1
|
Baltasar-Fernandez I, Soto-Paniagua H, Alcazar J, Uceta Espinosa MI, Alegre LM, Gracía-García FJ, Ara I, Alfaro Acha A, Losa-Reyna J. Long-term effects of a 6-week power-based resistance training and fast walking interval training program on physical function, muscle power, disability and frailty in pre-frail and frail older adults. Gerontology 2024:000536363. [PMID: 38574485 DOI: 10.1159/000536363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concurrent training has been shown to be a beneficial approach to improve overall health status in older adults. However, little is known about the adaptations of this type of training in the long term (i.e., after cessation of exercise), even less in older people affected by frailty syndrome.Therefore, this study aimed i) to assess the effects of a 6-week concurrent training program composed of power-oriented resistance training (RT) and fast walking interval training (FWIT) on physical function, muscle power, disability in activities of daily living and frailty in pre-frail and frail older people, and ii) to assess the effects of a 6-month detraining period on these outcomes. METHODS A total of 59 pre-frail and frail older adults (>75 years old; Frailty Phenotype >1) were allocated into intervention (INT; n=32; 81.8 years; 21 women) or control (CON; n=27; 82.5 years; 19 women) groups. Primary outcomes of this study were Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), relative sit-to-stand (STS) power, Barthel index, Lawton scale and Frailty Phenotype. Assessments were performed at baseline (PRE), after the concurrent training programme (POST) and after 6 months of follow-up (DET) in both groups. Mixed model repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc tests was used. RESULTS Immediately after the intervention (∆= POST-PRE), INT improved SPPB (∆=3.0 points; p<0.001), relative STS power (∆=0.87 W·kg-1; p<0.001) and reduced their frailty levels (∆=-1.42 criteria; p<0.001), while no changes were observed in CON. After 6 months of detraining (∆= DET-PRE), INT showed higher SPPB (∆=2.2 points; p<0.001), higher relative STS power (∆=0.73 W·kg-1; p<0.001) and lower frailty (∆=-1.24 criteria; p<0.001) values than those reported at baseline, which were significantly different than those reported by CON. Both, Barthel index and Lawton scale values were not modified during the study in either group. CONCLUSIONS The 6-week concurrent training program improved physical function, muscle power and reduced frailty in pre-frail and frail older people and these improvements were maintained above baseline levels after 6 months of detraining. However, due to the individual variability found, future studies of long-term responders vs. non-responders in frail populations are required.
Collapse
|
2
|
Baltasar-Fernandez I, Alcazar J, Martín-Braojos S, Ara I, Alegre LM, García-García FJ, Alfaro-Acha A, Losa-Reyna J. Power-oriented resistance training combined with high-intensity interval training in pre-frail and frail older people: comparison between traditional and cluster training set configurations on the force-velocity relationship, physical function and frailty. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:623-632. [PMID: 37688638 PMCID: PMC10858062 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the force-velocity relationship changes in response to two different training programmes differing in the set configuration (cluster vs. traditional), and their impact on physical function and frailty in pre-frail and frail older adults. METHODS 43 pre-frail and frail (Frailty Phenotype ≥ 1 criteria) older adults (81.4 ± 5.1 years) participated in this study. Participants were assigned to cluster (CT; n = 10; 10-s intra-set rest), traditional (TT; n = 13; no intra-set rest) or control (CON; n = 20) groups. Force-velocity relationship (F0, V0 and Pmax), physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB) and frailty (Frailty Phenotype, FP) were assessed at baseline and after the training programme. RESULTS Both CT and TT groups showed similar improvements in Pmax after training (CT = + 36.7 ± 34.2 W; TT = + 33.8 ± 44.6 W; both p < 0.01). V0 was improved by both CT (+ 0.08 ± 0.06 m s-1; p < 0.01), and TT (+ 0.07 ± 0.15 m s-1, p > 0.05). F0 remained unchanged in CT (+ 68.6 ± 224.2 N, p > 0.05) but increased in TT (+ 125.4 ± 226.8 N, p < 0.05). Finally, SPPB improved in both training conditions (CT = + 2.3 ± 1.3 points; TT = + 3.0 ± 1.2 points; both p < 0.05) and in the CON group (+ 0.9 ± 1.4 points, p < 0.05). CT and TT reduced their FP (CT = - 1.1 criteria; TT = - 1.6 criteria; both p < 0.01), while no changes were observed in the CON group (- 0.2 criteria, p = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS Both training methods were equally effective for improving Pmax, physical function and reducing frailty in pre-frail and frail older people. TT may be effective for improving both force and velocity parameters, while CT may be effective for improving velocity parameters alone, although further research is required to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Martín-Braojos
