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Hedberg YS, Wei Z, McCarrick S, Romanovski V, Theodore J, Westin EM, Wagner R, Persson KA, Karlsson HL, Odnevall Wallinder I. Welding fume nanoparticles from solid and flux-cored wires: Solubility, toxicity, and role of fluorides. J Hazard Mater 2021; 413:125273. [PMID: 33581669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Welding fume particles are hazardous. Their toxicity likely depends on their composition and reactivity. This study aimed at exploring the role of sodium or other fluorides (NaF), which are intentionally added to flux-cored wire electrodes for stainless steel welding, on the solubility (in phosphate buffered saline) and toxicity of the generated welding fume particles. A multi-analytical particle characterization approach along with in-vitro cell assays was undertaken. The release of Cr(VI) and Mn from the particles was tested as a function of fluoride solution concentration. The welding fume particles containing NaF released significantly higher amounts of Cr(VI) compared with solid wire reference fumes, which was associated with increased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in-vitro. No crystalline Na or potassium (K) containing chromates were observed. Cr(VI) was incorporated in an amorphous mixed oxide. Solution-added fluorides did not increase the solubility of Cr(VI), but contributed to a reduced Mn release from both solid and flux-cored wire fume particles and the reduction of Cr(VI) release from solid wire fume particles. Chemical speciation modeling suggested that metal fluoride complexes were not formed. The presence of NaF in the welding electrodes did not have any direct, but possibly an indirect, role in the Cr(VI) solubility of welding fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada; Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 0J3, Canada.
| | - Z Wei
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Romanovski
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia; Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - J Theodore
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E M Westin
- voestalpine Böhler Welding Group GmbH, Böhler-Welding-Str. 1, 8605 Kapfenberg, Austria
| | - R Wagner
- Linde GmbH/UniBw Munich, Germany
| | | | - H L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Chang T, Sepati M, Herting G, Leygraf C, Rajarao GK, Butina K, Richter-Dahlfors A, Blomberg E, Odnevall Wallinder I. A novel methodology to study antimicrobial properties of high-touch surfaces used for indoor hygiene applications-A study on Cu metal. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247081. [PMID: 33630868 PMCID: PMC7906481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-based high-touch surfaces used for indoor applications such as doorknobs, light switches, handles and desks need to remain their antimicrobial properties even when tarnished or degraded. A novel laboratory methodology of relevance for indoor atmospheric conditions and fingerprint contact has therefore been elaborated for combined studies of both tarnishing/corrosion and antimicrobial properties of such high-touch surfaces. Cu metal was used as a benchmark material. The protocol includes pre-tarnishing/corrosion of the high touch surface for different time periods in a climatic chamber at repeated dry/wet conditions and artificial sweat deposition followed by the introduction of bacteria onto the surfaces via artificial sweat droplets. This methodology provides a more realistic and reproducible approach compared with other reported procedures to determine the antimicrobial efficiency of high-touch surfaces. It provides further a possibility to link the antimicrobial characteristics to physical and chemical properties such as surface composition, chemical reactivity, tarnishing/corrosion, surface roughness and surface wettability. The results elucidate that bacteria interactions as well as differences in extent of tarnishing can alter the physical properties (e.g. surface wettability, surface roughness) as well as the extent of metal release. The results clearly elucidate the importance to consider changes in chemical and physical properties of indoor hygiene surfaces when assessing their antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Div. Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Sepati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Herting
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Div. Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Leygraf
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Div. Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. Kuttuva Rajarao
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Butina
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Div. Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Odnevall Wallinder
