin is summarised in this article. Genetic mouse models have demonstrated that a loss of Jun/AP-1 expression in epidermal cells controls cytokine expression through transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways. The absence of JunB in epithelial K5-expressing tissues leads to a multiorgan disease, which is characterised by increased levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 6. Deletion of both JunB and c-Jun, in a constitutive or inducible manner, leads to perinatal death of newborn pups and to a psoriasis-like disease in adults, in which tumour necrosis factor α and the TIMP-3/TACE pathway have central roles. The loss or reduction of Jun expression in the epidermis relieves a block on cytokine expression. As a consequence, the increased levels of cytokines in mice lead to diseases reminiscent of psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus in human patients. New targets identified in mouse models, together with investigations on human samples, will provide important new avenues for therapeutic interventions in psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia B Schonthaler
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Renninger SL, Schonthaler HB, Neuhauss SCF, Dahm R. Investigating the genetics of visual processing, function and behaviour in zebrafish. Neurogenetics 2011; 12:97-116. [PMID: 21267617 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the zebrafish has been proven to be an excellent model to investigate the genetic control of vertebrate embryonic development, and it is now also increasingly used to study behaviour and adult physiology. Moreover, mutagenesis approaches have resulted in large collections of mutants with phenotypes that resemble human pathologies, suggesting that these lines can be used to model diseases and screen drug candidates. With the recent development of new methods for gene targeting and manipulating or monitoring gene expression, the range of genetic modifications now possible in zebrafish is increasing rapidly. Combined with the classical strengths of the zebrafish as a model organism, these advances are set to substantially expand the type of biological questions that can be addressed in this species. In this review, we outline how the potential of the zebrafish can be harvested in the context of eye development and visual function. We review recent technological advances used to study the formation of the eyes and visual areas of the brain, visual processing on the cellular, subcellular and molecular level, and the genetics of visual behaviour in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L Renninger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease of unknown etiology, for which there is no cure. This heterogeneous, cutaneous, inflammatory disorder is clinically characterized by prominent epidermal hyperplasia and a distinct inflammatory infiltrate. Crosstalk between immunocytes and keratinocytes, which results in the production of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, is thought to mediate the disease. Given that psoriasis is only observed in humans, numerous genetic approaches to model the disease in mice have been undertaken. In this Review, we describe and critically assess the mouse models and transplantation experiments that have contributed to the discovery of novel disease-relevant pathways in psoriasis. Research performed using improved mouse models, combined with studies employing human cells, xenografts and patient material, will be key to our understanding of why such distinctive patterns of inflammation develop in patients with psoriasis. Indeed, a combination of genetic and immunological investigations will be necessary to develop both improved drugs for the treatment of psoriasis and novel curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin F Wagner
- Fundación Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (F-BBVA)-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Melchor Fernández Almargo 3, 29029 Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Schonthaler HB, Franz-Odendaal TA, Hodel C, Gehring I, Geisler R, Schwarz H, Neuhauss SCF, Dahm R. The zebrafish mutant bumper shows a hyperproliferation of lens epithelial cells and fibre cell degeneration leading to functional blindness. Mech Dev 2010; 127:203-19. [PMID: 20117205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of the eye lens is one of the classical paradigms of induction during embryonic development in vertebrates. But while there have been numerous studies aimed at discovering the genetic networks controlling early lens development, comparatively little is known about later stages, including the differentiation of secondary lens fibre cells. The analysis of mutant zebrafish isolated in forward genetic screens is an important way to investigate the roles of genes in embryogenesis. In this study we describe the zebrafish mutant bumper (bum), which shows a transient, tumour-like hyperproliferation of the lens epithelium as well as a progressively stronger defect in secondary fibre cell differentiation, which results in a significantly reduced lens size and ectopic location of the lens within the neural retina. Interestingly, the initial hyperproliferation of the lens epithelium in bum spontaneously regresses, suggesting this mutant as a valuable model to study the molecular control of tumour progression/suppression. Behavioural analyses demonstrate that, despite a morphologically normal retina, larval and adult bum(-/-) zebrafish are functionally blind. We further show that these fish have defects in their craniofacial skeleton with normal but delayed formation of the scleral ossicles within the eye, several reduced craniofacial bones resulting in an abnormal skull shape, and asymmetric ectopic bone formation within the mandible. Genetic mapping located the mutation in bum to a 4cM interval on chromosome 7 with the closest markers located at 0.2 and 0cM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia B Schonthaler
