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Mahmoud ME, Farooq M, Isham IM, Ali A, Hassan MSH, Herath-Mudiyanselage H, Ranaweera HA, Najimudeen SM, Abdul-Careem MF. Cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 pathway regulates infectious bronchitis virus replication in avian macrophages. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38189432 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant respiratory pathogen that affects chickens worldwide. As an avian coronavirus, IBV leads to productive infection in chicken macrophages. However, the effects of IBV infection in macrophages on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression are still to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of IBV infection on the production of COX-2, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in chicken macrophages. The chicken macrophage cells were infected with two IBV strains, and the cells and culture supernatants were harvested at predetermined time points to measure intracellular and extracellular IBV infection. IBV infection was quantified as has been the COX-2 and PGE2 productions. We found that IBV infection enhances COX-2 production at both mRNA and protein levels in chicken macrophages. When a selective COX-2 antagonist was used to reduce the COX-2 expression in macrophages, we observed that IBV replication decreased. When IBV-infected macrophages were treated with PGE2 receptor (EP2 and EP4) inhibitors, IBV replication was reduced. Upon utilizing a selective COX-2 antagonist to diminish PGE2 expression in macrophages, a discernible decrease in IBV replication was observed. Treatment of IBV-infected macrophages with a PGE2 receptor (EP2) inhibitor resulted in a reduction in IBV replication, whereas the introduction of exogenous PGE2 heightened viral replication. Additionally, pretreatment with a Janus-kinase two antagonist attenuated the inhibitory effect of recombinant chicken interferon (IFN)-γ on viral replication. The evaluation of immune mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), NO, and interleukin (IL)-6, revealed enhanced expression following IBV infection of macrophages. In response to the inhibition of COX-2 and PGE2 receptors, we observed a reduction in the expressions of iNOS and IL-6 in macrophages, correlating with reduced IBV infection. Overall, IBV infection increased COX-2 and PGE2 production in addition to iNOS, NO, and IL-6 expression in chicken macrophages in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway may lead to increased macrophage defence mechanisms against IBV infection, resulting in a reduction in viral replication and iNOS and IL-6 expressions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes may shed light on potential antiviral targets for controlling IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 84524, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ishara M Isham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S H Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | | | - Hiruni A Ranaweera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shahnas M Najimudeen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Isham IM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Mahmoud ME, Najimudeen SM, Ranaweera HA, Ali A, Hassan MSH, Cork SC, Gupta A, Abdul-Careem MF. Comparison of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Pathogenesis and Host Responses in Young Male and Female Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:2285. [PMID: 38140526 PMCID: PMC10747771 DOI: 10.3390/v15122285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an avian coronavirus that causes a disease in chickens known as infectious bronchitis (IB). The pathogenesis of IBV and the host immune responses against it depend on multiple factors such as the IBV variant, breed and age of the chicken, and the environment provided by the management. Since there is limited knowledge about the influence of the sex of chickens in the pathogenesis of IBV, in this study we aim to compare IBV pathogenesis and host immune responses in young male and female chickens. One-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn male and female chickens were infected with Canadian Delmarva (DMV)/1639 IBV variant at a dose of 1 × 106 embryo infectious dose (EID)50 by the oculo-nasal route while maintaining uninfected controls, and these chickens were euthanized and sampled 4- and 11-days post-infection (dpi). No significant difference was observed between the infected male and female chickens in IBV shedding, IBV genome load in the trachea, lung, kidney, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus, spleen, and cecal tonsils (CT), and IBV-induced lesion in all the examined tissues at both 4 and 11 dpi. In addition, there was no significant difference in the percentage of IBV immune-positive area observed between the infected male and female chickens in all tissues except for the kidney, which expressed an increased level of IBV antigen in infected males compared with females at both 4 and 11 dpi. The percentage of B lymphocytes was not significantly different between infected male and female chickens in all the examined tissues. The percentage of CD8+ T cells was not significantly different between infected male and female chickens in all the examined tissues except in the trachea at 11 dpi, where female chickens had higher recruitment when compared with male chickens. Overall, although most of the findings of this study suggest that the sex of chickens does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of IBV and the host immune response in young chickens, marginal differences in viral replication and host responses could be observed to indicate that IBV-induced infection in male chickens is more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishara M. Isham
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Reham M. Abd-Elsalam
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Motamed E. Mahmoud
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Shahnas M. Najimudeen
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Hiruni A. Ranaweera
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. H. Hassan
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Susan C. Cork
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
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Najimudeen SM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Ranaweera HA, Isham IM, Hassan MSH, Farooq M, Abdul-Careem MF. Replication of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Delmarva (DMV)/1639 variant in primary and secondary lymphoid organs leads to immunosuppression in chickens. Virology 2023; 587:109852. [PMID: 37531823 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) that primarily causes respiratory infection in chickens, disseminate to multiple body systems leading to pathology, results in economic losses to poultry industry. IBV replicates in the bursa of Fabricius (BF), Harderian gland (HG), cecal tonsils (CT), and spleen. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunosuppressive effect of IBV Delmarva (DMV/1639) variant in chickens. Specific pathogen free chickens were infected with the IBV DMV/1639 variant while maintaining an age-matched uninfected control group. At predetermined time points, subsets of the infected and control chickens were observed for changes in body weights and pathological changes. The histopathological lesions were observed in the CT and BF, with minimal lesions in the thymus and spleen. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators suggested immunomodulation by IBV, favoring viral replication. Further studies are warranted to observe the functional impact of the IBV DMV/1639 variant's replication in immune organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnas M Najimudeen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hiruni A Ranaweera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ishara M Isham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mohamed S H Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Isham IM, Hassan MSH, Abd-Elsalam RM, Ranaweera HA, Mahmoud ME, Najimudeen SM, Ghaffar A, Cork SC, Gupta A, Abdul-Careem MF. Impact of Maternal Antibodies on Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Infection in Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs of Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1216. [PMID: 37515032 PMCID: PMC10384813 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis disease in chickens. IBV primarily infects the upper respiratory tract and then disseminates to other body systems including gastrointestinal, reproductive, and urinary systems. Unlike original IBV serotypes, the novel IBV variants target lymphoid organs, but information on this is scarce. In this study, we aim to evaluate the impact of the presence of maternal antibodies on IBV infection in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Maternal antibody free, specific pathogen free (SPF) hens were divided into vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. The progeny male chicks from these hens were divided into four groups; vaccinated challenged (VC), non-vaccinated challenged (NVC), vaccinated non-challenged (VNC), and non-vaccinated non-challenged (NVNC). The challenge groups were given 1 × 106 embryo infectious dose (EID)50 of IBV Delmarva (DMV)/1639 by the oculo-nasal route and non-challenge groups were given saline. The serum anti-IBV antibody titer was significantly higher in challenged groups compared to non-challenged groups. The IBV genome load was significantly lower in the VC group than NVC group in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and in bursa of Fabricius (BF) and cecal tonsils (CT). The histopathological lesion scores were significantly lower in VC group than NVC group in BF and CT. These findings suggest that the presence of maternal antibody in chicks could provide some degree of protection against IBV infection in BF and CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishara M Isham
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mohamed S H Hassan
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Hiruni A Ranaweera
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Motamed E Mahmoud
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Shahnas M Najimudeen
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Awais Ghaffar
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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