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Géniès C, Jamin EL, Debrauwer L, Zalko D, Person EN, Eilstein J, Grégoire S, Schepky A, Lange D, Ellison C, Roe A, Salhi S, Cubberley R, Hewitt NJ, Rothe H, Klaric M, Duplan H, Jacques-Jamin C. Comparison of the metabolism of 10 chemicals in human and pig skin explants. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:385-397. [PMID: 30345528 PMCID: PMC6587507 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skin metabolism is important to consider when assessing local toxicity and/or penetration of chemicals and their metabolites. If human skin supply is limited, pig skin can be used as an alternative. To identify any species differences, we have investigated the metabolism of 10 chemicals in a pig and human skin explant model. Phase I metabolic pathways in skin from both species included those known to occur via cytochrome P450s, esterases, alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases. Common Phase II pathways were glucuronidation and sulfation but other conjugation pathways were also identified. Chemicals not metabolized by pig skin (caffeine, IQ and 4‐chloroaniline) were also not metabolized by human skin. Six chemicals metabolized by pig skin were metabolized to a similar extent (percentage parent remaining) by human skin. Human skin metabolites were also detected in pig skin incubations, except for one unidentified minor vanillin metabolite. Three cinnamyl alcohol metabolites were unique to pig skin but represented minor metabolites. There were notable species differences in the relative amounts of common metabolites. The difference in the abundance of the sulfate conjugates of resorcinol and 4‐amino‐3‐nitrophenol was in accordance with the known lack of aryl sulfotransferase activity in pigs. In conclusion, while qualitative comparisons of metabolic profiles were consistent between pig and human skin, there were some quantitative differences in the percentage of metabolites formed. This preliminary assessment suggests that pig skin is metabolically competent and could be a useful tool for evaluating potential first‐pass metabolism before testing in human‐derived tissues. We have investigated the metabolism of 10 chemicals in viable pig and human skin. Phase I and II metabolic pathways were present in skin from both species. Chemicals not metabolized by pig skin were also not metabolized by human skin. Six chemicals metabolized by pig skin were also metabolized to a similar extent by human skin. Pig and human skin produced common metabolites, although some species differences were observed and as their relative amounts differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Géniès
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | - E L Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - L Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - D Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - E N Person
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - D Lange
- Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Ellison
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Roe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M Klaric
- Cosmetics Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
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Detroyer A, Ivanova H, Eilstein J, Piroird C, Imbert S, Del Bufalo A, Popova I, Kuseva C, Karakolev I, Dimitrov S, Mekenyan O. Predicting in silico the Direct-Peptide-Reactivity-Assay (DPRA) within the Allergic Contact Dermatitis framework: A module accounting for test variability and abiotic transformations. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Legouffe R, Bonnel D, Jones C, Cavusoglu N, Léreaux G, Eilstein J, Farcette F, Stauber J, Soeur J. 1331 Glutathione (GSH) distribution by quantitative MALDI imaging in reconstructed human skin upon activation of GSH biosynthesis by Nrf2 pathway activator. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Grégoire S, Cubberley R, Duplan H, Eilstein J, Lange D, Hewitt N, Jacques-Jamin C, Klaric M, Rothe H, Ellison C, Vaillant O, Schepky A. Solvent Solubility Testing of Cosmetics-Relevant Chemicals: Methodology and Correlation of Water Solubility to In Silico Predictions. J SOLUTION CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-017-0652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rothe H, Obringer C, Manwaring J, Avci C, Wargniez W, Eilstein J, Hewitt N, Cubberley R, Duplan H, Lange D, Jacques‐Jamin C, Klaric M, Schepky A, Grégoire S. Comparison of protocols measuring diffusion and partition coefficients in the stratum corneum. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:806-816. [PMID: 28139006 PMCID: PMC5484360 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Partition (K) and diffusion (D) coefficients are important to measure for the modelling of skin penetration of chemicals through the stratum corneum (SC). We compared the feasibility of three protocols for the testing of 50 chemicals in our main studies, using three cosmetics-relevant model chemicals with a wide range of logP values. Protocol 1: SC concentration-depth profile using tape-stripping (measures KSC/v and DSC /HSC2 , where HSC is the SC thickness); Protocol 2A: incubation of isolated SC with chemical (direct measurement of KSC/v only) and Protocol 2B: diffusion through isolated SC mounted on a Franz cell (measures KSC/v and DSC /HSC2 , and is based on Fick's laws). KSC/v values for caffeine and resorcinol using Protocol 1 and 2B were within 30% of each other, values using Protocol 2A were ~two-fold higher, and all values were within 10-fold of each other. Only indirect determination of KSC/v by Protocol 2B was different from the direct measurement of KSC/v by Protocol 2A and Protocol 1 for 7-EC. The variability of KSC/v for all three chemicals using Protocol 2B was higher compared to Protocol 1 and 2A. DSC /HSC2 values for the three chemicals were of the same order of magnitude using all three protocols. Additionally, using Protocol 1, there was very little difference between parameters measured in pig and human SC. In conclusion, KSC/v, and DSC values were comparable using different methods. Pig skin might be a good surrogate for human skin for the three chemicals tested. