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Nazarova A, Shiabiev I, Shibaeva K, Mostovaya O, Mukhametzyanov T, Khannanov A, Evtugyn V, Zelenikhin P, Shi X, Shen M, Padnya P, Stoikov I. Thiacalixarene Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of Lysozyme Fibrillation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4721. [PMID: 38731940 PMCID: PMC11083589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibroproliferation leads to organ damage and is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases affecting populations worldwide. There are several ways to protect against fibril formation, including inhibition. A variety of organic compounds based on molecular recognition of amino acids within the protein have been proposed for the design of such inhibitors. However, the role of macrocyclic compounds, i.e., thiacalix[4]arenes, in inhibiting fibrillation is still almost unknown. In the present work, the use of water-soluble thiacalix[4]arene derivatives for the inhibition of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) amyloid fibrillation is proposed for the first time. The binding of HEWL by the synthesized thiacalix[4]arenes (logKa = 5.05-5.13, 1:1 stoichiometry) leads to the formation of stable supramolecular systems capable of stabilizing the protein structure and protecting against fibrillation by 29-45%. The macrocycle conformation has little effect on protein binding strength, and the native HEWL secondary structure does not change via interaction. The synthesized compounds are non-toxic to the A549 cell line in the range of 0.5-250 µg/mL. The results obtained may be useful for further investigation of the anti-amyloidogenic role of thiacalix[4]arenes, and also open up future prospects for the creation of new ways to prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Nazarova
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor Shiabiev
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ksenia Shibaeva
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga Mostovaya
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Timur Mukhametzyanov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Arthur Khannanov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladimir Evtugyn
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Zelenikhin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A. M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia
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Stoikov D, Ivanov A, Shafigullina I, Gavrikova M, Padnya P, Shiabiev I, Stoikov I, Evtugyn G. Flow-Through Amperometric Biosensor System Based on Functionalized Aryl Derivative of Phenothiazine and PAMAM-Calix-Dendrimers for the Determination of Uric Acid. Biosensors (Basel) 2024; 14:120. [PMID: 38534227 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A flow-through biosensor system for the determination of uric acid was developed on the platform of flow-through electrochemical cell manufactured by 3D printing from poly(lactic acid) and equipped with a modified screen-printed graphite electrode (SPE). Uricase was immobilized to the inner surface of a replaceable reactor chamber. Its working volume was reduced to 10 μL against a previously reported similar cell. SPE was modified independently of the enzyme reactor with carbon black, pillar[5]arene, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers based on the p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene (PAMAM-calix-dendrimers) platform and electropolymerized 3,7-bis(4-aminophenylamino) phenothiazin-5-ium chloride. Introduction of the PAMAM-calix-dendrimers into the electrode coating led to a fivefold increase in the redox currents of the electroactive polymer. It was found that higher generations of the PAMAM-calix-dendrimers led to a greater increase in the currents measured. Coatings consisted of products of the electropolymerization of the phenothiazine with implemented pillar[5]arene and PAMAM-calix-dendrimers showing high efficiency in the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide that was formed in the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid. The presence of PAMAM-calix-dendrimer G2 in the coating increased the redox signal related to the uric acid assay by more than 1.5 times. The biosensor system was successfully applied for the enzymatic determination of uric acid in chronoamperometric mode. The following optimal parameters for the chronoamperometric determination of uric acid in flow-through conditions were established: pH 8.0, flow rate 0.2 mL·min-1, 5 U of uricase per reactor. Under these conditions, the biosensor system made it possible to determine from 10 nM to 20 μM of uric acid with the limit of detection (LOD) of 4 nM. Glucose (up to 1 mM), dopamine (up to 0.5 mM), and ascorbic acid (up to 50 μM) did not affect the signal of the biosensor toward uric acid. The biosensor was tested on spiked artificial urine samples, and showed 101% recovery for tenfold diluted samples. The ease of assembly of the flow cell and the low cost of the replacement parts make for a promising future application of the biosensor system in routine clinical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Stoikov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Alexey Ivanov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Insiya Shafigullina
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Milena Gavrikova
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Pavel Padnya
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Igor Shiabiev
