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Luo F, Gau SY, Wu YX, Liao HL, Tang F, Zhong Q, Huang Y, Hou L, Liu ZQ, Cai JL, Cao YP, Lu DM, An Y, Lan WY, Liu C, Chen CM, Jia ET, Yao XM, Wei JCC, Ma WK. Efficacy of adalimumab combined with Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in the treatment of patient with rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter, open-label, randomized-controlled trial. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15031. [PMID: 38287544 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adalimumab (ADA) combined with Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) in the treatment of methotrexate (MTX)-inadequate response patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial, 64 RA patients with inadequate response to MTX were 1:1 randomly assigned into treatment or control groups. The treatment group was treated with ADA in combination with TwHF, and the control group was treated with ADA in combination with MTX for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients having low disease activity (2.6 ≤ DAS28-ESR < 3.2) and remission rates (DAS28-ESR < 2.6) at week 24. RESULTS In total, 53 of the 64 patients (82.8%) completed this 24-week clinical trial. By intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis, a comparable outcome was observed between the two groups. The percentage of patients achieving low disease activity in the treatment group and control group were 43.8% and 46.9% (95% CI, 21.28 to 27.48, p = .802). Percentage of patients achieving low disease activity rates were respectively 28.1% and 31.3% in the treatment group and control group (95% CI, 19.18 to 25.58, p = .784). In per-protocol (PP) analysis, the results were consistent with the ITT model. The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in efficacy and safety between ADA combined with TwHF versus ADA combined with MTX in the treatment of RA. TwHF might be an alternative treatment for RA patients who are intolerant to MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Luo
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo-Yan Gau
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xia Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, QiandongnanZhou People's Hospital, Kaili, China
| | - Hou-Li Liao
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Xingyi People's Hospital, Xingyi, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zheng-Qi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin-Long Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, QiandongnanZhou People's Hospital, Kaili, China
| | - Yue-Peng Cao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Dao-Min Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei-Ya Lan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang-Ming Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Er-Tao Jia
- The Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Ming Yao
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Department of Liupanshui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liupanshui, China
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Kai Ma
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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Liao HL, Chen DD, Pan Y, Liu ZJ. [A case report of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2022; 50:710-712. [PMID: 35856230 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20210901-00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - D D Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Y Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Z J Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Affiliation(s)
- B Song
- LERMPS-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard, Site de Sévenans, Belfort Cedex 90010, France
| | - S J Dong
- LERMPS-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard, Site de Sévenans, Belfort Cedex 90010, France
| | - H L Liao
- LERMPS-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard, Site de Sévenans, Belfort Cedex 90010, France
| | - C Coddet
- LERMPS-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard, Site de Sévenans, Belfort Cedex 90010, France
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Yuan Y, Verna LK, Wang NP, Liao HL, Ma KS, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Stemerman MB. Cholesterol enrichment upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1534:139-48. [PMID: 11786300 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, but the mechanism by which cholesterol activates the endothelium remains undocumented. The present investigation was undertaken to investigate the role of cholesterol, one of the bioactive moieties of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle, in initiating of intracellular signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) and culminating in increased abundance of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Cholesterol was delivered to human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) via cholesterol-enriched liposomes. In HUVECs, the cellular cholesterol:phospholipid ratio increased after 1 h of exposure to cholesterol. The level of ICAM-1 increased in both mRNA and protein after 24 h of cholesterol exposure. ICAM-1 mRNA half-life was not affected by cholesterol exposure. Promoter studies showed greater than two-fold activation of the ICAM-1 gene expression after cholesterol exposure. