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Lange M, Hage JJ, Hartveld L, Zijlmans HJMAA, van Beurden M. Reconstruction of the Meatus Urethrae After Oncologic Vulvectomy: Outcome of 42 Vaginal Flap Advancements in 41 Women. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 88:538-543. [PMID: 34813520 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Resection of the distal part of the urethra is performed in 15% to 55% of women with vulvar cancer to achieve radicality of vulvectomy. Urinary reconstruction in these women may be complicated by urethral stenosis resulting from circular inset of the meatus. We report on our experience with 2 surgical techniques of noncircular inset to prevent such stenosis. METHODS From January 2005 to January 2020, 42 urethral meatus reconstructions were performed in 41 women after vulvectomy for (pre)malignant skin disorders by a "limited" (n = 17) or "extended" (n = 25) anterior vaginal wall advancement technique, including V-Y insertion of part of the vaginal flap in a posterior longitudinal urethrotomy. Preoperative characteristics, procedural details, and surgical outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS We observed 1 neomeatal stenosis and 1 case of partial vaginal wall flap necrosis as major complications following the "limited" technique and 1 circumferential neomeatal dehiscence and occlusion as major complication after the "extended" technique. Both the neomeatal stenosis and the dehiscence/occlusion are felt to have been preventable and not caused by a flaw of design of the advancement technique. CONCLUSIONS We advocate applying these vaginal wall advancement techniques to prevent circular inset of the neomeatus. The "extended" technique offers a solution in cases where the periurethral vulvar defect cannot be closed by transpositioning of labial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits Lange
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - J Joris Hage
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | | | - Henry J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc van Beurden
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Heeren AM, Rotman J, Samuels S, Zijlmans HJMAA, Fons G, van de Vijver KK, Bleeker MCG, Kenter GG, Jordanova EJ, de Gruijl TD. Immune landscape in vulvar cancer-draining lymph nodes indicates distinct immune escape mechanisms in support of metastatic spread and growth. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003623. [PMID: 34697217 PMCID: PMC8547515 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic immune intervention is highly dependent on the T-cell priming and boosting capacity of tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). In vulvar cancer, in-depth studies on the immune status of (pre)metastatic TDLN is lacking. Methods We have phenotyped and enumerated various T-cell and myeloid subsets in tumor-free (LN−, n=27) and metastatic TDLN (LN+, n=11) using flow cytometry. Additionally, we studied chemokine and cytokine release profiles and assessed expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in relation to plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) or myeloid subsets. Results Metastatic involvement of TDLN was accompanied by an inflamed microenvironment with immune suppressive features, marked by hampered activation of migratory DC, increased cytokine/chemokine release, and closely correlated elevations of pDC and LN-resident conventional DC (LNR-cDC) activation state and frequencies, as well as of terminal CD8+ effector-memory T-cell (TemRA) differentiation, regulatory T-cell (Treg) rates, T-cell activation, and expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoints. In addition, high indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression and increased frequencies of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mMDSC) were observed. Correlation analyses with primary and metastatic tumor burden suggested respective roles for Tregs and suppression of inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS)+ T helper cells in early metastatic niche formation and for CD14+ LNR-cDC and terminal T-cell differentiation in later stages of metastatic growth. Conclusions Metastatic spread in vulvar TDLN is marked by an inflamed microenvironment with activated effector T cells, which are likely kept in check by an interplay of suppressive feedback mechanisms. Our data support (neoadjuvant) TDLN-targeted therapeutic interventions based on CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade, to reinvigorate memory T cells and curb early metastatic spread and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marijne Heeren
- Cancer Center Amsterdam - Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jossie Rotman
- Cancer Center Amsterdam - Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Gynecologic Oncology (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Samuels
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), AVL NKI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guus Fons
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maaike C G Bleeker