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José García-García
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Alfaro-Acha
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Universidad S/N, 42004, Soria, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baltasar-Fernandez I, Losa-Reyna J, Carretero A, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alfaro-Acha A, Guadalupe-Grau A, Ara I, Alegre LM, Gomez-Cabrera MC, García-García FJ, Alcazar J. Residual effects of 12 weeks of power-oriented resistance training plus high-intensity interval training on muscle dysfunction, systemic oxidative damage, and antioxidant capacity after 10 months of training cessation in older people with COPD. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1661-1676. [PMID: 37322570 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the residual effects of a 12-week concurrent training program (power training + high-intensity interval training) in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS A total of 21 older adults with COPD [intervention (INT), n = 8; control (CON), n = 13; 76.9 ± 6.8 years] were assessed at baseline and 10 months after the completion of the intervention by the short physical performance battery (SPPB), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), vastus lateralis muscle thickness (MT), peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (peak VO2 ) and peak work rate (Wpeak ), early and late isometric rate of force development (RFD), leg and chest press maximum muscle power (LPmax and CPmax ), and systemic oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity. RESULTS Compared to baseline, after 10 months of detraining, the INT group presented increased SPPB (∆ = 1.0 point), health-related quality of life (∆ = 0.07 points), early RFD (∆ = 834 N∙s-1 ), LPmax (∆ = 62.2 W), and CPmax (∆ = 16.0 W) (all p < 0.05). In addition, a positive effect was noted in INT compared to CON regarding MT and Wpeak (both p < 0.05). No between-group differences were reported in peak VO2 , late RFD, systemic oxidative damage, and antioxidant capacity from baseline to 10 months after the completion of the intervention (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks of concurrent training were enough to ensure improved physical function, health-related quality of life, early RFD and maximum muscle power and to preserve MT and Wpeak but not peak VO2 , late RFD, systemic oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity in the subsequent 10 months of detraining in older adults with COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
| | - Jose Losa-Reyna
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Aitor Carretero
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Geriatric Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alfaro-Acha
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J García-García
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alcazar J, Sanchez-Martin C, Baltasar-Fernandez I, Ara I, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Neuromuscular adaptations after 12 weeks of light- vs. heavy-load power-oriented resistance training in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:324-337. [PMID: 34618979 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the specific adaptations provoked by power-oriented resistance training using light (LL-PT, 40% 1-RM) vs. heavy (HL-PT, 80% 1-RM) loads in older adults. Using a randomized within-subject study design, 45 older adults (>65 years) completed an 8-week control period (CTR) followed by 12 weeks of unilateral LL-PT vs. HL-PT on a leg press. The 1-RM, theoretical force at zero velocity (F0 ), maximal unloaded velocity (V0 ), and maximal muscle power (Pmax ) were determined through a force-velocity relationship test. Isometrically, the rate of force development (RFD) and the corresponding muscle excitation of the knee extensor muscles were assessed. In addition, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and architecture of two quadriceps muscles were determined. Changes after CTR, LL-PT and HL-PT were compared using linear mixed models. HL-PT provoked greater improvements in 1-RM and F0 (effect size (ES) = 0.55-0.68; p < 0.001) than those observed after LL-PT (ES = 0.27-0.47; p ≤ 0.001) (post hoc treatment effect, p ≤ 0.057). By contrast, ES of changes in V0 was greater in LL-PT compared to HL-PT (ES = 0.71, p < 0.001 vs. ES = 0.39, p < 0.001), but this difference was not statistically significant. Both power training interventions elicited a moderate increase in Pmax (ES = 0.65-0.69, p < 0.001). Only LL-PT improved early RFD (ie, ≤100 ms) and muscle excitation (ES = 0.36-0.60, p < 0.05). Increased CSA were noted after both power training programs (ES = 0.13-0.35, p < 0.035), whereas pennation angle increased only after HL-PT (ES = 0.37, p = 0.004). In conclusion, HL-PT seems to be more effective in improving the capability to generate large forces, whereas LL-PT appears to trigger greater gains in movement velocity in older adults. However, both interventions promoted similar increases in muscle power as well as muscle hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Sanchez-Martin
