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Wenzel A, Westphal C, Ballauff J, Berkelmann D, Brambach F, Buchori D, Camarretta N, Corre MD, Daniel R, Darras K, Erasmi S, Formaglio G, Hölscher D, Iddris NAA, Irawan B, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Kreft H, Mulyani Y, Mußhoff O, Paterno GB, Polle A, Potapov A, Röll A, Scheu S, Schlund M, Schneider D, Sibhatu KT, Stiegler C, Sundawati L, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Veldkamp E, Waite PA, Wollni M, Zemp DC, Grass I. Balancing economic and ecological functions in smallholder and industrial oil palm plantations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307220121. [PMID: 38621138 PMCID: PMC11047082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The expansion of the oil palm industry in Indonesia has improved livelihoods in rural communities, but comes at the cost of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation. Here, we investigated ways to balance ecological and economic outcomes of oil palm cultivation. We compared a wide range of production systems, including smallholder plantations, industrialized company estates, estates with improved agronomic management, and estates with native tree enrichment. Across all management types, we assessed multiple indicators of biodiversity, ecosystem functions, management, and landscape structure to identify factors that facilitate economic-ecological win-wins, using palm yields as measure of economic performance. Although, we found that yields in industrialized estates were, on average, twice as high as those in smallholder plantations, ecological indicators displayed substantial variability across systems, regardless of yield variations, highlighting potential for economic-ecological win-wins. Reducing management intensity (e.g., mechanical weeding instead of herbicide application) did not lower yields but improved ecological outcomes at moderate costs, making it a potential measure for balancing economic and ecological demands. Additionally, maintaining forest cover in the landscape generally enhanced local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning within plantations. Enriching plantations with native trees is also a promising strategy to increase ecological value without reducing productivity. Overall, we recommend closing yield gaps in smallholder cultivation through careful intensification, whereas conventional plantations could reduce management intensity without sacrificing yield. Our study highlights various pathways to reconcile the economics and ecology of palm oil production and identifies management practices for a more sustainable future of oil palm cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wenzel
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Johannes Ballauff
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Dirk Berkelmann
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede7522 NB, Netherlands
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
- Laboratorio Biotecnología de Plantas, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro11501, Costa Rica
| | - Fabian Brambach
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Marife D. Corre
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Kevin Darras
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Stefan Erasmi
- Thünen Institute of Farm Economics, Braunschweig38116, Germany
| | - Greta Formaglio
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Najeeb Al-Amin Iddris
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Forestry Faculty, University of Jambi, Jambi36361, Indonesia
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Martyna M. Kotowska
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Yeni Mulyani
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor16680, Indonesia
| | - Oliver Mußhoff
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
| | - Gustavo B. Paterno
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Anton Potapov
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Alexander Röll
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
| | - Michael Schlund
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Kibrom T. Sibhatu
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
| | | | - Leti Sundawati
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor16680, Indonesia
| | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Agriculture Faculty, Tadulako University, Palu94118, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37075, Germany
| | - Edzo Veldkamp
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Pierre-André Waite
- Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Forest Botany, Tharandt01737, Germany
| | - Meike Wollni
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy (KomBioTa), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart70599, Germany
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2
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Susanti WI, Krashevska V, Widyastuti R, Stiegler C, Gunawan D, Scheu S, Potapov AM. Seasonal fluctuations of litter and soil Collembola and their drivers in rainforest and plantation systems. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17125. [PMID: 38577414 PMCID: PMC10993886 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rainforest conversion and expansion of plantations in tropical regions change local microclimate and are associated with biodiversity decline. Tropical soils are a hotspot of animal biodiversity and may sensitively respond to microclimate changes, but these responses remain unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, here we investigated seasonal fluctuations in density and community composition of Collembola, a dominant group of soil invertebrates, in rainforest, and in rubber and oil palm plantations in Jambi province (Sumatra, Indonesia). Across land-use systems, the density of Collembola in the litter was at a maximum at the beginning of the wet season, whereas in soil it generally varied little. The community composition of Collembola changed with season and the differences between land-use systems were most pronounced at the beginning of the dry season. Water content, pH, fungal and bacterial biomarkers, C/N ratio and root biomass were identified as factors related to seasonal variations in species composition of Collembola across different land-use systems. We conclude that (1) conversion of rainforest into plantation systems aggravates detrimental effects of low moisture during the dry season on soil invertebrate communities; (2) Collembola communities are driven by common environmental factors across land-use systems, with water content, pH and food availability being most important; (3) Collembola in litter are more sensitive to climatic variations than those in soil. Overall, the results document the sensitivity of tropical soil invertebrate communities to seasonal climatic variations, which intensifies the effects of the conversion of rainforest into plantation systems on soil biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ika Susanti
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources, Bogor Institute of Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Dodo Gunawan
- Center for Climate Change Information, Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anton M. Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Dumack K, Lara E, Duckert C, Ermolaeva E, Siemensma F, Singer D, Krashevska V, Lamentowicz M, Mitchell EAD. It's time to consider the Arcellinida shell as a weapon. Eur J Protistol 2024; 92:126051. [PMID: 38194835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The shells of testate amoebae are morphologically diverse and persistent in the environment. Accordingly, the examination of the morphology and composition of shells became a standard tool in ecological, palaeoecological, and evolutionary studies. However, so far the function of the shell remains poorly understood and, although based on limited evidence, the shell was considered as a defense mechanism. Based on recent evidence, we propose that the shell of arcellinid testate amoebae is a crucial component facilitating the amoebae's attack of large prey. Accordingly, the shell is not purely protective, but must be considered also as a weapon. This change in perspective opens up numerous new avenues in protistology and will lead to a substantial change in ecological, palaeoecological, and evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dumack
- Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Straße 47b, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Enrique Lara
- Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, C. Moyano 1 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clément Duckert
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Ermolaeva
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - David Singer
- Soil Science and Environment Group, Changins, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Functional Environmental Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mariusz Lamentowicz