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Div. Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES—Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Mei N, Belleville L, Cha Y, Olofsson U, Odnevall Wallinder I, Persson KA, Hedberg YS. Size-separated particle fractions of stainless steel welding fume particles - A multi-analytical characterization focusing on surface oxide speciation and release of hexavalent chromium. J Hazard Mater 2018; 342:527-535. [PMID: 28886565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Welding fume of stainless steels is potentially health hazardous. The aim of this study was to investigate the manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) speciation of welding fume particles and their extent of metal release relevant for an inhalation scenario, as a function of particle size, welding method (manual metal arc welding, metal arc welding using an active shielding gas), different electrodes (solid wires and flux-cored wires) and shielding gases, and base alloy (austenitic AISI 304L and duplex stainless steel LDX2101). Metal release investigations were performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.3, 37°, 24h. The particles were characterized by means of microscopic, spectroscopic, and electroanalytical methods. Cr was predominantly released from particles of the welding fume when exposed in PBS [3-96% of the total amount of Cr, of which up to 70% as Cr(VI)], followed by Mn, nickel, and iron. Duplex stainless steel welded with a flux-cored wire generated a welding fume that released most Cr(VI). Nano-sized particles released a significantly higher amount of nickel compared with micron-sized particle fractions. The welding fume did not contain any solitary known chromate compounds, but multi-elemental highly oxidized oxide(s) (iron, Cr, and Mn, possibly bismuth and silicon).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mei
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Belleville
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Cha
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Machine Design, Brinellvägen 83, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Olofsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Machine Design, Brinellvägen 83, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K-A Persson
- Swerea KIMAB, Box 7047, SE-16407, Kista, Sweden
| | - Y S Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Wang X, Herting G, Wallinder IO, Blomberg E. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on silver surfaces enhances the release of silver at pH neutral conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:18524-34. [PMID: 26111372 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metallic biomaterials are widely used to replace and/or restore the function of damaged bodily parts. The use of silver as antibacterial coatings onto implants has recently gained large interest in medical applications. The extent of silver that can be released into different biological fluids from such coatings is, except for the surface characteristics of the coating, governed by parameters such as protein characteristics, adsorbed layer properties, formation of silver-protein complexes as well as concentrations of proteins in the solution. This study aims to relate the structure of adsorbed net negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is the most abundant protein in serum, to the release of silver from metallic silver surfaces in order to elucidate if the net charge of the protein has any effect of the silver release. Simultaneous adsorption measurements were performed in real time on the very same surface using combined ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) measurements to provide a more comprehensive understanding on adsorption kinetics and layer structures. The amount of released silver into solution was measured by means of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS). The structure of the adsorbed BSA layer largely influenced the amount of released silver, an enhancement that increased with BSA concentration. These observations are in complete contrast to the effect of net positively charged lysozyme (LSZ) adsorbed on silver, previously studied by the authors, for which a complete surface coverage suppressed the possibility for silver release. The underlying mechanisms behind the enhanced release of silver in the presence of BSA were mainly attributed to surface complexation between BSA and silver followed by an enhanced exchange rate of these surface complexes with BSA molecules in the solution, which in turn increase the amount of released silver in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Mazinanian N, Wallinder IO, Hedberg Y. Influence of Citric Acid on the Metal Release of Stainless Steels. Corrosion Science and Technology 2015. [DOI: 10.14773/cst.2015.14.4.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Hedberg YS, Pettersson M, Pradhan S, Odnevall Wallinder I, Rutland M, Persson C. Can Cobalt(II) and Chromium(III) Ions Released from Joint Prostheses Influence the Friction Coefficient? ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:617-620. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. S. Hedberg
- Division
of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit
of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Institute of Environmental
Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Pettersson
- Division
of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S. Pradhan
- Division
of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Odnevall Wallinder
- Division
of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M.W. Rutland
- Division
of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School
of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Chemistry,
Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SE-114
86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Persson
- Division