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Rothe
- Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, (currently HFC Prestige Service Germany GmbH)Berliner Allee 6564295DarmstadtGermany
- Present address: Coty, Berliner Allee6564295DarmstadtGermany
| | - C. Obringer
- Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business CenterMasonOH45040USA
| | - J. Manwaring
- Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business CenterMasonOH45040USA
| | - C. Avci
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
| | - W. Wargniez
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
| | - J. Eilstein
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
| | - N. Hewitt
- Cosmetics EuropeAvenue Herrmann‐Debroux 40B‐1160BrusselsBelgium
| | - R. Cubberley
- Unilever, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrookBedfordMK44 1LQUK
| | - H. Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo‐Cosmétique3, avenue Hubert Curien31035Toulouse Cedex 1France
| | - D. Lange
- Beiersdorf AGUnnastrasse 48D‐20245HamburgGermany
| | - C. Jacques‐Jamin
- Pierre Fabre Dermo‐Cosmétique3, avenue Hubert Curien31035Toulouse Cedex 1France
| | - M. Klaric
- Cosmetics EuropeAvenue Herrmann‐Debroux 40B‐1160BrusselsBelgium
| | - A. Schepky
- Beiersdorf AGUnnastrasse 48D‐20245HamburgGermany
| | - S. Grégoire
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation1, avenue Eugène Schueller93601Aulnay‐sous‐BoisFrance
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Sextius P, Betts R, Benkhalifa I, Commo S, Eilstein J, Massironi M, Wang P, Michelet JF, Qiu J, Tan X, Jeulin S. Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract protects human foreskin melanocytes from oxidative stress in vitro and potentiates hair follicle pigmentation ex vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 39:419-425. [PMID: 28109001 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the ability of an extract from traditional Chinese medicine, Polygonum multiflorum Radix, to protect melanocyte viability from oxidative stress, a key mechanism in the initiation and progression of hair greying. METHODS To assess the antioxidant capacity of Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract, primary human foreskin melanocytes were treated with a commercially available Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract added to culture medium and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), using intracellular reactive oxygen species concentrations and glutathione/protein ratios as endpoints. To improve solubility for cosmetic uses, a new Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract was derived. As hair greying is the consequence of melanocyte disappearance in an oxidative stress environment, we checked whether the antioxidant capacity of the new Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract could preserve melanocyte viability in response to H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress, and preserve pigmentation within ex vivo human hair follicles. RESULTS In vitro treatment of primary human foreskin melanocytes with traditional available Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract resulted in decreased intracellular ROS accumulation in response to H2 O2 exposure with a concomitant preservation of glutathione-to-protein ratio, consistent with a protective response against H2 O2 exposure and demonstrating the promise of this extract for protecting melanocytes against oxidative stress. Melanocytes treated with the improved Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract exhibited attenuated H2 O2 -induced cell death, demonstrating a clear cytoprotective effect. Treatment of ex vivo human hair follicles with the improved Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract resulted in a higher level of melanin compared to vehicle-treated controls, demonstrating an ex vivo protective effect on hair pigmentation. CONCLUSION Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract protects in vitro primary human foreskin melanocytes from the deleterious effects of H2 O2 exposure and improves pigmentation within ex vivo human hair follicles, demonstrating the utility of Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract as a potential active ingredient for the protection of melanocytes against premature death. This data provides in vitro mechanistic evidence consistent with existing in vivo studies for the use of Polygonum multiflorum Radix extract as a strategy for the prevention of oxidative stress-induced hair greying, in line with traditional Polygonum multiflorum Radix uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sextius