- Climate Change Ecology Research Unit, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 10 61-680, Poznan, Poland
| | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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4
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Schulz G, Camenzind T, Sánchez-Galindo LM, Schneider D, Scheu S, Krashevska V. Response of protists to nitrogen addition, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi manipulation, and mesofauna reduction in a tropical montane rainforest in southern Ecuador. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12996. [PMID: 37577763 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The tropical Andes are a species-rich and nitrogen-limited system, susceptible to increased nitrogen (N) inputs from the atmosphere. However, our understanding of the impacts of increased N input on belowground systems, in particular on protists and their role in nutrient cycling, remains limited. We explored how increased N affects protists in tropical montane rainforests in Ecuador using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of environmental DNA from two litter layers. In addition, we manipulated the amount of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and mesofauna, both playing a significant role in N cycling and interacting in complex ways with protist communities. We found that N strongly affected protist community composition in both layers, while mesofauna reduction had a stronger effect on the lower layer. Changes in concentration of the AMF marker lipid had little effect on protists. In both layers, the addition of N increased phagotrophs and animal parasites and decreased plant parasites, while mixotrophs decreased in the upper layer but increased in the lower layer. In the upper layer with higher AMF concentration, mixotrophs decreased, while in the lower layer, photoautotrophs increased and plant parasites decreased. With reduced mesofauna, phagotrophs increased and animal parasites decreased in both layers, while plant parasites increased only in the upper layer. The findings indicate that to understand the intricate response of protist communities to environmental changes, it is critical to thoroughly analyze these communities across litter and soil layers, and to include HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin Schulz
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tessa Camenzind
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura M Sánchez-Galindo
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Goettingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Zemp DC, Guerrero-Ramirez N, Brambach F, Darras K, Grass I, Potapov A, Röll A, Arimond I, Ballauff J, Behling H, Berkelmann D, Biagioni S, Buchori D, Craven D, Daniel R, Gailing O, Ellsäßer F, Fardiansah R, Hennings N, Irawan B, Khokthong W, Krashevska V, Krause A, Kückes J, Li K, Lorenz H, Maraun M, Merk MS, Moura CCM, Mulyani YA, Paterno GB, Pebrianti HD, Polle A, Prameswari DA, Sachsenmaier L, Scheu S, Schneider D, Setiajiati F, Setyaningsih CA, Sundawati L, Tscharntke T, Wollni M, Hölscher D, Kreft H. Tree islands enhance biodiversity and functioning in oil palm landscapes. Nature 2023; 618:316-321. [PMID: 37225981 PMCID: PMC10247383 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration1, large knowledge gaps persist on how to increase biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in cash crop-dominated tropical landscapes2. Here, we present findings from a large-scale, 5-year ecosystem restoration experiment in an oil palm landscape enriched with 52 tree islands, encompassing assessments of ten indicators of biodiversity and 19 indicators of ecosystem functioning. Overall, indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as well as multidiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, were higher in tree islands compared to conventionally managed oil palm. Larger tree islands led to larger gains in multidiversity through changes in vegetation structure. Furthermore, tree enrichment did not decrease landscape-scale oil palm yield. Our results demonstrate that enriching oil palm-dominated landscapes with tree islands is a promising ecological restoration strategy, yet should not replace the protection of remaining forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Clara Zemp
- Conservation Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Nathaly Guerrero-Ramirez
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Brambach
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Darras
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anton Potapov
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Röll
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Arimond
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Dept. of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Ballauff
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Behling
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Berkelmann
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Siria Biagioni
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Meranti, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia
- Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences, IPB University, Jalan Pajajaran, Indonesia
| | - Dylan Craven
- Centre for Ecosystem Modeling and Monitoring, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Gailing
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Ellsäßer
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Natural Resources, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Riko Fardiansah
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Zoological Museum, Center of Natural History, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Jambi Jln Raya Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Nina Hennings
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Jambi Jln Raya Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia
| | - Watit Khokthong
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alena Krause
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Kückes
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Li
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lorenz
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Maraun
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miryam Sarah Merk
- Chairs of Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carina C M Moura
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yeni A Mulyani
- Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Gustavo B Paterno
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Polle
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Di Ajeng Prameswari
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Sachsenmaier
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fitta Setiajiati
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Christina Ani Setyaningsih
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leti Sundawati
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Meike Wollni
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Environmental and Resource Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Krashevska V, Stiegler C, June T, Widyastuti R, Knohl A, Scheu S, Potapov A. Land‐use change shifts and magnifies seasonal variations of the decomposer system in lowland tropical landscapes. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9020. [PMID: 35784088 PMCID: PMC9205671 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deforestation and agricultural expansion in the tropics affect local and regional climatic conditions, leading to synergistic negative impacts on land ecosystems. Climatic changes manifest in increased inter‐ and intraseasonal variations and frequency of extreme climatic events (i.e., droughts and floods), which have evident consequences for aboveground biodiversity. However, until today, there have been no studies on how land use affects seasonal variations below ground in tropical ecosystems, which may be more buffered against climatic variation. Here, we analyzed seasonal variations in soil parameters, basal respiration, microbial communities, and abundances of soil invertebrates along with microclimatic conditions in rainforest and monocultures of oil palm and rubber in Sumatra, Indonesia. About 75% (20 out of 26) of the measured litter and soil, microbial, and animal parameters varied with season, with seasonal changes in 50% of the parameters depending on land use. Land use affected seasonal variations in microbial indicators associated with carbon availability and cycling rate. The magnitude of seasonal variations in microbial parameters in the soil of monocultures was almost 40% higher than in the soil of rainforest. Measured parameters were associated with short‐term climatic conditions (3‐day period air humidity) in plantations, but not in rainforest, confirming a reduced soil buffering ability in plantations. Overall, our findings suggest that land use temporally shifts and increases the magnitude of seasonal variations of the belowground ecosystem compartment, with microbial communities responding most strongly. The increased seasonal variations in soil biota in plantations likely translate into more pronounced fluctuations in essential ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, and these ramifications ultimately may compromise the stability of tropical ecosystems in the long term. As the observed seasonal dynamics is likely to increase with both local and global climate change, these shifts need closer attention for the long‐term sustainable management of plantation systems in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Tania June
