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Javid S, Ather H, Hani U, Siddiqua A, Asif Ansari SM, Shanmugarajan D, Yogish Kumar H, Arivuselvam R, Purohit MN, Kumar BRP. Discovery of Novel Myristic Acid Derivatives as N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Analysis, Computational Studies and Antifungal Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1167. [PMID: 37508263 PMCID: PMC10376843 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been identified as a new target for the treatment of fungal infections. It is observed that at present, there are increased rates of morbidity and mortality due to fungal infections. Hence, a series of novel myristic acid derivatives were designed via molecular docking studies and ADMET studies by targeting NMT (N-Myristoyltransferase). The designed myristic acid derivatives were synthesized by converting myristic acid into myristoyl chloride and coupling it with aryl amines to yield corresponding myristic acid derivatives. The compounds were purified and characterized via FTIR, NMR and HRMS spectral analyses. In this study, we carried out a target NMT inhibition assay. In the NMT screening assay results, the compounds 3u, 3m and 3t showed better inhibition compared to the other myristic acid derivatives. In an in vitro antifungal evaluation, the myristic acid derivatives were assessed against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger strains by determining their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC50). The compounds 3u, 3k, 3r and 3t displayed superior antifungal capabilities against Candida albicans, and the compounds 3u, 3m and 3r displayed superior antifungal capabilities against Aspergillus niger compared to the standard drug FLZ (fluconazole). Altogether, we identified a new series of antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Javid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Farooqia College of Pharmacy, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Hissana Ather
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Siddiqua
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dhivya Shanmugarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajaguru Arivuselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudan N Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
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Kumar HY, Murumkar PR, Srinivasan BP, Pawar V, Yadav MR. Design and synthesis of novel N-[3-(benzimidazol-2-ylamino)phenyl]amine and N-[3-(benzoxazol-2-ylamino)phenyl]amine derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2269-2293. [PMID: 34661799 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report the design, synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of a series of N-[3-(benzimidazol-2-yl-amino)phenyl]amine and N-[3-(benzoxazol-2-ylamino)phenyl]amine derivatives. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of 26 selected compounds was carried out at National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA. Out of them, compounds 10e (NSC D-762842/1) and 11s (NSC D-764942/1) have shown remarkable cytotoxicity with GI50 values ranging between "0.589-14.3 µM" and "0.276-12.3 µM," respectively, in the representative nine subpanels of human tumor cell lines. Further, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that compound 10e exerted cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and showed dose-dependent enhancement in apoptosis in K-562 leukemia cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India.,Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research (DIPSAR), New Delhi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, SS Nagara, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - Prashant R Murumkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - B P Srinivasan
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research (DIPSAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Pawar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - M R Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India. .,Center of Research for Development, Parul University, Limbda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 391760, India.
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Adon T, Shanmugarajan D, Kumar HY. CDK4/6 inhibitors: a brief overview and prospective research directions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29227-29246. [PMID: 35479560 PMCID: PMC9040853 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03820f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and their mechanism in regulating the cell cycle process was considered a game-changer in cancer therapy. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were both triggered by their inhibition. The CDK4/6 complex acts as a checkpoint during the cell cycle transition from cell growth (G1) to DNA synthesis (S) phase and its deregulation or overexpression induces abnormal cell proliferation and cancer development. Consequently, targeting CDK4/6 has been proposed as a paradigm shift in the anticancer approach. The design and development of effective CDK4/6 inhibitors are increasingly becoming a promising cancer therapy evident with approved drugs such as palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, etc. In this article, we explore the biological importance of CDK4/6 in cancer therapy, the development of resistance to monotherapy, and a short overview of PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera), a unique and pioneering technique for degrading CDK4/6 enzymes. Overall, our prime focus is to discuss novel CDK4/6 inhibitors with diverse chemical classes and their correlation with computational studies. The discovery of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and their mechanism in regulating the cell cycle process was considered a game-changer in cancer therapy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Adon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar Mysuru-570015 Karnataka India +919726447802
| | - Dhivya Shanmugarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar Mysuru-570015 Karnataka India +919726447802
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar Mysuru-570015 Karnataka India +919726447802
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Ramya K, Suresh R, Kumar HY, Kumar BRP, Murthy NBS. Decades-old renin inhibitors are still struggling to find a niche in antihypertensive therapy. A fleeting look at the old and the promising new molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115466. [PMID: 32247750 PMCID: PMC7112834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a diverse illness interlinked with cerebral, cardiovascular (CVS) and renal abnormalities. Presently, the malady is being treated by focusing on Renin- angiotensin system (RAS), voltage-gated calcium channels, peripheral vasodilators, renal and sympathetic nervous systems. Cardiovascular and renal abnormalities are associated with the overactivation of RAS, which can be constrained by angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II (Ang-II) -AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and renin inhibitors. The latter is a new player in the old system. The renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I (Ang-I). This can be overcome by inhibiting renin, a preliminary step, eventually hinders the occurrence of the cascade of events in the RAS. Various peptidomimetics, the first-generation renin inhibitors developed six decades ago have limited drug-like properties as they suffered from poor intestinal absorption, high liver first-pass metabolism and low oral bioavailability. The development of chemically diverse molecules from peptides to nonpeptides expanded the horizon to achieving direct renin inhibition. Aliskiren, a blockbuster drug that emerged as a clinical candidate and got approved by the US FDA in 2007 was developed by molecular modeling studies. Aliskiren indicated superior to average efficacy and with minor adverse effects relative to other RAS inhibitors. However, its therapeutic use is limited by poor oral bioavailability of less than 2% that is similar to first-generation peptidic compounds. In this review, we present the development of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) from peptidic to nonpeptidics that lead to the birth of aliskiren, its place in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnappa Ramya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxbridge College of Pharmacy, Mahadeshwara Nagara, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, Chidambaram 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Ramalingam Suresh
- Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, Chidambaram 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), SS Nagara, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), SS Nagara, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - N B Sridhara Murthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxbridge College of Pharmacy, Mahadeshwara Nagara, Bengaluru 560091, Karnataka, India
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