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Genetics, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Guinea-Viniegra J, Zenz R, Scheuch H, Hnisz D, Holcmann M, Bakiri L, Schonthaler HB, Sibilia M, Wagner EF. TNFalpha shedding and epidermal inflammation are controlled by Jun proteins. Genes Dev 2009; 23:2663-74. [PMID: 19933155 DOI: 10.1101/gad.543109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inducible epidermal deletion of JunB and c-Jun in adult mice causes a psoriasis-like inflammatory skin disease. Increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha play a major role in this phenotype. Here we define the underlying molecular mechanism using genetic mouse models. We show that Jun proteins control TNFalpha shedding in the epidermis by direct transcriptional activation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), an inhibitor of the TNFalpha-converting enzyme (TACE). TIMP-3 is down-regulated and TACE activity is specifically increased, leading to massive, cell-autonomous TNFalpha shedding upon loss of both JunB and c-Jun. Consequently, a prominent TNFalpha-dependent cytokine cascade is initiated in the epidermis, inducing severe skin inflammation and perinatal death of newborns from exhaustion of energy reservoirs such as glycogen and lipids. Importantly, this metabolic "cachectic" phenotype can be genetically rescued in a TNFR1-deficient background or by epidermis-specific re-expression of TIMP-3. These findings reveal that Jun proteins are essential physiological regulators of TNFalpha shedding by controlling the TIMP-3/TACE pathway. This novel mechanism describing how Jun proteins control skin inflammation offers potential targets for the treatment of skin pathologies associated with increased TNFalpha levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guinea-Viniegra
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones, Oncológicas (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE Collagen fibrils and proteoglycans are the main components of the corneal extracellular matrix and corneal transparency depends crucially on their proper arrangement. In the present study, we investigated the formation of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans in the developing cornea of the zebrafish, a model organism used to study vertebrate embryonic development and genetic disease. METHODS We employed thin-section electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the zebrafish cornea at different developmental stages. RESULTS The layering of the zebrafish cornea into an epithelium, a Bowman's layer, stroma and endothelium was observed starting at 72 hr post-fertilization. At this stage, the stroma contained orthogonally arranged collagen fibrils and small proteoglycans. The density of proteoglycans increased gradually throughout subsequent development of the cornea. In the stroma of 2-week-old larvae, the collagen fibrils were organized into thin lamellae and were separated by very large, randomly distributed proteoglycans. At 4 weeks, a regular arrangement of proteoglycans in relation to the collagen fibrils was observed for the first time and the lamellae were also thickened. CONCLUSION The present study, for the first time, provides ultrastructural details of collagen fibril and proteoglycan development in the zebrafish cornea. Furthermore, it directly correlates the collagen fibril and proteoglycan composition of the zebrafish cornea with that of the human cornea. The similarities between the two species suggest that the zebrafish could serve as a model for investigating the genetics of human corneal development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akhtar
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Oxford, UK
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12
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Kleinjan DA, Bancewicz RM, Gautier P, Dahm R, Schonthaler HB, Damante G, Seawright A, Hever AM, Yeyati PL, van Heyningen V, Coutinho P. Subfunctionalization of duplicated zebrafish pax6 genes by cis-regulatory divergence. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e29. [PMID: 18282108 PMCID: PMC2242813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication is a major driver of evolutionary divergence. In most vertebrates a single PAX6 gene encodes a transcription factor required for eye, brain, olfactory system, and pancreas development. In zebrafish, following a postulated whole-genome duplication event in an ancestral teleost, duplicates pax6a and pax6b jointly fulfill these roles. Mapping of the homozygously viable eye mutant sunrise identified a homeodomain missense change in pax6b, leading to loss of target binding. The mild phenotype emphasizes role-sharing between the co-orthologues. Meticulous mapping of isolated BACs identified perturbed synteny relationships around the duplicates. This highlights the functional conservation of pax6 downstream (3') control sequences, which in most vertebrates reside within the introns of a ubiquitously expressed neighbour gene, ELP4, whose pax6a-linked exons have been lost in zebrafish. Reporter transgenic studies in both mouse and zebrafish, combined with analysis of vertebrate sequence conservation, reveal loss and retention of specific cis-regulatory elements, correlating strongly with the diverged expression of co-orthologues, and providing clear evidence for evolution by subfunctionalization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Computational Biology
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Evolution, Molecular
- Eye Abnormalities/embryology
- Eye Abnormalities/genetics
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Gene Duplication
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Homeobox
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Genetic Linkage
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense
- PAX6 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Phenotype
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Zebrafish/abnormalities
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Kleinjan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M Bancewicz
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Dahm
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helia B Schonthaler