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Bogor Indonesia
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Bogor Indonesia
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Anton Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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7
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Zhou Z, Krashevska V, Widyastuti R, Scheu S, Potapov A. Tropical land use alters functional diversity of soil food webs and leads to monopolization of the detrital energy channel. eLife 2022; 11:75428. [PMID: 35357306 PMCID: PMC9033302 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural expansion is among the main threats to biodiversity and functions of tropical ecosystems. It has been shown that conversion of rainforest into plantations erodes biodiversity, but further consequences for food-web structure and energetics of belowground communities remains little explored. We used a unique combination of stable isotope analysis and food-web energetics to analyze in a comprehensive way consequences of the conversion of rainforest into oil palm and rubber plantations on the structure of and channeling of energy through soil animal food webs in Sumatra, Indonesia. Across the animal groups studied, most of the taxa had lower litter-calibrated Δ13C values in plantations than in rainforests, suggesting that they switched to freshly-fixed plant carbon ('fast' energy channeling) in plantations from the detrital C pathway ('slow' energy channeling) in rainforests. These shifts led to changes in isotopic divergence, dispersion, evenness, and uniqueness. However, earthworms as major detritivores stayed unchanged in their trophic niche and monopolized the detrital pathway in plantations, resulting in similar energetic metrics across land-use systems. Functional diversity metrics of soil food webs were associated with reduced amount of litter, tree density, and species richness in plantations, providing guidelines on how to improve the complexity of the structure of and channeling of energy through soil food webs. Our results highlight the strong restructuring of soil food webs with the conversion of rainforest into plantations threatening soil functioning and ecosystem stability in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anton Potapov
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Susanti WI, Bartels T, Krashevska V, Widyastuti R, Deharveng L, Scheu S, Potapov A. Conversion of rainforest into oil palm and rubber plantations affects the functional composition of litter and soil Collembola. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10686-10708. [PMID: 34367606 PMCID: PMC8328430 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainforest conversion and expansion of plantations in tropical regions are associated with changes in animal communities and biodiversity decline. In soil, Collembola are one of the most numerous invertebrate groups that affect the functioning of microbial communities and support arthropod predators. Despite that, information on the impact of changes in land use in the tropics on species and trait composition of Collembola communities is very limited. We investigated the response of Collembola to the conversion of rainforest into rubber agroforestry ("jungle rubber"), rubber, and oil palm plantations in Jambi Province (Sumatra, Indonesia), a region which experienced one of the strongest recent deforestation globally. Collembola were sampled in 2013 and 2016 from the litter and soil layer using heat extraction, and environmental factors were measured (litter C/N ratio, pH, water content, composition of microbial community and predator abundance). In the litter layer, density and species richness in plantation systems were 25%-38% and 30%-40% lower, respectively, than in rainforest. However, in the soil layer, density, species richness, and trait diversity of Collembola were only slightly affected by land-use change, contrasting the response of many other animal groups. Species and trait composition of Collembola communities in litter and soil differed between each of the land-use systems. Water content and pH were identified as main factors related to the differences in species and trait composition in both litter and soil, followed by the density of micro- and macropredators. Dominant species of Collembola in rainforest and jungle rubber were characterized by small body size, absence of furca, and absence of intense pigmentation, while in plantations, larger species with long furca and diffuse or patterned pigmentation were more abundant. Overall, land-use change negatively affected Collembola communities in the litter layer, but its impact was lower in the soil layer. Several pantropical genera of Collembola (i.e., Isotomiella, Pseudosinella, and Folsomides) dominated across land-use systems, reflecting their high environmental adaptability and/or efficient dispersal, calling for studies on their ecology and genetic diversity. The decline in species richness and density of litter-dwelling Collembola with the conversion of rainforest into plantation systems calls for management practices mitigating negative effects of the deterioration of the litter layer in rubber plantations, but even more in oil palm plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ika Susanti
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGoettingenGermany
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land ResourcesInstitut Pertanian Bogor (IPB)BogorIndonesia
| | - Tamara Bartels
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGoettingenGermany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land ResourcesInstitut Pertanian Bogor (IPB)BogorIndonesia
| | - Louis Deharveng
- UMR7205CNRSMuséum national d'Histoire naturelleInstitut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGoettingenGermany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land UseGöttingenGermany
| | - Anton Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGoettingenGermany
- Russian Academy of SciencesA.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionMoscowRussia
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9
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Sánchez‐Galindo LM, Sandmann D, Marian F, Krashevska V, Maraun M, Scheu S. Leaf litter identity rather than diversity shapes microbial functions and microarthropod abundance in tropical montane rainforests. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2360-2374. [PMID: 33717461 PMCID: PMC7920764 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In tropical forest ecosystems leaf litter from a large variety of species enters the decomposer system, however, the impact of leaf litter diversity on the abundance and activity of soil organisms during decomposition is little known. We investigated the effect of leaf litter diversity and identity on microbial functions and the abundance of microarthropods in Ecuadorian tropical montane rainforests. We used litterbags filled with leaves of six native tree species (Cecropia andina, Dictyocaryum lamarckianum, Myrcia pubescens, Cavendishia zamorensis, Graffenrieda emarginata, and Clusia spp.) and incubated monocultures and all possible two- and four-species combinations in the field for 6 and 12 months. Mass loss, microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, and the slope of microbial growth after glucose addition, as well as the abundance of microarthropods (Acari and Collembola), were measured at both sampling dates. Leaf litter diversity significantly increased mass loss after 6 months of exposure, but reduced microbial biomass after 12 months of exposure. Leaf litter species identity significantly changed both microbial activity and microarthropod abundance with species of high quality (low C-to-N ratio), such as C. andina, improving resource quality as indicated by lower metabolic quotient and higher abundance of microarthropods. Nonetheless, species of low quality, such as Clusia spp., also increased the abundance of Oribatida suggesting that leaf litter chemical composition alone is insufficient to explain variation in the abundances of soil microarthropods. Overall, the results provide evidence that decomposition and microbial biomass in litter respond to leaf litter diversity as well as litter identity (chemical and physical characteristics), while microarthropods respond only to litter identity but not litter diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothee Sandmann
- JFB Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Franca Marian