of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Mazinanian N, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y. Comparison of the influence of citric acid and acetic acid as simulant for acidic food on the release of alloy constituents from stainless steel AISI 201. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Stockmann-Juvala H, Hedberg Y, Dhinsa NK, Griffiths DR, Brooks PN, Zitting A, Wallinder IO, Santonen T. Inhalation toxicity of 316L stainless steel powder in relation to bioaccessibility. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:1137-54. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112472354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) considers metallic alloys, such as nickel (Ni)-containing stainless steel (SS), as mixtures of substances, without considering that alloys behave differently compared to their constituent metals. This study presents an approach using metal release, explained by surface compositional data, for the prediction of inhalation toxicity of SS AISI 316L. The release of Ni into synthetic biological fluids is >1000-fold lower from the SS powder than from Ni metal, due to the chromium(III)-rich surface oxide of SS. Thus, it was hypothesized that the inhalation toxicity of SS is significantly lower than what could be predicted based on Ni metal content. A 28-day inhalation study with rats exposed to SS 316L powder (<4 µm, mass median aerodynamic diameter 2.5–3.0 µm) at concentrations up to 1.0 mg/L showed accumulation of metal particles in the lung lobes, but no signs of inflammation, although Ni metal caused lung toxicity in a similar published study at significantly lower concentrations. It was concluded that the bioaccessible (released) fraction, rather than the elemental nominal composition, predicts the toxicity of SS powder. The study provides a basis for an approach for future validation, standardization and risk assessment of metal alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stockmann-Juvala
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Chemical Safety Team, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - NK Dhinsa
- Harlan Laboratories Ltd. (formerly SafePharm Laboratories Ltd.), Derbyshire, UK
| | - DR Griffiths
- Harlan Laboratories Ltd. (formerly SafePharm Laboratories Ltd.), Derbyshire, UK
| | - PN Brooks
- Consultant in Experimental Pathology, Derbyshire, UK
| | - A Zitting
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Chemical Safety Team, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Chemical Safety Team, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Hedberg Y, Wang X, Hedberg J, Lundin M, Blomberg E, Wallinder IO. Surface-protein interactions on different stainless steel grades: effects of protein adsorption, surface changes and metal release. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2013; 24:1015-33. [PMID: 23378148 PMCID: PMC3620448 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Implantation using stainless steels (SS) is an example where an understanding of protein-induced metal release from SS is important when assessing potential toxicological risks. Here, the protein-induced metal release was investigated for austenitic (AISI 304, 310, and 316L), ferritic (AISI 430), and duplex (AISI 2205) grades in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) solution containing either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or lysozyme (LSZ). The results show that both BSA and LSZ induce a significant enrichment of chromium in the surface oxide of all stainless steel grades. Both proteins induced an enhanced extent of released iron, chromium, nickel and manganese, very significant in the case of BSA (up to 40-fold increase), whereas both proteins reduced the corrosion resistance of SS, with the reverse situation for iron metal (reduced corrosion rates and reduced metal release in the presence of proteins). A full monolayer coverage is necessary to induce the effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hedberg
- Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Shi J, Hedberg Y, Lundin M, Odnevall Wallinder I, Karlsson H, Möller L. Hemolytic properties of synthetic nano- and porous silica particles: the effect of surface properties and the protection by the plasma corona. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3478-90. [PMID: 22522009 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel silica materials incorporating nanotechnology are promising materials for biomedical applications, but their novel properties may also bring unforeseen behavior in biological systems. Micro-size silica is well documented to induce hemolysis, but little is known about the hemolytic activities of nanostructured silica materials. In this study, the hemolytic properties of synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles with primary sizes of 7-14 nm (hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic), 5-15 nm, 20 nm and 50 nm, and model meso/macroporous silica particles with pore diameters of 40 nm and 170 nm are investigated. A crystalline silica sample (0.5-10 μm) is included for benchmarking purposes. Special emphasis is given to investigations of how the temperature and solution complexity (solvent, plasma), as well as the physicochemical properties (such as size, surface charge, hydrophobicity and other surface properties), link to the hemolytic activities of these particles. Results suggests the potential importance of small size and large external surface area, as well as surface charge/structure, in the hemolysis of silica particles. Furthermore, a significant correlation is observed between the hemolytic profile of red blood cells and the cytotoxicity profile of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) induced by nano- and porous silica particles, suggesting a potential universal mechanism of action. Importantly, the results generated suggest that the protective effect of plasma towards silica nanoparticle-induced hemolysis as well as cytotoxicity is primarily due to the protein/lipid layer shielding the silica particle surface. These results will assist the rational design of hemocompatible silica particles for biomedical applications.