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity substantially increased after 2 h of exposure to cholesterol. In contrast, cholesterol did not affect nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity. Results of trans-reporting assay revealed 2.5-fold increased expression of the AP-1-dependent reporter gene after cholesterol exposure whereas NF-kappaB-dependent expression was not affected. The AP-1/Ets (-891 to -908) site, one of the three AP-1-like sites in the ICAM-1 promoter, was most responsive to cholesterol. These data demonstrate for the first time that cholesterol enrichment phenotypically modulates ECs by transcriptionally upregulating ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yuan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Sun WG, Liao HL, Huang ZS. [Intervention effect of Chinese herbal medicine on changes of immune system in senile dementia]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2001; 21:716-8. [PMID: 12575563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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Zhu Y, Liao HL, Wang N, Yuan Y, Ma KS, Verna L, Stemerman MB. Lipoprotein promotes caveolin-1 and Ras translocation to caveolae: role of cholesterol in endothelial signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2465-70. [PMID: 11073854 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.11.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore the role of LDL in caveolin-Ras regulation in human endothelial cells (ECs), we incubated confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with LDL. This resulted in a high steady-state caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. LDL exposure appeared not to regulate the abundance of Cav-1. Immunofluorescence staining showed that Cav-1 protein migrated from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane after LDL exposure. Cav-1 protein and cholesterol partitioned mainly into the caveola fractions, and LDL increased both Cav-1 and cholesterol in these fractions. Ras protein in caveola fractions was also increased by LDL. Increased Ras was detected in Cav-1 immunoprecipitated samples, and conversely, increased Cav-1 was found in Ras-immunoprecipitated samples. We also demonstrated LDL-increased Ras activity in HUVECs by measuring the GTP/GTP+GDP ratio of Ras with [(32)P]orthophosphate labeling in the cells. Finally, we determined the binding of [(3)H]-labeled free cholesterol and recombinant H-Ras to Cav-1 fusion proteins in vitro. Both cholesterol and Ras bound to full-length GST-Cav-1, scaffolding domain (61-101), and C-terminal (135-178) Cav-1 fusion peptides. Addition of cholesterol enhanced Ras binding to the full-length and scaffolding domain of Cav-1 but not to the C-terminal Cav-1. These findings strongly suggest a role for Cav-1 in cholesterol trafficking and cholesterol-mediated intracellular signaling, which may mediate EC activation by LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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Liao HL, Zhu Y, Wang N, Verna L, Stemerman MB. Selective activation of endothelial cells by the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: involvement of C-jun N-terminal kinase and AP-1 activation. Endothelium 2000; 7:121-33. [PMID: 10865940 DOI: 10.3109/10623320009072207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant agent pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) has been shown to protect endothelial cells (EC) from pro-inflammatory-induced and pro-oxidant-induced NF-kappaB activation. It also perturbs EC by altering activator protein-1 (AP-1) status and inducing ICAM-1. Experiments were performed to investigate the upstream mechanism by which PDTC produces these effects. We have demonstrated that PDTC not only induced AP-1 binding and ICAM-1 expression by itself, but it also augmented AP-1 activation and ICAM-1 induction in low-dose IL-1alpha treated cells. To dissect the mechanism of these effects, we measured c-Jun and c-Fos expression, and the activity of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We detected an increase in JNK activity in PDTC-treated HUVEC. Following cotransfection with JNK[K-M], a kinase-deficient JNK1, the PDTC-increased AP-1-driven-luciferase activity was attenuated. Utilizing a specific trans-reporting system we confirmed c-Jun activation by upstream signaling mechanisms. The results show that c-Jun activity was increased 9-fold after PDTC treatment. In addition, PDTC promoted more transient activation in ERK-c-fos. In contrast, PDTC produced sustained JNK-c-Jun activation, which translated into long-lasting ICAM-1 production. These results suggest that an antioxidant may contribute to chronic vascular endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Liao
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Abstract
In this study, the effect of low density lipoproteins (LDL) on the ability of the vascular endothelium to respond to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) activation by a cytokine was investigated. After a 4-day pre-exposure to 240 mg/dl of LDL, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were hyperresponsive to minute amounts of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) as demonstrated by an augmentation of VCAM-1 gene expression. Furthermore, in response to LDL exposure, endothelial recruitment of monocytes induced by minute amounts of IL-1 alpha was increased. This enhancing effect was blocked by an anti-VCAM antibody. The increased response appears not to be due to changes in IL-1 binding affinity or induction of endogenous IL-1 alpha. Transient transfection of HUVECs with a reporter driven by the VCAM promoter showed that LDL increased cellular response to IL-1 alpha by 46%. LDL itself does not increase NF-kappa B binding in endothelial cells (ECs). However, after a 2-day LDL incubation, NF-kappa B binding could be induced by over 63% with a very low dose of IL-1 alpha. IL-1 alpha at this dose (which activates NF-kappa B, but not AP-1) also enhanced LDL-activated AP-1 binding. This cross-enhanced effect may be an important intracellular signaling mechanism for EC activation. The results from this study provide new clues to understanding the mechanisms governing combined risk factors for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Zhu Y, Liao HL, Wang N, Friedli O, Verna L, Stemerman MB. Low-density lipoprotein activates Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in human endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1436:557-64. [PMID: 9989285 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that native low-density lipoprotein (LDL) activates c-Jun and transcription factor AP-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The aim of this study was to elucidate the