- JFB Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- JFB Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Mark Maraun
- JFB Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- JFB Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land UseUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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10
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Marcisz K, Jassey VEJ, Kosakyan A, Krashevska V, Lahr DJG, Lara E, Lamentowicz Ł, Lamentowicz M, Macumber A, Mazei Y, Mitchell EAD, Nasser NA, Patterson RT, Roe HM, Singer D, Tsyganov AN, Fournier B. Testate Amoeba Functional Traits and Their Use in Paleoecology. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.575966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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11
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Krashevska V, Tsyganov AN, Esaulov AS, Mazei YA, Hapsari KA, Saad A, Sabiham S, Behling H, Biagioni S. Testate Amoeba Species- and Trait-Based Transfer Functions for Reconstruction of Hydrological Regime in Tropical Peatland of Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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van den Hoogen J, Geisen S, Wall DH, Wardle DA, Traunspurger W, de Goede RGM, Adams BJ, Ahmad W, Ferris H, Bardgett RD, Bonkowski M, Campos-Herrera R, Cares JE, Caruso T, de Brito Caixeta L, Chen X, Costa SR, Creamer R, da Cunha E Castro JM, Dam M, Djigal D, Escuer M, Griffiths BS, Gutiérrez C, Hohberg K, Kalinkina D, Kardol P, Kergunteuil A, Korthals G, Krashevska V, Kudrin AA, Li Q, Liang W, Magilton M, Marais M, Martín JAR, Matveeva E, Mayad EH, Mzough E, Mulder C, Mullin P, Neilson R, Nguyen TAD, Nielsen UN, Okada H, Rius JEP, Pan K, Peneva V, Pellissier L, da Silva JCP, Pitteloud C, Powers TO, Powers K, Quist CW, Rasmann S, Moreno SS, Scheu S, Setälä H, Sushchuk A, Tiunov AV, Trap J, Vestergård M, Villenave C, Waeyenberge L, Wilschut RA, Wright DG, Keith AM, Yang JI, Schmidt O, Bouharroud R, Ferji Z, van der Putten WH, Routh D, Crowther TW. A global database of soil nematode abundance and functional group composition. Sci Data 2020; 7:103. [PMID: 32218461 PMCID: PMC7099023 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant animals on earth, nematodes are a dominant component of the soil community. They play critical roles in regulating biogeochemical cycles and vegetation dynamics within and across landscapes and are an indicator of soil biological activity. Here, we present a comprehensive global dataset of soil nematode abundance and functional group composition. This dataset includes 6,825 georeferenced soil samples from all continents and biomes. For geospatial mapping purposes these samples are aggregated into 1,933 unique 1-km pixels, each of which is linked to 73 global environmental covariate data layers. Altogether, this dataset can help to gain insight into the spatial distribution patterns of soil nematode abundance and community composition, and the environmental drivers shaping these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan van den Hoogen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana H Wall
- Department of Biology and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ron G M de Goede
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Byron J Adams
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Nematode Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Howard Ferris
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard D Bardgett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, University of Cologne and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Juvenil E Cares
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Larissa de Brito Caixeta
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Soil Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sofia R Costa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rachel Creamer
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - José Mauro da Cunha E Castro
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Semiárido, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Marie Dam
- Zealand Institute of Business and Technology, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Djibril Djigal
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/CDH, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | - Karin Hohberg
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Daria Kalinkina
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alan Kergunteuil
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Korthals
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexey A Kudrin
- Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Qi Li
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenju Liang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Matthew Magilton
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mariette Marais
- Nematology Unit, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Elizaveta Matveeva
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - El Hassan Mayad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - E Mzough
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Natural Resources, Faculty of Science Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Christian Mulder
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Peter Mullin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - T A Duong Nguyen
- Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, University of Cologne and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Okada
- Nematode Management Group, Division of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Kaiwen Pan
- Ecological Processes and Biodiversity, Center for Ecological Studies, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Vlada Peneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Camille Pitteloud
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas O Powers
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kirsten Powers
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Casper W Quist
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Sánchez Moreno
- Plant Protection Products Unit, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heikki Setälä
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anna Sushchuk
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Alexei V Tiunov
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jean Trap
- Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Cecile Villenave
- Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- ELISOL Environnement, Congénies, France
| | - Lieven Waeyenberge
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel G Wright
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Aidan M Keith
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jiue-In Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Olaf Schmidt
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Bouharroud
- Research Unit of Integrated Crop Production, Centre Regional de la Recherche Agronomique d'Agadir, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Z Ferji
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Campus d'Agadir, Département de Protection des Plantes, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Devin Routh
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Grass I, Kubitza C, Krishna VV, Corre MD, Mußhoff O, Pütz P, Drescher J, Rembold K, Ariyanti ES, Barnes AD, Brinkmann N, Brose U, Brümmer B, Buchori D, Daniel R, Darras KFA, Faust H, Fehrmann L, Hein J, Hennings N, Hidayat P, Hölscher D, Jochum M, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Kreft H, Leuschner C, Lobite NJS, Panjaitan R, Polle A, Potapov AM, Purnama E, Qaim M, Röll A, Scheu S, Schneider D, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Veldkamp E, Wollni M. Trade-offs between multifunctionality and profit in tropical smallholder landscapes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1186. [PMID: 32132531 PMCID: PMC7055322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-use transitions can enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but potential economic-ecological trade-offs remain poorly understood. Here, we present an interdisciplinary study of the environmental, social and economic consequences of land-use transitions in a tropical smallholder landscape on Sumatra, Indonesia. We find widespread biodiversity-profit trade-offs resulting from land-use transitions from forest and agroforestry systems to rubber and oil palm monocultures, for 26,894 aboveground and belowground species and whole-ecosystem multidiversity. Despite variation between ecosystem functions, profit gains come at the expense of ecosystem multifunctionality, indicating far-reaching ecosystem deterioration. We identify landscape compositions that can mitigate trade-offs under optimal land-use allocation but also show that intensive monocultures always lead to higher profits. These findings suggest that, to reduce losses in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, changes in economic incentive structures through well-designed policies are urgently needed. Identifying economic and ecological trade-offs of land-use transitions is important to ensure sustainability. Here, Grass et al. find biodiversity-profit trade-offs in tropical land-use transitions in Sumatra, and show that targeted landscape planning is needed to increase land-use efficiency while ensuring socio-ecological sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 13, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kubitza