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Hedberg J, Lundin M, Lowe T, Blomberg E, Wold S, Wallinder IO. Interactions between surfactants and silver nanoparticles of varying charge. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 369:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Lundin M, Hedberg Y, Jiang T, Herting G, Wang X, Thormann E, Blomberg E, Wallinder IO. Adsorption and protein-induced metal release from chromium metal and stainless steel. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 366:155-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Goidanich S, Brunk J, Herting G, Arenas MA, Odnevall Wallinder I. Atmospheric corrosion of brass in outdoor applications: patina evolution, metal release and aesthetic appearance at urban exposure conditions. Sci Total Environ 2011; 412-413:46-57. [PMID: 22051551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Short (days, weeks) and long-term (months, years) non-sheltered field exposures of brass (15, and 20 wt.% Zn) and copper sheet have been conducted in three European cities (Milan, Stockholm, Madrid) to generate an in-depth time-dependent understanding of patina evolution, corrosion rates, aesthetic appearance, metal release and degree of dezincification in relation to detailed bulk and surface characteristics prior to exposure. This has been accomplished by using a multitude of surface and bulk analytical tools, chemical analysis and colorimetric investigations. Small differences in surface finish and local variations in nobility observed for the non-exposed brass alloys resulted in slight differences in corrosion initiation. Despite different kinetic behaviour and relative surface distributions of zinc- and copper-rich patina constituents, similar phases were identified with copper-rich phases rapidly dominating the outermost patina layer in Milan, compared to Madrid and Stockholm showing both copper- and zinc-rich phases. As a consequence of differences in surface coverage of copper- and zinc-rich corrosion products at the different sites, the release ratios of copper to zinc varied concordantly. The released amount of zinc to copper (Zn/Cu) was for both alloys and test sites always higher compared to the bulk composition showing a preferential release of zinc. The amount of released copper from the brass alloys was on an average 30-40% lower compared to copper sheet at all test sites investigated. Significantly lower annual total release rates of copper and zinc compared with annual corrosion rates were evident for both brass alloys at all sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goidanich
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, P.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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14
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Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y, Dromberg P. Storm water runoff measurements of copper from a naturally patinated roof and from a parking space. Aspects on environmental fate and chemical speciation. Water Res 2009; 43:5031-5038. [PMID: 19762062 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Release of copper from a naturally aged copper roof on a shopping centre building in a suburban site of Stockholm has been measured during different rain events after its interaction with the internal drainage system and storm drains made of cast iron and concrete. Concentrations of copper removed by means of urban storm water from a nearby parking space have been determined for comparison. Predictions and measurements of the chemical speciation of released copper are discussed compared to the total concentration, and to threshold values for freshwater and drinking water. The results clearly illustrate that the major part of the released copper from the roof is readily retained already during transport through the internal drainage system of the building, a pathway that also changes the chemical speciation of released copper and its bioavailable fraction. Most copper, not retained by cast iron and concrete surfaces, was strongly complexed to organic matter. The median concentration of free cupric ions and weak copper complexes was less than, or within the range of reported no effect concentrations, NOECs, of copper in surface waters. The parking space contributed with significantly higher and time-dependent concentrations of total copper compared to measured concentrations of copper from the roof after the interaction with the drainage system. Most copper in the surface runoff water was strongly complexed with organic matter, hence reducing the bioavailable fraction significantly to concentrations within the NOEC range. Dilution with other sources of urban storm water will reduce the released concentration of copper even further. The results illustrate that already the internal drainage system and the storm drains made of cast iron and concrete act as efficient sinks for released copper which means that any installation of additional infiltration devices is redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Odnevall Wallinder