upstream signaling mechanisms mediating LDL activation of c-Jun/AP-1. Using a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activity assay, we have detected an increase in JNK activity in LDL-exposed HUVEC, which started at 15 min and reached maximum activity after 1-2 h. This JNK activity, increased by LDL, occurred in a dose-dependent fashion starting at a concentration of 80 mg/dl of LDL and reaching maximum activation at a concentration of 160-240 mg/dl. Following cotransfection, the increase of AP-1 driven luciferase activity by LDL was attenuated 54% by a kinase-deficient JNK1. Furthermore, a specific trans-reporting system was utilized to confirm c-Jun activation by upstream signal mechanisms. The results show c-Jun activity increased by 3-fold after LDL exposure when compared with respective controls. In contrast, LDL exposure did not affect the activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), even though phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment remarkably increased the activity of these kinases. Thus, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that JNK mediates LDL-induced endothelial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Zhu Y, Lin JH, Liao HL, Friedli O, Verna L, Marten NW, Straus DS, Stemerman MB. LDL induces transcription factor activator protein-1 in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:473-80. [PMID: 9514417 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.3.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been shown to perturb endothelial cells, with manifestations ranging from alterations in free radicals and arachidonate metabolism to stress fiber formation and monocyte recruitment. Some of these changes are regulated by LDL at the transcriptional level. Using mobility shift assays with consensus sequences for various transcription factors, we have detected an increase in activator protein 1 (AP-1), but not nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), binding in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to LDL. Following transfection, AP-1-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and AP-1-driven-luciferase are upregulated by LDL. In contrast, there is no effect on NF-kappaB-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. AP-1 increases in a biphasic fashion, with the first peak occurring 6 hours after and the second 48 hours after exposure to LDL. This AP-1 binding increase involves c-Jun, but not c-Fos, as shown by gel supershift, Northern hybridization, and Western blotting analyses. c-Jun mRNA levels are elevated by 9 hours after and remain so until at least 24 hours after exposure to LDL. c-Jun protein levels increase at 12 hours and continue to rise for 24 hours after exposure to LDL. Moreover, this LDL-increased AP-1 binding is suppressed by several protein kinase (PK) inhibitors: the PKC inhibitor calphostin C, the cAMP-dependent PK inhibitor H89, and the tyrosine PK inhibitors genistein and lavendustin A. This study demonstrates that (1) LDL is an endothelial agonist distinct from other cell stimulators, such as cytokines, endotoxin, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, because LDL appears to activate human umbilical vein endothelial cells predominantly through the transcription factor AP-1 and not NF-kappaB; and (2) LDL increases AP-1 via mechanisms involving multiple kinase activities and c-Jun transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Zhu Y, Lin JH, Liao HL, Verna L, Stemerman MB. Activation of ICAM-1 promoter by lysophosphatidylcholine: possible involvement of protein tyrosine kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1345:93-8. [PMID: 9084506 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(96)00169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) selectively upregulates the mRNA level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) but not that of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Transfection studies show that lyso-PC activates the ICAM-1 promoter but not the VCAM-1 promoter. Gel mobility shift assays document an increase in NF-kappa B binding in cells treated with lyso-PC. The increases of ICAM-1 mRNA and NF-kappa B binding were inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and lavendustin A, but not by inhibitors for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases or protein kinase C. Our results suggest that lyso-PC induces ICAM-1 expression most likely by activating NF-kappa B, and that the effect appears to be protein tyrosine kinase-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis. When endothelial cells are incubated with this lipoprotein in pathophysiologic amounts, the cells are activated. Among the documented cellular responses to LDL is increased recruitment of monocytes, which are believed to play a major role in promoting intimal plaque formation. The findings presented here link an atheogenic lipoprotein, LDL, with the induction of an adhesion molecule important in atherogenesis Human LDL induces the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) transcriptionally with an increase in mRNA levels through activation of the VCAM promoter. This effect is blocked by anti-VCAM antibodies. After a 2-day incubation in LDL, the binding of NF-kappa B, which is believed to be a key oxidative-stress sensor for VCAM regulation, remains at basal level. In contrast, the binding activities of AP-1 and GATA, on the other hand, are increased by LDL. Thus, a component of LDL-enhanced endothelial recruitment of monocytes is attributed to VCAM-1 expression, which appears to be mediated through AP-1 and GATA. These data identify LDL as a VCAM-inducer possibly distinct from cytokines and endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lin
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
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Liao HL, Deng ZS. [Mesenteric diseases: a report of 73 cases]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1988; 27:96-8, 135. [PMID: 3180940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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