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Neuer Jungfernstieg 21, 20354, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vijesh V Krishna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz Km. 45, El Batán, Mexico
| | - Marife D Corre
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Mußhoff
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Pütz
- Chair of Statistics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 3, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Drescher
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Rembold
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Botanical Garden of the University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eka Sulpin Ariyanti
- Magister of Environmental of Science, University of Lampung, Lampung, 35145, Indonesia
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Brinkmann
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,EcoNetLab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brümmer
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences, IPB University, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Pajajaran, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin F A Darras
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Faust
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Human Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 5, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Fehrmann
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Hein
- Institute of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Hennings
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Purnama Hidayat
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agriculture University, Jln. Kamper, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16880, Indonesia
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Experimental Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neil Jun S Lobite
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Science, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 4031, Philippines
| | - Rawati Panjaitan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agriculture University, Jln. Kamper, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16880, Indonesia
| | - Andrea Polle
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anton M Potapov
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Edwine Purnama
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matin Qaim
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Röll
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Agriculture Faculty, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno Hatta km.09, Tondo, Palu, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edzo Veldkamp
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Meike Wollni
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Potapov AM, Dupérré N, Jochum M, Dreczko K, Klarner B, Barnes AD, Krashevska V, Rembold K, Kreft H, Brose U, Widyastuti R, Harms D, Scheu S. Functional losses in ground spider communities due to habitat structure degradation under tropical land-use change. Ecology 2020; 101:e02957. [PMID: 31840252 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deforestation and land-use change in tropical regions result in habitat loss and extinction of species that are unable to adapt to the conditions in agricultural landscapes. If the associated loss of functional diversity is not compensated by species colonizing the converted habitats, extinctions might be followed by a reduction or loss of ecosystem functions including biological control. To date, little is known about how land-use change in the tropics alters the functional diversity of invertebrate predators and which key environmental factors may mitigate the decline in functional diversity and predation in litter and soil communities. We applied litter sieving and heat extraction to study ground spider communities and assessed structural characteristics of vegetation and parameters of litter in rainforest and agricultural land-use systems (jungle rubber, rubber, and oil palm monocultures) in a Southeast Asian hotspot of rainforest conversion: Sumatra, Indonesia. We found that (1) spider density, species richness, functional diversity, and community predation (energy flux to spiders) were reduced by 57-98% from rainforest to oil palm monoculture; (2) jungle rubber and rubber monoculture sustained relatively high diversity and predation in ground spiders, but small cryptic spider species strongly declined; (3) high species turnover compensated losses of some functional trait combinations, but did not compensate for the overall loss of functional diversity and predation per unit area; (4) spider diversity was related to habitat structure such as amount of litter, understory density, and understory height, while spider predation was better explained by plant diversity. Management practices that increase habitat-structural complexity and plant diversity such as mulching, reduced weeding, and intercropping monocultures with other plants may contribute to maintaining functional diversity of and predation services provided by ground invertebrate communities in plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadine Dupérré
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 52, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Dreczko
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 52, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Science, the University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, 3240, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Rembold
- Botanical Garden of the University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Von-Siebold-Strasse 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Jln. Meranti Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Danilo Harms
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 52, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Von-Siebold-Strasse 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Krashevska V, Kudrin AA, Widyastuti R, Scheu S. Changes in Nematode Communities and Functional Diversity With the Conversion of Rainforest Into Rubber and Oil Palm Plantations. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Schulz G, Schneider D, Brinkmann N, Edy N, Daniel R, Polle A, Scheu S, Krashevska V. Changes in Trophic Groups of Protists With Conversion of Rainforest Into Rubber and Oil Palm Plantations. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:240. [PMID: 30809219 PMCID: PMC6380168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protists, abundant but enigmatic single-celled eukaryotes, are important soil microbiota providing numerous ecosystem functions. We employed high-throughput sequencing of environmental DNA, targeting the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene, to characterize changes in their abundance, species richness, and community structure with conversion of lowland rainforest into rubber agroforest (jungle rubber), and rubber and oil palm plantations; typical agricultural systems in Sumatra, Indonesia. We identified 5,204 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% identity threshold of protists from 32 sites. Protists species richness was similar in rainforest, jungle rubber and oil palm plantations but significantly lower in rubber plantations. After standardization, 4,219 OTUs were assigned to five trophic groups, and inspected for effects of land-use change, and potential biotic and abiotic driving factors. The most abundant trophic group was phagotrophs (52%), followed by animal parasites (29%), photoautotrophs (12%), plant parasites (1%), and symbionts (<1%). However, the relative abundance and OTU richness of phagotrophs and photoautotrophs increased significantly with increasing land-use intensity. This was similar, but less pronounced, for the relative abundance of symbionts. Animal and plant parasites decreased significantly in abundance and species richness with increasing land-use intensity. Community compositions and factors affecting the structure of individual trophic groups differed between land-use systems. Parasites were presumably mainly driven by the abundance and species richness of their hosts, while phagotrophs by changes in soil pH and increase in Gram-positive bacteria, and photoautotrophs by light availability. Overall, the results show that relative species richness, relative abundance, and community composition of individual trophic groups of protists in tropical lowland rainforest significantly differ from that in converted ecosystems. This is likely associated with changes in ecosystem functioning. The study provides novel insight into protist communities and their changes with land-use intensity in tropical lowland ecosystems. We show, that trophic groups of protists are powerful indicators reflecting changes in the functioning of ecosystems with conversion of rainforest into monoculture plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin Schulz