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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Shiabiev I, Pysin D, Akhmedov A, Babaeva O, Babaev V, Lyubina A, Voloshina A, Petrov K, Padnya P, Stoikov I. Towards Antibacterial Agents: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Multivalent Amide Derivatives of Thiacalix[4]arene with Hydroxyl and Amine Groups. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2731. [PMID: 38140072 PMCID: PMC10747887 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to modern antibiotics stimulates the search for new ways to synthesize and modify antimicrobial drugs. The development of synthetic approaches that can easily change different fragments of the molecule is a promising solution to this problem. In this work, a synthetic approach was developed to obtain multivalent thiacalix[4]arene derivatives containing different number of amine and hydroxyl groups. A series of macrocyclic compounds in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate stereoisomeric forms containing -NHCH2CH2R (R = NH2, N(CH3)2, and OH) and -N(CH2CH2OH)2 terminal fragments, and their model non-macrocyclic analogues were obtained. The antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains and cytotoxicity of the obtained compounds were studied. Structure-activity relationships were established: (1) the macrocyclic compounds had high antibacterial activity, while the monomeric compounds had low activity; (2) the compounds in cone and partial cone conformations had better antibacterial activity compared to the compounds in 1,3-alternate stereoisomeric form; (3) the macrocyclic compounds containing -NHCH2CH2N(CH3)2 terminal fragments had the highest antibacterial activity; (4) introduction of additional terminal hydroxyl groups led to a significant decrease in antibacterial activity; (5) the compounds in partial cone conformation had significant bactericidal activity against all studied cell strains; the best selectivity was observed for the compounds in cone conformation. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of lead compounds with terminal fragments -NHCH2CH2N(CH3)2 was proved using model negatively charged POPG vesicles, i.e., the addition of these compounds led to an increase in the size and zeta potential of the vesicles. The obtained results open up the possibility of using the synthesized macrocyclic compounds as promising antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shiabiev
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Dmitry Pysin
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Alan Akhmedov
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Olga Babaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Vasily Babaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Anna Lyubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Alexandra Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Konstantin Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russia; (O.B.); (V.B.); (A.L.); (A.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia; (I.S.); (D.P.); (A.A.)
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Kulikova T, Shamagsumova R, Rogov A, Stoikov I, Padnya P, Shiabiev I, Evtugyn G. Electrochemical DNA-Sensor Based on Macrocyclic Dendrimers with Terminal Amino Groups and Carbon Nanomaterials. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:4761. [PMID: 37430675 DOI: 10.3390/s23104761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The assembling of thiacalix[4]arene-based dendrimers in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate configuration on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode coated with carbon black or multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been characterized using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Native and damaged DNA were electrostatically accumulated on the modifier layer. The influence of the charge of the redox indicator and of the macrocycle/DNA ratio was quantified and the roles of the electrostatic interactions and of the diffusional transfer of the redox indicator to the electrode interface indicator access were established. The developed DNA sensors were tested on discrimination of native, thermally denatured, and chemically damaged DNA and on the determination of doxorubicin as the model intercalator. The limit of detection of doxorubicin established for the biosensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes was equal to 1.0 pM with recovery from spiked human serum of 105-120%. After further optimization of the assembling directed towards the stabilization of the signal, the developed DNA sensors can find application in the preliminary screening of antitumor drugs and thermal damage of DNA. They can also be applied for testing potential drug/DNA nanocontainers as future delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kulikova
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Rezeda Shamagsumova
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexey Rogov
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor Shiabiev