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Science and Biomedical Technology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Anne Seawright
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ann M Hever
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia L Yeyati
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Pedro Coutinho
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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Zenz R, Eferl R, Scheinecker C, Redlich K, Smolen J, Schonthaler HB, Kenner L, Tschachler E, Wagner EF. Activator protein 1 (Fos/Jun) functions in inflammatory bone and skin disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:201. [PMID: 18226189 PMCID: PMC2374460 DOI: 10.1186/ar2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator protein 1 (AP-1) (Fos/Jun) is a transcriptional regulator composed of members of the Fos and Jun families of DNA binding proteins. The functions of AP-1 were initially studied in mouse development as well as in the whole organism through conventional transgenic approaches, but also by gene targeting using knockout strategies. The importance of AP-1 proteins in disease pathways including the inflammatory response became fully apparent through conditional mutagenesis in mice, in particular when employing gene inactivation in a tissue-specific and inducible fashion. Besides the well-documented roles of Fos and Jun proteins in oncogenesis, where these genes can function both as tumor promoters or tumor suppressors, AP-1 proteins are being recognized as regulators of bone and immune cells, a research area termed osteoimmunology. In the present article, we review recent data regarding the functions of AP-1 as a regulator of cytokine expression and an important modulator in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. These new data provide a better molecular understanding of disease pathways and should pave the road for the discovery of new targets for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Zenz
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Währinger Strasse 13a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Schonthaler HB, Fleisch VC, Biehlmaier O, Makhankov Y, Rinner O, Bahadori R, Geisler R, Schwarz H, Neuhauss SCF, Dahm R. The zebrafish mutant lbk/vam6 resembles human multisystemic disorders caused by aberrant trafficking of endosomal vesicles. Development 2007; 135:387-99. [PMID: 18077594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.006098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The trafficking of intracellular vesicles is essential for a number of cellular processes and defects in this process have been implicated in a wide range of human diseases. We identify the zebrafish mutant lbk as a novel model for such disorders. lbk displays hypopigmentation of skin melanocytes and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), an absence of iridophore reflections, defects in internal organs (liver, intestine) as well as functional defects in vision and the innate immune system (macrophages). Positional cloning, an allele screen, rescue experiments and morpholino knock-down reveal a mutation in the zebrafish orthologue of the vam6/vps39 gene. Vam6p is part of the HOPS complex, which is essential for vesicle tethering and fusion. Affected cells in the lbk RPE, liver, intestine and macrophages display increased numbers and enlarged intracellular vesicles. Physiological and behavioural analyses reveal severe defects in visual ability in lbk mutants. The present study provides the first phenotypic description of a lack of vam6 gene function in a multicellular organism. lbk shares many of the characteristics of human diseases and suggests a novel disease gene for pathologies associated with defective vesicle transport, including the arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis (ARC) syndrome, the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, the Chediak-Higashi syndrome and the Griscelli syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia B Schonthaler
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, and Brain Research Institute of the University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Schonthaler HB, Lampert JM, Isken A, Rinner O, Mader A, Gesemann M, Oberhauser V, Golczak M, Biehlmaier O, Palczewski K, Neuhauss SCF, von Lintig J. Evidence for RPE65-independent vision in the cone-dominated zebrafish retina. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1940-9. [PMID: 17868371 PMCID: PMC2435297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-based cyclic pathway for trans to cis isomerization of the chromophore of visual pigments (11-cis-retinal) is intrinsic to vertebrate cone and rod vision. This process, called the visual cycle, is mostly characterized in rod-dominated retinas and essentially depends on RPE65, an all-trans to 11-cis-retinoid isomerase. Here we analysed the role of RPE65 in zebrafish, a species with a cone-dominated retina. We cloned zebrafish RPE65 and showed that its expression coincided with photoreceptor development. Targeted gene knockdown of RPE65 resulted in morphologically altered rod outer segments and overall reduced 11-cis-retinal levels. Cone vision of RPE65-deficient larvae remained functional as demonstrated by behavioural tests and by metabolite profiling for retinoids. Furthermore, all-trans retinylamine, a potent inhibitor of the rod visual cycle, reduced 11-cis-retinal levels of control larvae to a similar extent but showed no additive effects in RPE65-deficient larvae. Thus, our study of zebrafish provides in vivo evidence for the existence of an RPE65-independent pathway for the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal for cone vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia B. Schonthaler
- University of Zurich, Institute of Zoology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna M. Lampert
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Isken
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Rinner
- University of Zurich, Institute of Zoology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Mader
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Gesemann