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, 93601, France
| | - R Betts
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 550 Jin Yu Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - I Benkhalifa
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, 93601, France
| | - S Commo
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, 93601, France
| | - J Eilstein
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, 93601, France
| | - M Massironi
- Cutech Srl, Via San Marco, Padova, 9/M I-35129, Italy
| | - P Wang
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 550 Jin Yu Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - J-F Michelet
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, 93601, France
| | - J Qiu
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 550 Jin Yu Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - X Tan
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 550 Jin Yu Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - S Jeulin
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugene Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, 93601, France
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Legouffe R, Bonnel D, Jones C, Cavusoglu N, Léreaux G, Eilstein J, Heron A, Stauber J, Soeur J. 106 Glutathione (GSH) distribution by quantitative MALDI imaging in reconstructed human skin upon activation of GSH biosynthesis by Nrf2 pathway activator. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gerstel D, Jacques-Jamin C, Schepky A, Cubberley R, Eilstein J, Grégoire S, Hewitt N, Klaric M, Rothe H, Duplan H. Comparison of protocols for measuring cosmetic ingredient distribution in human and pig skin. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dimitrov S, Detroyer A, Piroird C, Gomes C, Eilstein J, Pauloin T, Kuseva C, Ivanova H, Popova I, Karakolev Y, Ringeissen S, Mekenyan O. Accounting for data variability, a key factor inin vivo/in vitrorelationships: application to the skin sensitization potency (in vivoLLNA versusin vitroDPRA) example. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1568-1578. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dimitrov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | | | | | - C. Gomes
- L'Oreal R&I; Aulnay-sous-Bois France
| | | | | | - C. Kuseva
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | - H. Ivanova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | - I. Popova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | - Y. Karakolev
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
| | | | - O. Mekenyan
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry; University “Prof. As. Zlatarov”; 8010 Bourgas Bulgaria
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Rothe H, Schepky A, Hewitt N, Cubberley R, Duplan H, Eilstein J, Gerstel D, Grégoire S, Jacques-Jamin C, Klaric M. Solubility of cosmetics ingredients in 6 different solvents and applicability to skin bioavailability assays. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Soeur J, Eilstein J, Léreaux G, Jones C, Marrot L. Skin resistance to oxidative stress induced by resveratrol: from Nrf2 activation to GSH biosynthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:213-23. [PMID: 25451641 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin is particularly exposed to oxidative stress, either from environmental insults such as sunlight or pollution or as a consequence of specific impairments in antioxidant status resulting from pathologies or aging. Traditionally, antioxidant products are exogenously provided to neutralize pro-oxidant species. However, another approach based on stimulation of endogenous antioxidant defense pathways is more original. Resveratrol (RSV) was reported to display such a behavior in various tissues, but data about the mechanisms of action in skin are scarce. We show here that, in primary culture of normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) or in full-thickness reconstructed human skin, RSV activated the Nrf2 pathway at nontoxic doses, from 20 µM up to 100µM. Among the Nrf2 downstream genes, glutamylcysteinyl ligase and glutathione peroxidase-2 were induced at the mRNA and protein levels. In parallel, a significant increase in glutathione content, assessed by LC/MS analysis, was observed in both models. Nrf2 gene silencing experiments performed in NHKs confirmed that Nrf2 was involved in RSV-induced modulation of cellular antioxidant status, in part by increasing cellular glutathione content. Finally, improvement of endogenous defenses induced in RSV-pretreated reconstructed skin ensured protection against the toxic oxidative effects of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). In fact after RSV pretreatment, in response to CHP stress, glutathione content did not decrease as in unprotected samples. Cellular alterations at the dermal-epidermal junction were clearly prevented. Together, these complementary experiments demonstrated the beneficial effects of RSV on skin, beyond its direct antioxidant properties, by upregulation of a cutaneous endogenous antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Soeur
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - J Eilstein
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - G Léreaux
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - C Jones
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - L Marrot
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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