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), AVL NKI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina J Jordanova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Cancer Center Amsterdam - Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Rotman J, den Otter LAS, Bleeker MCG, Samuels SS, Heeren AM, Roemer MGM, Kenter GG, Zijlmans HJMAA, van Trommel NE, de Gruijl TD, Jordanova ES. PD-L1 and PD-L2 Expression in Cervical Cancer: Regulation and Biomarker Potential. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596825. [PMID: 33424844 PMCID: PMC7793653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors show potential for cervical cancer treatment. However, low response rates suggest that patient selection based on PD-L1 protein expression is not optimal. Here, we evaluated different PD-L1 detection methods and studied transcriptional regulation of PD-L1/PD-L2 expression by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) mRNAseq analysis. First, we determined the copy number of the PD-L1/PD-L2 locus by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), PD-L1 mRNA expression by RNA in situ hybridization (RNAish), and PD-L1/PD-L2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays containing a cohort of 60 patients. Additionally, distribution of PD-L1/PD-L2 was visualized based on flow cytometry analysis of single-cell suspensions (n = 10). PD-L1/PD-L2 locus amplification was rare (2%). PD-L1 mRNA expression in tumor cells was detected in 56% of cases, while 41% expressed PD-L1 protein. Discordant scores for PD-L1 protein expression on tumor cells between cores from one patient were observed in 27% of cases. Interestingly, with RNAish, PD-L1 heterogeneity was observed in only 11% of the cases. PD-L2 protein expression was found in 53%. PD-L1 mRNA and protein expression on tumor cells were strongly correlated (p < 0.001). PD-L1 and PD-L2 protein expression showed no correlation on tumor cells (p = 0.837), but a strong correlation on cells in stromal fields (p < 0.001). Co-expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on macrophage-like populations was also observed with flow cytometry analysis. Both PD-L1 and PD-L2 TCGA transcript levels strongly correlated in the TCGA data, and both PD-L1 and PD-L2 strongly correlated with interferon gamma (IFNG) expression/transcript levels (p < 0.0001). Importantly, patients with high PD-L1/PD-L2/IFNG transcript levels had a survival advantage over patients with high PD-L1/PD-L2 and low IFNG expression. Based on these findings, we conclude that PD-L1/PD-L2 expression in cervical cancer is mainly associated with interferon induction and not gene amplification, which makes FISH unsuitable as biomarker. The heterogeneous PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression patterns suggest IHC unreliable for patient selection. RNAish, in conjunction with interferon signaling evaluation, seems a promising technique for immune checkpoint detection. These results warrant further investigation into their prognostic and predictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossie Rotman
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leontine A S den Otter
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maaike C G Bleeker
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne S Samuels
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Marijne Heeren
- Department of Medical Oncology Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Margaretha G M Roemer
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henry J M A A Zijlmans
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nienke E van Trommel
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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4
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Rotman J, Heeren AM, Gassama AA, Lougheed SM, Pocorni N, Stam AGM, Bleeker MCG, Zijlmans HJMAA, Mom CH, Kenter GG, Jordanova ES, de Gruijl TD. Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Shows Impaired Recruitment of cDC1 and CD8 + T Cells and Elevated β-Catenin Activation Compared with Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3791-3802. [PMID: 32220890 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix is the second most common type of cervical cancer after squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although both subtypes are treated similarly, patients with adenocarcinoma have a worse prognosis. In this study, immunologic features of the tumor microenvironment in these two subsets were pursued with potential therapeutic implications. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The immune microenvironment of primary tumors and nonmetastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) was compared between patients with cervical adenocarcinoma (n = 16) and SCC (n = 20) by polychromatic flow cytometry and by transcriptional profiling of the primary tumors (n = 299) using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS Flow cytometric analyses revealed intact T-cell differentiation in TDLNs, but hampered effector T-cell trafficking to the primary tumors in adenocarcinoma, as compared with SCC. TCGA analysis demonstrated higher expression of chemokines involved in effector T-cell homing (CXCL9/10/11) in SCC primary tumors as compared with adenocarcinoma primary tumors, which was highly correlated to a transcriptional signature for type I conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). This was consistent with elevated frequencies of CD141/BDCA3+cDC1 in primary tumor SCC samples relative to adenocarcinoma and correspondingly elevated levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in 24-hour ex vivo cultures. Hampered cDC1 recruitment in adenocarcinoma was in turn related to lower transcript levels of cDC1-recruiting chemokines and an elevated β-catenin activation score and was associated with poor overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data have identified an opportunity for the investigation of potentially novel therapeutic interventions in adenocarcinoma of the cervix, that is, β-catenin inhibition and cDC1 mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossie Rotman
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Marijne Heeren
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Awa A Gassama
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sinead M Lougheed