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Kulikova T, Shiabiev I, Padnya P, Rogov A, Evtugyn G, Stoikov I, Porfireva A. Impedimetric DNA Sensor Based on Electropolymerized N-Phenylaminophenothiazine and Thiacalix[4]arene Tetraacids for Doxorubicin Determination. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13050513. [PMID: 37232875 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical DNA sensors are highly demanded for fast and reliable determination of antitumor drugs and chemotherapy monitoring. In this work, an impedimetric DNA sensor has been developed on the base of a phenylamino derivative of phenothiazine (PhTz). A glassy carbon electrode was covered with electrodeposited product of PhTz oxidation obtained through multiple scans of the potential. The addition of thiacalix[4]arene derivatives bearing four terminal carboxylic groups in the substituents of the lower rim improved the conditions of electropolymerization and affected the performance of the electrochemical sensor depending on the configuration of the macrocyclic core and molar ratio with PhTz molecules in the reaction medium. Following that, the deposition of DNA by physical adsorption was confirmed by atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The redox properties of the surface layer obtained changed the electron transfer resistance in the presence of doxorubicin due to its intercalating DNA helix and influencing charge distribution on the electrode interface. This made it possible to determine 3 pM-1 nM doxorubicin in 20 min incubation (limit of detection 1.0 pM). The DNA sensor developed was tested on a bovine serum protein solution, Ringer-Locke's solution mimicking plasma electrolytes and commercial medication (doxorubicin-LANS) and showed a satisfactory recovery rate of 90-105%. The sensor could find applications in pharmacy and medical diagnostics for the assessment of drugs able to specifically bind to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kulikova
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor Shiabiev
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexey Rogov
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Porfireva
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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Mostovaya O, Shiabiev I, Pysin D, Stanavaya A, Abashkin V, Shcharbin D, Padnya P, Stoikov I. PAMAM-Calix-Dendrimers: Second Generation Synthesis, Fluorescent Properties and Catecholamines Binding. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122748. [PMID: 36559243 PMCID: PMC9781744 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient method for the synthesis of the second generation of PAMAM dendrimers based on a p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene core in cone, partial cone and 1,3-alternate conformations was developed. Unusual fluorescence of the obtained PAMAM-calix-dendrimers has been found and explained. The binding ability of the synthesized dendrimers toward catecholamines (dopamine, L-adrenaline and L-noradrenaline) was shown by UV-Vis, fluorescence, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and the binding constants (logKa 3.85-4.74) calculated. As was shown, the PAMAM-calix-dendrimers bind catecholamines by the internal cavities. All the studied hormones were most efficiently bound by the dendrimers bearing a macrocyclic core in 1,3-alternate conformation. The size of the formed supramolecular systems of dendrimer/catecholamine was established by the DLS method. A decrease in hemolytic activity of the PAMAM-calix-dendrimers with an increase in the generation number of a dendrimer was shown for the dendrimers with a core in 1,3-alternate conformation. The prospects for the use of the synthesized dendrimers with the macrocyclic core as drug delivery agents were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mostovaya
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (I.S.); Tel.: +7-843-233-7241 (I.S.)
| | - Igor Shiabiev
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Dmitry Pysin
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Alesia Stanavaya
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, 27 Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Viktar Abashkin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, 27 Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dzmitry Shcharbin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, 27 Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, 2 Nauchny Gorodok Street, Kazan 420075, Russia
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (I.S.); Tel.: +7-843-233-7241 (I.S.)
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Mostovaya O, Padnya P, Shiabiev I, Mukhametzyanov T, Stoikov I. PAMAM-calix-dendrimers: Synthesis and Thiacalixarene Conformation Effect on DNA Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111901. [PMID: 34769329 PMCID: PMC8585033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient method for the synthesis of the first generation PAMAM dendrimers based on the thiacalix[4]arene has been developed for the first time. Three new PAMAM-calix-dendrimers with the macrocyclic core in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate conformations were obtained with high yields. The interaction of the obtained compounds with salmon sperm DNA resulted in the formation of the associates of the size up to 200 nm, as shown by the UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS, and TEM. It was demonstrated by the CD method that the structure of the DNA did not undergo significant changes upon binding. The PAMAM-calix-dendrimer based on the macrocycle in cone conformation stabilized DNA and prevented its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Padnya
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (I.S.); Tel.: +7-843-233-7241 (I.S.)
| | | | | | - Ivan Stoikov
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (I.S.); Tel.: +7-843-233-7241 (I.S.)
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