- Div. Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, Dr. Kristinas v. 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Herting G, Lindström D, Wallinder IO, Leygraf C. Multi-analytical investigation of stainless steel grade AISI 420 in simulated food contact. J FOOD ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Herting G, Wallinder IO, Leygraf C. Metal release rate from AISI 316L stainless steel and pure Fe, Cr and Ni into a synthetic biological medium--a comparison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:1092-8. [PMID: 18728903 DOI: 10.1039/b805075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal release rates from stainless steel grade 316L were investigated in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), simulating a human inflammatory cell response. The main focus was placed on release rates of main alloying elements using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and changes in surface oxide composition by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. To emphasise that alloys and pure metals possess totally different intrinsic properties, comparative studies were performed on the pure alloying constituents: iron, nickel and chromium. Significant differences in release rates were observed due to the presence of a passive surface film on stainless steel. Iron and nickel were released at rates more than 300 times lower from the 316L alloy compared with the pure metals whereas the release rate of chromium was similar. Iron was preferentially released compared with nickel and chromium. Immersion in ALF resulted in the gradual enrichment of chromium in the surface film, a small increase of nickel, and the reduction of oxidized iron with decreasing release rates of alloy constituents as a result. As expected, released metals from stainless steel grade 316L were neither in proportion to the bulk alloy composition nor to the surface film composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herting
- Div. Corrosion Science, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, KTH, Dr. Kristinas v. 51, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Herting G, Odnevall Wallinder I, Leygraf C. Corrosion-induced release of chromium and iron from ferritic stainless steel grade AISI 430 in simulated food contact. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bahar B, Herting G, Wallinder IO, Hakkila K, Leygraf C, Virta M. The interaction between concrete pavement and corrosion-induced copper runoff from buildings. Environ Monit Assess 2008; 140:175-89. [PMID: 17636419 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Changes in chemical speciation of copper and the capacity of concrete pavement to retain copper in runoff water from external buildings have been investigated at urban field conditions, and in parallel laboratory experiments simulating outdoor scenarios. The research study showed the concrete surface to form a copper rich surface layer ( approximately 50 microm thick) upon exposure, and a high capacity to significantly reduce the bioavailable fraction of released copper (20-95%). The retention capacity of copper varied between 5 and 20% during single runoff events in the laboratory, and between 10 and 40% of the total copper release during single natural runoff events. The capacity to retain and reduce the bioavailable fraction of non-retained copper increased with increasing wetness of the concrete surfaces, increasing pH of the runoff water and decreasing flow rates. Bioassay testing with bacterial and yeast bioreporters showed the bioavailable fraction of non-retained copper to be significantly lower than the total copper concentration in the runoff water, between 22 and 40% for bacteria and between 8 and 31% for yeast. The application of generated data to simulate a fictive outdoor scenario, suggests a significant reduction of bioavailable and total copper to background values during environmental entry as a result of dilution, and the interaction with solid surfaces, organic matter and complexing agents already in the drainage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bahar
- Division of Corrosion Science, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Dr. Kristinas v. 51, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Human inhalation of airborne metallic particles is important for health risk assessment. To study interactions between metallic particles and the human body, metal release measurements of stainless steel powder particles were performed in two synthetic biological media simulating lung-like environments. Particle size and media strongly influence the metal release process. The release rate of Fe is enhanced compared with Cr and Ni. In artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF, pH 4.5), the accumulated amounts of released metal per particle loading increase drastically with decreasing particle size. The release rate of Fe per unit surface area increases with decreasing particle size. Compared with massive sheet metal, fine powder particles (<4 microm) show similar release rates of Cr and Ni, but a higher release rate of Fe. Release rates in Gamble's solution (pH 7.4), for all powders investigated, are significantly lower compared to ALF. No clear trend is seen related to particle size in Gamble's solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Midander
- Division of Corrosion Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