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Brinkmann
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nur Edy
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Guillaume T, Kotowska MM, Hertel D, Knohl A, Krashevska V, Murtilaksono K, Scheu S, Kuzyakov Y. Carbon costs and benefits of Indonesian rainforest conversion to plantations. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2388. [PMID: 29921837 PMCID: PMC6008452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-use intensification in the tropics plays an important role in meeting global demand for agricultural commodities but generates high environmental costs. Here, we synthesize the impacts of rainforest conversion to tree plantations of increasing management intensity on carbon stocks and dynamics. Rainforests in Sumatra converted to jungle rubber, rubber, and oil palm monocultures lost 116 Mg C ha-1, 159 Mg C ha-1, and 174 Mg C ha-1, respectively. Up to 21% of these carbon losses originated from belowground pools, where soil organic matter still decreases a decade after conversion. Oil palm cultivation leads to the highest carbon losses but it is the most efficient land use, providing the lowest ratio between ecosystem carbon storage loss or net primary production (NPP) decrease and yield. The imbalanced sharing of NPP between short-term human needs and maintenance of long-term ecosystem functions could compromise the ability of plantations to provide ecosystem services regulating climate, soil fertility, water, and nutrient cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Guillaume
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecological Systems Laboratory (ECOS), Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Site Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Center of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 8, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Kukuh Murtilaksono
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Meranti, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Center of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 8, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- J. F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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18
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Schulz G, Maraun M, Völcker E, Scheu S, Krashevska V. Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics to Delineate Taxa of the Genus Trigonopyxis (Amoebozoa, Arcellinida). Protist 2018; 169:190-205. [PMID: 29614434 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphological features are often the only characteristics suitable for identification of taxa in testate amoebae, especially in ecological and palaeoecological studies. However, whereas the morphology of some species is rather stable it may vary considerably in others. Within the order Arcellinida the genus Trigonopyxis with the type species Trigonopyxis arcula is morphologically highly variable. To identify reliable characteristics for morphology-based taxon delineation we investigated variations in shell size, pseudostome diameter and pseudostome form in T. arcula from three different sites of the Ecuadorian Andes, where these characteristics vary even more than previously described. Further, we investigated if morphological characteristics in Trigonopyxis varied with changes in environmental factors. We studied 951 shells of Trigonopyxis collected along an altitudinal gradient with varying abiotic factors. We established a method for characterization of the pseudostome form, which lead to five different morphotypes. Our results suggest that shell size alone is not an appropriate character for taxon delineation but can be used as an indicator for changes in environmental conditions. In contrast, the pseudostome form might be used for taxon delineation, but likely also varies considerably within taxa. Overall, the study provides an overview of the morphological variability of the genus Trigonopyxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin Schulz
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Mark Maraun
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eckhard Völcker
- Penard Laboratory, 18 Stellenberg Avenue, Cape Town 7708, South Africa
| | - Stefan Scheu
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Geisen S, Mitchell EAD, Adl S, Bonkowski M, Dunthorn M, Ekelund F, Fernández LD, Jousset A, Krashevska V, Singer D, Spiegel FW, Walochnik J, Lara E. Soil protists: a fertile frontier in soil biology research. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:293-323. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Chemin du Perthuis-du-Sault 58, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Sina Adl
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Flemming Ekelund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonardo D Fernández
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandre Jousset
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Singer
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Frederick W Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States of America
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Medical University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrique Lara
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Krashevska V, Sandmann D, Marian F, Maraun M, Scheu S. Leaf Litter Chemistry Drives the Structure and Composition of Soil Testate Amoeba Communities in a Tropical Montane Rainforest of the Ecuadorian Andes. Microb Ecol 2017; 74:681-690. [PMID: 28389728 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of leaf litter chemistry and richness in affecting testate amoeba communities of tropical rainforest in the Ecuadorian Andes. Litterbags containing leaf litter from four dominating tree species (Clusia sp., Myrcia pubescens, Graffenrieda emarginata, and Cecropia andina) with richness 1, 2, and 4 species were established and exposed in the field for 12 months at 2000 m a.s.l. Chemical elements and compounds of leaf litter were analyzed before exposure. At the end of exposure, microbial biomass and litter mass loss were measured, and living testate amoeba species number, density, biomass, and community composition were determined. In total, 125 testate amoeba species colonized the litter in litterbags. The results suggest that high litter nitrogen and low lignin concentrations are indicators of high litter quality for testate amoebae density and species richness. Their species number and density significantly declined in the order 1 > 4 > 2 leaf litter species and varied with leaf litter chemistry being at a maximum in high-quality single leaf litter species and low in low-quality leaf litter. Further, the addition of litter of high-quality to low-quality litter increased testate amoebae biomass and density; however, the values did not exceed the ones in single high-quality litter treatments. Moreover, the structure of testate amoeba communities varied with litter chemistry, with Fe, Na, lignin, and litter C-to-N ratio being of major importance, and indicating that litter chemistry reflects habitat quality for testate amoebae. Overall, the data show that leaf litter chemistry overrides leaf litter richness in structuring testate amoeba communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dorothee Sandmann
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franca Marian
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Maraun
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Von-Siebold-Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Drescher J, Rembold K, Allen K, Beckschäfer P, Buchori D, Clough Y, Faust H, Fauzi AM, Gunawan D, Hertel D, Irawan B, Jaya INS, Klarner B, Kleinn C, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Krishna V, Leuschner C, Lorenz W, Meijide A, Melati D, Nomura M, Pérez-Cruzado C, Qaim M, Siregar IZ, Steinebach S, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Wick B, Wiegand K, Kreft H, Scheu S. Ecological and socio-economic functions across tropical land use systems after rainforest conversion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0275. [PMID: 27114577 PMCID: PMC4843696 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical lowland rainforests are increasingly threatened by the expansion of agriculture and the extraction of natural resources. In Jambi Province, Indonesia, the interdisciplinary EFForTS project focuses on the ecological and socio-economic dimensions of rainforest conversion to jungle rubber agroforests and monoculture plantations of rubber and oil palm. Our data confirm that rainforest transformation and land use intensification lead to substantial losses in biodiversity and related ecosystem functions, such as decreased above- and below-ground carbon stocks. Owing to rapid step-wise transformation from forests to agroforests to monoculture plantations and renewal of each plantation type every few decades, the converted land use systems are continuously dynamic, thus hampering the adaptation of animal and plant communities. On the other hand, agricultural rainforest transformation systems provide increased income and access to education, especially for migrant smallholders. Jungle rubber and rubber monocultures are associated with higher financial land productivity but lower financial labour productivity compared to oil palm, which influences crop choice: smallholders that are labour-scarce would prefer oil palm while land-scarce smallholders would prefer rubber. Collecting long-term data in an interdisciplinary context enables us to provide decision-makers and stakeholders with scientific insights to facilitate the reconciliation between economic interests and ecological sustainability in tropical agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Drescher