- University of Zurich, Institute of Zoology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vitus Oberhauser
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106–4965, USA
| | - Oliver Biehlmaier
- University of Zurich, Institute of Zoology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106–4965, USA
| | - Stephan C. F. Neuhauss
- University of Zurich, Institute of Zoology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Dahm R, Schonthaler HB, Soehn AS, van Marle J, Vrensen GFJM. Development and adult morphology of the eye lens in the zebrafish. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:74-89. [PMID: 17467692 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has become an important vertebrate model organism to study the development of the visual system. Mutagenesis projects have resulted in the identification of hundreds of eye mutants. Analysis of the phenotypes of these mutants relies on in depth knowledge of the embryogenesis in wild-type animals. While the morphological events leading to the formation of the retina and its connections to the central nervous system have been described in great detail, the characterization of the development of the eye lens is still incomplete. In the present study, we provide a morphological description of embryonic and larval lens development as well as adult lens morphology in the zebrafish. Our analyses show that, in contrast to other vertebrate species, the zebrafish lens delaminates from the surface ectoderm as a solid cluster of cells. Detachment of the prospective lens from the surface ectoderm is facilitated by apoptosis. Primary fibre cell elongation occurs in a circular fashion resulting in an embryonic lens nucleus with concentric shells of fibres. After formation of a monolayer of lens epithelial cells, differentiation and elongation of secondary lens fibres result in a final lens morphology similar to that of other vertebrate species. As in other vertebrates, secondary fibre cell differentiation includes the programmed degradation of nuclei, the interconnection of adjacent fibres via protrusions at the fibre cells' edges and the establishment of gap junctions between lens fibre cells. The very close spacing of the nuclei of the differentiating secondary fibres in a narrow zone close to the equatorial epithelium, however, suggests that secondary fibre cell differentiation deviates from that described for mammalian or avian lenses. In summary, while there are similarities in the development and final morphology of the zebrafish lens with mammalian and avian lenses, there are also significant differences, suggesting caution when extrapolating findings on the zebrafish to, for example, human lens development or function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/anatomy & histology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/ultrastructure
- Embryonic Development/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/ultrastructure
- Gap Junctions/ultrastructure
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling/methods
- Iris/anatomy & histology
- Lens, Crystalline/cytology
- Lens, Crystalline/embryology
- Lens, Crystalline/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron/methods
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods
- Microscopy, Interference/methods
- Models, Animal
- Zebrafish/anatomy & histology
- Zebrafish/embryology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dahm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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17
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Geisler R, Rauch GJ, Geiger-Rudolph S, Albrecht A, van Bebber F, Berger A, Busch-Nentwich E, Dahm R, Dekens MPS, Dooley C, Elli AF, Gehring I, Geiger H, Geisler M, Glaser S, Holley S, Huber M, Kerr A, Kirn A, Knirsch M, Konantz M, Küchler AM, Maderspacher F, Neuhauss SC, Nicolson T, Ober EA, Praeg E, Ray R, Rentzsch B, Rick JM, Rief E, Schauerte HE, Schepp CP, Schönberger U, Schonthaler HB, Seiler C, Sidi S, Söllner C, Wehner A, Weiler C, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Large-scale mapping of mutations affecting zebrafish development. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:11. [PMID: 17212827 PMCID: PMC1781435 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large-scale mutagenesis screens in the zebrafish employing the mutagen ENU have isolated several hundred mutant loci that represent putative developmental control genes. In order to realize the potential of such screens, systematic genetic mapping of the mutations is necessary. Here we report on a large-scale effort to map the mutations generated in mutagenesis screening at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology by genome scanning with microsatellite markers. Results We have selected a set of microsatellite markers and developed methods and scoring criteria suitable for efficient, high-throughput genome scanning. We have used these methods to successfully obtain a rough map position for 319 mutant loci from the Tübingen I mutagenesis screen and subsequent screening of the mutant collection. For 277 of these the corresponding gene is not yet identified. Mapping was successful for 80 % of the tested loci. By comparing 21 mutation and gene positions of cloned mutations we have validated the correctness of our linkage group assignments and estimated the standard error of our map positions to be approximately 6 cM. Conclusion By obtaining rough map positions for over 300 zebrafish loci with developmental phenotypes, we have generated a dataset that will be useful not only for cloning of the affected genes, but also to suggest allelism of mutations with similar phenotypes that will be identified in future screens. Furthermore this work validates the usefulness of our methodology for rapid, systematic and inexpensive microsatellite mapping of zebrafish mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Geisler
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd-Jörg Rauch
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III – Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Geiger-Rudolph
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Albrecht