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alcazar J, Losa-Reyna J, Martin-Espinosa NM, Baltasar-Fernandez I, Ara I, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Effects of Power-Oriented Resistance Training With Heavy vs. Light Loads on Muscle-Tendon Function in Older Adults: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2021; 12:635094. [PMID: 33679447 PMCID: PMC7935559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.635094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Power-oriented resistance training (PRT) is one of the most effective exercise programs to counteract neuromuscular and physical function age-related declines. However, the optimal load that maximizes these outcomes or the load-specific adaptations induced on muscle power determinants remain to be better understood. Furthermore, to investigate whether these adaptations are potentially transferred to an untrained limb (i.e., cross-education phenomenon) could be especially relevant during limb-immobilization frequently observed in older people (e.g., after hip fracture). Methods At least 30 well-functioning older participants (>65 years) will participate in a within-person randomized controlled trial. After an 8-week control period, the effects of two 12-week PRT programs using light vs. heavy loads will be compared using an unilateral exercise model through three study arms (light-load PRT vs. non-exercise; heavy-load PRT vs. non-exercise; and light- vs. heavy- load PRT). Muscle-tendon function, muscle excitation and morphology and physical function will be evaluated to analyze the load-specific effects of PRT in older people. Additionally, the effects of PRT will be examined on a non-exercised contralateral limb. Discussion Tailored exercise programs are largely demanded given their potentially greater efficiency preventing age-related negative consequences, especially during limb-immobilization. This trial will provide evidence supporting the use of light- or heavy-load PRT on older adults depending on individual needs, improving decision making and exercise program efficacy. Clinical Trial Registration NCT03724461 registration data: October 30, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Losa-Reyna
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, ISAG, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baltasar-Fernandez I, Alcazar J, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Losa-Reyna J, Alonso-Seco M, Ara I, Alegre LM. Sit-to-stand muscle power test: Comparison between estimated and force plate-derived mechanical power and their association with physical function in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2020; 145:111213. [PMID: 33340686 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed i) to assess the assumptions made in the sit-to-stand (STS) muscle power test [body mass accelerated during the ascending phase (90% of total body mass), leg length (50% of total body height) and concentric phase (50% of total STS time)], ii) to compare force plate-derived (FPD) STS power values with those derived from the STS muscle power test; and iii) to analyze the relationships of both measurements with physical function. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty community-dwelling older adults (71.3 ± 4.4 years) participated in the present investigation. FPD STS power was calculated as the product of measured force (force platform) and velocity [difference between leg length (DXA scan) and chair height, divided by time (obtained from FPD data and video analysis)], and compared to estimated STS power using the STS muscle power test. Physical function was assessed by the timed-up-and-go (TUG) velocity, habitual gait speed (HGS) and maximal gait speed (MGS). Paired t-tests, Bland-Altman plots and regressions analyses were conducted. RESULTS Body mass accelerated during the STS phase was 85.1 ± 3.8% (p < 0.05; compared to assumed 90%), leg length was 50.7 ± 1.3% of body height (p < 0.05; compared to 50%), and measured concentric time was 50.3 ± 4.6% of one STS repetition (p > 0.05; compared to assumed 50%). There were no significant differences between FPD and estimated STS power values (mean difference [95% CI] = 6.4 W [-68.5 to 81.6 W]; p = 0.251). Both FPD and estimated relative (i.e. normalized to body mass) STS power were significantly related to each other (r = 0.95 and ICC = 0.95; p < 0.05) and to MGS and TUG velocity after adjusting for age and sex (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Estimated STS power was not different from FPD STS power and both measures were strongly related to each other and to maximal physical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain.
| | - María Alonso-Seco
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|