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Noëlle Pocorni
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita G M Stam
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike C G Bleeker
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry J M A A Zijlmans
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Constantijne H Mom
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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5
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KleinJan GH, van Werkhoven E, van den Berg NS, Karakullukcu MB, Zijlmans HJMAA, van der Hage JA, van de Wiel BA, Buckle T, Klop WMC, Horenblas S, Valdés Olmos RA, van der Poel HG, van Leeuwen FWB. The best of both worlds: a hybrid approach for optimal pre- and intraoperative identification of sentinel lymph nodes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:1915-1925. [PMID: 29696442 PMCID: PMC6132545 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Hybrid image-guided surgery technologies such as combined radio- and fluorescence-guidance are increasingly gaining interest, but their added value still needs to be proven. In order to evaluate if and how fluorescence-guidance can help realize improvements beyond the current state-of-the-art in sentinel node (SN) biopsy procedures, use of the hybrid tracer indocyanine green (ICG)-99mTc-nancolloid was evaluated in a large cohort of patients. Patients and methods A prospective trial was conducted (n = 501 procedures) in a heterogeneous cohort of 495 patients with different malignancies (skin malignancies, oral cavity cancer, penile cancer, prostate cancer and vulva cancer). After injection of ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid, SNs were preoperatively identified based on lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Intraoperatively, SNs were pursued via gamma tracing, visual identification (blue dye) and/or near-infrared fluorescence imaging during either open surgical procedures (head and neck, penile, vulvar cancer and melanoma) or robot assisted laparoscopic surgery (prostate cancer). As the patients acted as their own control, use of hybrid guidance could be compared to conventional radioguidance and the use of blue dye (n = 300). This was based on reported surgical complications, overall survival, LN recurrence free survival, and false negative rates (FNR). Results A total of 1,327 SN-related hotspots were identified on 501 preoperative SPECT/CT scans. Intraoperatively, a total number of 1,643 SNs were identified based on the combination of gamma-tracing (>98%) and fluorescence-guidance (>95%). In patients wherein blue dye was used (n = 300) fluorescence-based SN detection was superior over visual blue dye-based detection (22–78%). No adverse effects related to the use of the hybrid tracer or the fluorescence-guidance procedure were found and outcome values were not negatively influenced. Conclusion With ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid, the SN biopsy procedure has become more accurate and independent of the use of blue dye. With that, the procedure has evolved to be universal for different malignancies and anatomical locations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-018-4028-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H KleinJan
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E van Werkhoven
- Department of Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N S van den Berg
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M B Karakullukcu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A van der Hage
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B A van de Wiel
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W M C Klop
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Horenblas
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Valdés Olmos
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Samuels S, Marijne Heeren A, Zijlmans HJMAA, Welters MJP, van den Berg JH, Philips D, Kvistborg P, Ehsan I, Scholl SME, Nuijen B, Schumacher TNM, van Beurden M, Jordanova ES, Haanen JBAG, van der Burg SH, Kenter GG. HPV16 E7 DNA tattooing: safety, immunogenicity, and clinical response in patients with HPV-positive vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1163-1173. [PMID: 28451790 PMCID: PMC11028457 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Usual type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) is caused by HPV, predominantly type 16. Several forms of HPV immunotherapy have been studied, however, clinical results could be improved. A novel intradermal administration route, termed DNA tattooing, is superior in animal models, and was tested for the first time in humans with a HPV16 E7 DNA vaccine (TTFC-E7SH). METHODS The trial was designed to test safety, immunogenicity, and clinical response of TTFC-E7SH in twelve HPV16+ uVIN patients. Patients received six vaccinations via DNA tattooing. The first six patients received 0.2 mg TTFC-E7SH and the next six 2 mg TTFC-E7SH. Vaccine-specific T-cell immunity was evaluated by IFNγ-ELISPOT and multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS Only grade I-II adverse events were observed upon TTFC-E7SH vaccination. The ELISPOT analysis showed in 4/12 patients a response to the peptide pool containing shuffled E7 peptides. Multiparametric flow cytometry showed low CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses as measured by increased expression of PD-1 (4/12 in both), CTLA-4 (2/12 and 3/12), CD107a (5/12 and 4/12), or the production of IFNγ (2/12 and 1/12), IL-2 (3/12 and 4/12), TNFα (2/12 and 1/12), and MIP1β (3/12 and 6/12). At 3 months follow-up, no clinical response was observed in any of the twelve vaccinated patients. CONCLUSION DNA tattoo vaccination was shown to be safe. A low vaccine-induced immune response and no clinical response were observed in uVIN patients after TTFC-E7SH DNA tattoo vaccination. Therefore, a new phase I/II trial with an improved DNA vaccine format is currently in development for patients with uVIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Samuels