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke van Bebber
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Research, Adolf-Butenandt-Institute, Department of Biochemistry, LMU, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Busch-Nentwich
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Team 31 – Vertebrate Development and Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ralf Dahm
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Brain Research – Division of Neuronal Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus PS Dekens
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Dynamics, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher Dooley
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra F Elli
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Gehring
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Horst Geiger
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Geisler
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Glaser
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Scott Holley
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | - Matthias Huber
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andy Kerr
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anette Kirn
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- NMI – Natural and Medical Science Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Martina Knirsch
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Physiology Dept. II and Tübingen Hearing Research Centre THRC, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Konantz
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel M Küchler
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannveien 20, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Florian Maderspacher
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Current Biology, Elsevier London, 84 Theobald's Rd., London WC1X 8RR, UK
| | - Stephan C Neuhauss
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Nicolson
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elke A Ober
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Elke Praeg
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Behavioral Neurology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Russell Ray
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brit Rentzsch
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- MDC – Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens M Rick
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Rief
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike E Schauerte
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Ingenium Pharmaceuticals AG, Fraunhoferstr. 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carsten P Schepp
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Abt. Kinderheilkunde I, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schönberger
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helia B Schonthaler
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- IMP – Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1230 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Sidi
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Mayer Building 630, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christian Söllner
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Team 30 – Vertebrate functional proteomics laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anja Wehner
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Weiler
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
- Department 3 – Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35/III, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Schonthaler HB, Lampert JM, von Lintig J, Schwarz H, Geisler R, Neuhauss SCF. A mutation in the silver gene leads to defects in melanosome biogenesis and alterations in the visual system in the zebrafish mutant fading vision. Dev Biol 2005; 284:421-36. [PMID: 16024012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Forward genetic screens have been instrumental in defining molecular components of visual function. The zebrafish mutant fading vision (fdv) has been identified in such a screen due to defects in vision accompanied by hypopigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and body melanocytes. The RPE forms the outer most layer of the retina, and its function is essential for vision. In fdv mutant larvae, the outer segments of photoreceptors are strongly reduced in length or absent due to defects in RPE cells. Ultrastructural analysis of RPE cells reveals dramatic cellular changes such as an absence of microvilli and vesicular inclusions. The retinoid profile is altered as judged by biochemical analysis, arguing for a partial block in visual pigment regeneration. Surprisingly, homozygous fdv vision mutants survive to adulthood and show, despite a persistence of the hypopigmentation, a partial recovery of retinal morphology. By positional cloning and subsequent morpholino knock-down, we identified a mutation in the silver gene as the molecular defect underlying the fdv phenotype. The Silver protein is required for intralumenal fibril formation in melanosomes by amylogenic cleavage. Our data reveal an unexpected link between melanosome biogenesis and the visual system, undetectable in cell culture.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers
- Genome
- Homozygote
- Melanocytes/ultrastructure
- Melanosomes/physiology
- Melanosomes/ultrastructure
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/ultrastructure
- Pigment Epithelium of Eye/ultrastructure
- Point Mutation
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Sorting Signals
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Radiation Hybrid Mapping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Vision, Ocular/genetics
- Vision, Ocular/physiology
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/physiology
- Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia B Schonthaler
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, and Brain Research Institute of the University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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