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Rembold
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kara Allen
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Beckschäfer
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Yann Clough
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiko Faust
- Department of Human Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anas M Fauzi
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dodo Gunawan
- Centre for Climate Change and Air Quality, Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jln Angkasa I No. 2, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Jambi, Jln Raya Jambi-Muara Bulian km 15, Mendalo Darat, Jambi 36361, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah S Jaya
- Forest Resources Inventory and Remote Sensing, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinn
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vijesh Krishna
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Lorenz
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Meijide
- Bioclimatology, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dian Melati
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miki Nomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tokohu University, Aroba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-85478, Japan
| | - César Pérez-Cruzado
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matin Qaim
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iskandar Z Siregar
- Department of Silviculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Stefanie Steinebach
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Theaterplatz 15, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Agriculture Faculty of Tadulako University, Jln Soekarno Hatta km 09, Tondo, Palu 94118, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wick
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wiegand
- Ecosystem Modelling, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Marian F, Sandmann D, Krashevska V, Maraun M, Scheu S. Leaf and root litter decomposition is discontinued at high altitude tropical montane rainforests contributing to carbon sequestration. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6432-6443. [PMID: 28861246 PMCID: PMC5574766 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how altitude affects the decomposition of leaf and root litter in the Andean tropical montane rainforest of southern Ecuador, that is, through changes in the litter quality between altitudes or other site-specific differences in microenvironmental conditions. Leaf litter from three abundant tree species and roots of different diameter from sites at 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 m were placed in litterbags and incubated for 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months. Environmental conditions at the three altitudes and the sampling time were the main factors driving litter decomposition, while origin, and therefore quality of the litter, was of minor importance. At 2,000 and 3,000 m decomposition of litter declined for 12 months reaching a limit value of ~50% of initial and not decomposing further for about 24 months. After 36 months, decomposition commenced at low rates resulting in an average of 37.9% and 44.4% of initial remaining after 48 months. In contrast, at 1,000 m decomposition continued for 48 months until only 10.9% of the initial litter mass remained. Changes in decomposition rates were paralleled by changes in microorganisms with microbial biomass decreasing after 24 months at 2,000 and 3,000 m, while varying little at 1,000 m. The results show that, irrespective of litter origin (1,000, 2,000, 3,000 m) and type (leaves, roots), unfavorable microenvironmental conditions at high altitudes inhibit decomposition processes resulting in the sequestration of carbon in thick organic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marian
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Dorothee Sandmann
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Mark Maraun
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land UseUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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23
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Clough Y, Krishna VV, Corre MD, Darras K, Denmead LH, Meijide A, Moser S, Musshoff O, Steinebach S, Veldkamp E, Allen K, Barnes AD, Breidenbach N, Brose U, Buchori D, Daniel R, Finkeldey R, Harahap I, Hertel D, Holtkamp AM, Hörandl E, Irawan B, Jaya INS, Jochum M, Klarner B, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Kreft H, Kurniawan S, Leuschner C, Maraun M, Melati DN, Opfermann N, Pérez-Cruzado C, Prabowo WE, Rembold K, Rizali A, Rubiana R, Schneider D, Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Scheu S. Land-use choices follow profitability at the expense of ecological functions in Indonesian smallholder landscapes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13137. [PMID: 27725673 PMCID: PMC5062595 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallholder-dominated agricultural mosaic landscapes are highlighted as model production systems that deliver both economic and ecological goods in tropical agricultural landscapes, but trade-offs underlying current land-use dynamics are poorly known. Here, using the most comprehensive quantification of land-use change and associated bundles of ecosystem functions, services and economic benefits to date, we show that Indonesian smallholders predominantly choose farm portfolios with high economic productivity but low ecological value. The more profitable oil palm and rubber monocultures replace forests and agroforests critical for maintaining above- and below-ground ecological functions and the diversity of most taxa. Between the monocultures, the higher economic performance of oil palm over rubber comes with the reliance on fertilizer inputs and with increased nutrient leaching losses. Strategies to achieve an ecological-economic balance and a sustainable management of tropical smallholder landscapes must be prioritized to avoid further environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vijesh V Krishna
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marife D Corre
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Darras
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa H Denmead
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Meijide
- Bioclimatology, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Moser
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Musshoff
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Steinebach
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Theaterplatz 15, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edzo Veldkamp
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kara Allen
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- Systemic Conservation Biology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalie Breidenbach
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- Systemic Conservation Biology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Kamper Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Finkeldey
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Idham Harahap
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Kamper Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Mareike Holtkamp
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg August University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Forestry Faculty, University of Jambi, Campus Pinang Masak Mendalo, Jambi 36361, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah Surati Jaya
- Forest Resources Inventory and Remote Sensing, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Malte Jochum
- Systemic Conservation Biology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology &Conservation Biogeography, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Syahrul Kurniawan