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Marijne Heeren
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center-Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H van den Berg
- Amsterdam Biotherapeutics Unit (AmBTU), Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Philips
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilina Ehsan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzy M E Scholl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 25 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton N M Schumacher
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Beurden
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we have shown that low IL-12p40 mRNA expression by cervical cancer cells is associated with a poor survival of cervical cancer patients. As IL-12p40 is both a subcomponent of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of IL-12p40 in cervical cancer. METHODS We have measured the expression of IL-23p19 mRNA, IL-12p35 mRNA and IL-12p40 mRNA using mRNA in situ hybridisation. The IL-1 and IL-6 were measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS As IL-23 is a component of the IL-17/IL-23 pathway, a pathway induced by IL-1 and IL-6 in humans, we have studied IL-1 and IL-6 expression. Only a high number of stromal IL-6-positive cells was shown to associate with poor disease-specific survival. The worst disease-specific survival was associated with a subgroup of patients that displayed a high number of IL-6-positive cells and low IL-12p40 expression (P<0.001). Both a high number of IL-6-positive cells and a high number of IL-6-positive cells, plus low IL-12p40 expression were shown to be clinicopathological parameters independent of lymph node metastasis, parametrial involvement and Sedlis score (P=0.009 and P=0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results with IL-6 and IL-12p40 are in accordance with the hypothesis that the IL-17/IL-23 pathway has a suppressive role in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Sier CFM, Hawinkels LJAC, Zijlmans HJMAA, Zuidwijk K, de Jonge-Muller ESM, Ferreira V, Hanemaaijer R, Mulder-Stapel AA, Kenter GG, Verspaget HW, Gorter A. Endothelium specific matrilysin (MMP-7) expression in human cancers. Matrix Biol 2007; 27:267-71. [PMID: 18023162 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of matrilysin (MMP-7) is predominantly associated with epithelial (pre)malignant cells. In the present study MMP-7 expression is also found in endothelial cells in various human cancer types. Endothelial MMP-7 was associated with CD34 and/or CD105 expression. These immunohistochemical data were confirmed by RT-PCR on VEGF-stimulated endothelial cells. In addition, MMP-7 was also identified in sprouting endothelial cells in vitro. The potential clinical relevance of endothelial MMP-7 was assessed for cervical cancer patients by evaluating the association with overall survival. In contrast to MMP-7 in malignant epithelial cells, MMP-7 expression in endothelial cells showed a significant association with poor survival (LR 5.12, P=0.02, n=30). Our data suggest that MMP-7 is involved in tumor angiogenesis, thereby contributing to malignant growth and hence associated with decreased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zijlmans HJMAA, Fleuren GJ, Baelde HJ, Eilers PHC, Kenter GG, Gorter A. Role of tumor-derived proinflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 in the migration and differentiation of antigen-presenting cells in cervical carcinoma. Cancer 2007; 109:556-65. [PMID: 17177206 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proinflammatory cytokines are important in modifying the activity, differentiation, and migration of antigen-presenting cells and may influence the survival of cancer patients. The study assessed whether GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-12, produced by cervical cancer cells, are important for the activity, differentiation, and migration of antigen-presenting cells. METHODS In 90 patients with cervical carcinoma the number of monocytes/tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), mature dendritic cells (DC), and Langerhans cells (LHC) was determined using immunohistochemistry. An RNA in situ hybridization technique was used to measure the expression level of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, IL-12p35, and IL-12p40. RESULTS TAM were detected intraepithelial as well as in the stroma of the tumor. LHC were only detected intraepithelial and mature DC only in the tumor stroma. The number of TAM correlated positively with the number of mature DC. The expression levels of GM-CSF and TNF-alpha correlated positively with the number of TAM and DC. TNF-alpha showed a negative correlation with the number of LHC. A significant correlation between the expression of functional IL-12 (IL-12p40) and stromal TAM was found. The expression of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-12p40 did not correlate significantly with disease-free survival. However, high IL-12p40 expression was associated with a favorable cumulative overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that GM-CSF as well as TNF-alpha, produced by cervical carcinoma cells, may play a role in the differentiation of monocytes into mature DC. Furthermore, TNF-alpha may influence the migration of LHC from the tumor.
