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Clough Y, Krishna VV, Corre MD, Darras K, Denmead LH, Meijide A, Moser S, Musshoff O, Steinebach S, Veldkamp E, Allen K, Barnes AD, Breidenbach N, Brose U, Buchori D, Daniel R, Finkeldey R, Harahap I, Hertel D, Holtkamp AM, Hörandl E, Irawan B, Jaya INS, Jochum M, Klarner B, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Kreft H, Kurniawan S, Leuschner C, Maraun M, Melati DN, Opfermann N, Pérez-Cruzado C, Prabowo WE, Rembold K, Rizali A, Rubiana R, Schneider D, Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Scheu S. Land-use choices follow profitability at the expense of ecological functions in Indonesian smallholder landscapes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13137. [PMID: 27725673 PMCID: PMC5062595 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallholder-dominated agricultural mosaic landscapes are highlighted as model production systems that deliver both economic and ecological goods in tropical agricultural landscapes, but trade-offs underlying current land-use dynamics are poorly known. Here, using the most comprehensive quantification of land-use change and associated bundles of ecosystem functions, services and economic benefits to date, we show that Indonesian smallholders predominantly choose farm portfolios with high economic productivity but low ecological value. The more profitable oil palm and rubber monocultures replace forests and agroforests critical for maintaining above- and below-ground ecological functions and the diversity of most taxa. Between the monocultures, the higher economic performance of oil palm over rubber comes with the reliance on fertilizer inputs and with increased nutrient leaching losses. Strategies to achieve an ecological-economic balance and a sustainable management of tropical smallholder landscapes must be prioritized to avoid further environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vijesh V Krishna
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marife D Corre
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Darras
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa H Denmead
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Meijide
- Bioclimatology, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Moser
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Musshoff
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Steinebach
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Theaterplatz 15, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edzo Veldkamp
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kara Allen
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- Systemic Conservation Biology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalie Breidenbach
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- Systemic Conservation Biology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Kamper Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Finkeldey
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Idham Harahap
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Kamper Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Mareike Holtkamp
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Forestry Faculty, University of Jambi, Campus Pinang Masak Mendalo, Jambi 36361, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah Surati Jaya
- Forest Resources Inventory and Remote Sensing, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Malte Jochum
- Systemic Conservation Biology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology &Conservation Biogeography, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Syahrul Kurniawan
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University. Jl. Veteran 56 Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Maraun
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dian Nuraini Melati
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Burckhardt Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Opfermann
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - César Pérez-Cruzado
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Burckhardt Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walesa Edho Prabowo
- Conservation Biology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Rembold
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Burckhardt Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Akhmad Rizali
- Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Rubiana
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Kamper Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno Hatta km 09 Tondo, Palu 94118, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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