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University. Jl. Veteran 56 Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Maraun
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dian Nuraini Melati
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Burckhardt Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Opfermann
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Georg August University Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - César Pérez-Cruzado
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Burckhardt Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walesa Edho Prabowo
- Conservation Biology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Rembold
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Burckhardt Institute, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Akhmad Rizali
- Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Rubiana
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University Jalan Kamper Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno Hatta km 09 Tondo, Palu 94118, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Krashevska V, Klarner B, Widyastuti R, Maraun M, Scheu S. Changes in Structure and Functioning of Protist (Testate Amoebae) Communities Due to Conversion of Lowland Rainforest into Rubber and Oil Palm Plantations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160179. [PMID: 27463805 PMCID: PMC4963170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large areas of tropical rainforest are being converted to agricultural and plantation land uses, but little is known of biodiversity and ecological functioning under these replacement land uses. We investigated the effects of conversion of rainforest into jungle rubber, intensive rubber and oil palm plantations on testate amoebae, diverse and functionally important protists in litter and soil. Living testate amoebae species richness, density and biomass were all lower in replacement land uses than in rainforest, with the impact being more pronounced in litter than in soil. Similar abundances of species of high and low trophic level in rainforest suggest that trophic interactions are more balanced, with a high number of functionally redundant species, than in rubber and oil palm. In contrast, plantations had a low density of high trophic level species indicating losses of functions. This was particularly so in oil palm plantations. In addition, the relative density of species with siliceous shells was >50% lower in the litter layer of oil palm and rubber compared to rainforest and jungle rubber. This difference suggests that rainforest conversion changes biogenic silicon pools and increases silicon losses. Overall, the lower species richness, density and biomass in plantations than in rainforest, and the changes in the functional composition of the testate amoebae community, indicate detrimental effects of rainforest conversion on the structure and functioning of microbial food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Krashevska
- Georg August University Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- Georg August University Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahayu Widyastuti
- Institut Pertanian Bogor—IPB, Department of Soil Sciences and Land Resources, Damarga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mark Maraun
- Georg August University Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Georg August University Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Schneider D, Engelhaupt M, Allen K, Kurniawan S, Krashevska V, Heinemann M, Nacke H, Wijayanti M, Meryandini A, Corre MD, Scheu S, Daniel R. Impact of Lowland Rainforest Transformation on Diversity and Composition of Soil Prokaryotic Communities in Sumatra (Indonesia). Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1339. [PMID: 26696965 PMCID: PMC4672069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes are the most abundant and diverse group of microorganisms in soil and mediate virtually all biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Thereby, they influence aboveground plant productivity and diversity. In this study, the impact of rainforest transformation to intensively managed cash crop systems on soil prokaryotic communities was investigated. The studied managed land use systems comprised rubber agroforests (jungle rubber), rubber plantations and oil palm plantations within two Indonesian landscapes Bukit Duabelas and Harapan. Soil prokaryotic community composition and diversity were assessed by pyrotag sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. The curated dataset contained 16,413 bacterial and 1679 archaeal operational taxonomic units at species level (97% genetic identity). Analysis revealed changes in indigenous taxon-specific patterns of soil prokaryotic communities accompanying lowland rainforest transformation to jungle rubber, and intensively managed rubber and oil palm plantations. Distinct clustering of the rainforest soil communities indicated that these are different from the communities in the studied managed land use systems. The predominant bacterial taxa in all investigated soils were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. Overall, the bacterial community shifted from proteobacterial groups in rainforest soils to Acidobacteria in managed soils. The archaeal soil communities were mainly represented by Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Members of the Terrestrial Group and South African Gold Mine Group 1 (Thaumarchaeota) dominated in the rainforest and members of Thermoplasmata in the managed land use systems. The alpha and beta diversity of the soil prokaryotic communities was higher in managed land use systems than in rainforest. In the case of bacteria, this was related to soil characteristics such as pH value, exchangeable Ca and Fe content, C to N ratio, and extractable P content. Archaeal community composition and diversity were correlated to pH value, exchangeable Fe content, water content, and total N. The distribution of bacterial and archaeal taxa involved in biological N cycle indicated functional shifts of the cycle during conversion of rainforest to plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schneider
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Engelhaupt
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kara Allen
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Buesgen Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Syahrul Kurniawan
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Buesgen Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Heinemann
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Nacke
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marini Wijayanti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences IPB, Bogor Agricultural University Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Anja Meryandini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences IPB, Bogor Agricultural University Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Marife D Corre
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Buesgen Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
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Krashevska V, Maraun M, Scheu S. How does litter quality affect the community of soil protists (testate amoebae) of tropical montane rainforests? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 80:603-7. [PMID: 22324854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Litter quality and diversity are major factors structuring decomposer communities. However, little is known on the relationship between litter quality and the community structure of soil protists in tropical forests. We analyzed the diversity, density, and community structure of a major group of soil protists of tropical montane rainforests, that is, testate amoebae. Litterbags containing pure and mixed litter of two abundant tree species at the study sites (Graffenrieda emarginata and Purdiaea nutans) differing in nitrogen concentrations were exposed in the field for 12 months. The density and diversity of testate amoebae were higher in the nitrogen-rich Graffenrieda litter suggesting that nitrogen functions as an important driving factor for soil protist communities. No additive effects of litter mixing were found, rather density of testate amoebae was reduced in litter mixtures as compared to litterbags with Graffenrieda litter only. However, adding of high-quality litter to low-quality litter markedly improved habitat quality, as evaluated by the increase in diversity and density of testate amoebae. The results suggest that local factors, such as litter quality, function as major forces shaping the structure and density of decomposer microfauna that likely feed back to decomposition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Krashevska
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Krashevska V, Maraun M, Ruess L, Scheu S. Carbon and nutrient limitation of soil microorganisms and microbial grazers in a tropical montane rain forest. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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