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Zijlmans HJMAA, Fleuren GJ, Baelde HJ, Eilers PHC, Kenter GG, Gorter A. The absence of CCL2 expression in cervical carcinoma is associated with increased survival and loss of heterozygosity at 17q11.2. J Pathol 2006; 208:507-17. [PMID: 16435282 DOI: 10.1002/path.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether CCL2 mRNA expression is beneficial or detrimental for cervical cancer patients, the association between the expression of this molecule by cervical tumour cells, the number of tumour-associated macrophages, and clinicopathological parameters such as recurrence, relapse-free survival, and overall patient survival was investigated. In cervical cancer samples from 93 untreated cervical cancer patients, the CCL2 mRNA expression level was quantified using RNA in situ hybridization and verified using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The number of tumour-associated macrophages was determined using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the study investigated whether lack of CCL2 expression was due to genetic alterations near the 17q11.2 (CCL2 genomic) region. CCL2 mRNA expression by cervical tumour cells was associated with the number of tumour-associated macrophages (p < 0.001). Lack of CCL2 mRNA expression (15 samples; 16%) was associated with increased cumulative relapse-free survival (log rank test, p = 0.030), increased cumulative overall survival (log rank test, p = 0.024), less post-operative surgery, reduced local and distant recurrence, reduced vascular invasion, and smaller tumour size (<40 mm). The absence of CCL2 mRNA expression corresponded with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 17q11.2 in five of six samples. The increased cumulative relapse-free survival and cumulative overall survival of cervical cancer patients lacking tumour cell-associated CCL2 mRNA suggest that the tumour-associated macrophages support tumour progression, presumably by promoting angiogenesis and production of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sier CFM, Zuidwijk K, Zijlmans HJMAA, Hanemaaijer R, Mulder-Stapel AA, Prins FA, Dreef EJ, Kenter GG, Fleuren GJ, Gorter A. EMMPRIN-induced MMP-2 activation cascade in human cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2991-8. [PMID: 16425263 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression and recurrence of cervical cancer is associated with upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). We evaluated the location, origin and activity of MMP-2 in cervical squamous cell carcinomas in comparison with MT1-MMP (MMP-14), TIMP-2 and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). Positive immunostaining for MMP-2 in malignant cells was detected in 83% of the patients. Two patterns of tumor cell MMP-2 staining were observed: either homogenous in all tumor cells or confined to the cells neighboring the stroma (tumor-border staining pattern, TBS). Fluorescence in situ zymography showed active MMP-2 mainly around tumor nodules displaying TBS. The MMP-2 staining of TBS tumors correlated significantly with the presence of TIMP-2 and MT1-MMP, proteins involved in docking MMP-2 to the cell surface and essential for MMP-2 activation. In situ mRNA hybridization in TBS tumors demonstrated more abundant presence of MMP-2 mRNA in neighboring myofibroblasts than in the adjacent tumor cells. Moreover, the TBS MMP-2 pattern correlated with the presence of EMMPRIN (p = 0.023), suggesting that tumor cells induce MMP-2 production in nearby stromal cells. This pro-MMP-2 could subsequently be activated on tumor cells via the presence of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2. The biological relevance of this locally activated MMP-2 was underscored by the observation that only the TBS pattern of MMP-2 significantly correlated with decreased survival. In conclusion, the colocalization of EMMPRIN, MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in human cervical carcinomas seems to be involved in a specific distribution pattern of tumor cell bound MMP-2, which is related with local proteolytic activity and therefore might be associated with worse prognosis of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND and objectives: In this study, we investigated how enteric plexuses protect themselves from complement mediated attack. For this purpose, the expression patterns of membrane bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRP) and their association with C3 deposition was determined. In addition, mCRP expression patterns of enteric plexuses were compared with those in the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS Immunohistochemical stainings were performed to discriminate neuronal cells from glial cells and to detect the presence of CD46, CD55, CD59, and C3d. RNA in situ hybridisation (RISH) was used to determine the cell types that produce CD55 mRNA. RESULTS Enteric plexuses minimally expressed CD46 whereas CD55 and CD59 were highly expressed. CD55 expression was also observed in a ring around Auerbach's plexuses which was not observed for CD46 and CD59. C3d was deposited around the plexuses but plexus cells themselves did not stain for C3d. In contrast with CNS neurones, enteric neurones were shown to express CD55 whereas enteric glial cells did not. This was confirmed with CD55 RISH. Phospholipase C mediated cleavage of CD55 demonstrated that CD55 was most likely attached to elastic fibres surrounding the plexus. Attached CD55 might protect CD55 negative glial cells from complement mediated injury during inflammatory reactions. CD55 on elastic fibres surrounding the plexuses most likely originated from enteric neuronal cells. CONCLUSION In contrast with the CNS, enteric neurones express CD55 and enteric glial cells lack CD55 expression. CD55, produced by neuronal cells, attached to elastic fibres surrounding the plexuses is proposed to protect the CD55 negative glial cells within plexuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gelderman
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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