A predictive runoff rate model for copper has been refined and used to generate copper runoff maps for Europe. The new model is based on laboratory and field runoff data and expresses the runoff rate R (g m(-2) yr(-1)) through two contributions, both with a physical meaning: R = (0.37SO(0.5)(2) = 0.96 rain10(-0.62 pH) (cos(theta)/cos(45 degree)). Input parameters are the SO(2) concentration (microg m(-3)), pH, amount of rain (mm yr(-1)), and surface angle of inclination (theta). The first contribution originates from dry periods between rain events (the first-flush effect) and the second from the rain events. The dry term has been refined in comparison to the original model by assuming a mass balance between measured corrosion mass loss, calculated copper retention in the patina and predicted copper runoff. The refined model predicts 76% of all reported runoff rates, worldwide, within 35% from their measured value. This includes sites with low SO(2) concentration, where the original model erroneously predicted higher runoff rates than corrosion rates. Based on environmental data from the EMEP programme for the years 1980-2000, the new model has been used to derive runoff rate maps for Europe with 50 x 50 km grid resolution. The runoff mapping shows a substantial reduction in runoff rate over the investigated time period, and with copper runoff rates now generally less than 2 g m(-2) yr(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Odnevall Wallinder
- Division of Corrosion Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Dr. Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Abstract
Corrosion and runoff from zinc-coated materials and outdoor structures is an important source for the dispersion of zinc in the environment. Being part of a large inter-disciplinary research project, this study presents the bioavailability of zinc in runoff water immediately after release from the surface of 15 different commercially available zinc-based materials exposed to the urban environment of Stockholm, Sweden. Runoff water was analysed chemically and evaluated for its possible environmental impact, using both a biosensor test with the bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus (Biomet) and the conventional 72 h growth inhibition test with the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Chemical speciation modelling revealed that most zinc (94.3-99.9%) was present as the free Zn ion, the most bioavailable speciation form. These findings were confirmed by the results of the biosensor test (Biomet) which indicated that all zinc was indeed bioavailable. Analysis of the ecotoxicity data also suggested that the observed toxic effects were due to the presence of Zn2+ ions. Finally, regression analysis showed that, for this type of runoff samples, the rapid screening biosensor was capable of predicting (a) the total amount of zinc present in the runoff samples (R2 of 0.93-0.98; p < 0.05) and (b) the observed 72 h-EbC50s (R2 of 0.69-0.97; p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Heijerick
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Karlén C, Wallinder IO, Heijerick D, Leygraf C. Runoff rates, chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper released from naturally patinated copper. Environ Pollut 2002; 120:691-700. [PMID: 12442792 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The release of copper, induced by atmospheric corrosion, from naturally patinated copper of varying age (0 and 30 years) has been investigated together with its potential ecotoxic effect. Results were generated in an interdisciplinary research effort in which corrosion science and ecotoxicology aspects were combined. The aim of the investigation was to elucidate the situation when copper-containing rainwater leaves a roof in terms of runoff rate, chemical speciation, bioavailability and ecotoxicity effects. Data have been collected during a three-year field exposure conducted in the urban environment of Stockholm, Sweden. The potential environmental effects have been evaluated using a combination of a copper specific biosensor test with the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus and the conventional 72-h growth inhibition test with the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. The results show annual runoff rates between 1.0 and 1.5 g/m2 year for naturally patinated copper of varying age. The runoff rate increased slightly with patina age, which mainly is attributed to the enhanced first flush effect observed on thicker patina layers. The total copper concentration in investigated runoff samplings ranged from 0.9 to 9.7 mg/l. Both computer modeling and experimental studies revealed that the majority (60-100%) of released copper was present as the free hydrated cupric ion, Cu(H2O)6(2+), the most bioavailable copper species. However, other copper species in the runoff water, such as, e.g. Cu(OH)+ and Cu2(OH)2(2+), were also bioavailable. The copper-containing runoff water, sampled directly after release from the roof, caused significant reduction in growth rate of the green alga. It should be emphasized that the results describe the runoff situation immediately after release from the copper roof and not the real environmental ecotoxicity. Therefore the data should only be used as an initial assessment of the potential environmental effect of copper runoff from building applications. Future risk assessments should also consider dilution effects of copper, changes in its chemical speciation and bioavailability during environmental entry, and type and sensitivity of the receiving ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Karlén
- Division of Corrosion Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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