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Dominik Güss C, Boyd L, Perniciaro K, Free DC, Free J, Teresa Tuason M. The politics of COVID-19: Differences between U.S. red and blue states in COVID-19 regulations and deaths. Health Policy Open 2023; 5:100107. [PMID: 38034472 PMCID: PMC10684792 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated infection variables and control strategies in 2020 and 2021 and their influence on COVID-19 deaths in the United States, with a particular focus on comparing red (Republican) and blue (Democratic) states. The analysis reviewed cumulative COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 by year, state political affiliation, and a priori latent factor groupings of mitigation strategies (lockdown days in 2020, mask mandate days, vaccination rates), social demographic variables (ethnicity, poverty rate), and biological variables (median age, obesity). Analyses first identified possible relationships between all assessed variables using K-means clustering for red, blue, and purple states. Then, a series of regression models were fit to assess the effects of mitigation strategies, social, and biological factors specifically on COVID-19 deaths in red and blue states. Results showed distinct differences in responding to COVID infections between red states to blue states, particularly the red states lessor adoption of mitigation factors leaving more sway on biological factors in predicting deaths. Whereas in blue states, where mitigation factors were more readily implemented, vaccinations had a more significant influence in reducing the probability of infections ending in death. Overall, study findings suggest politicalization of COVID-19 mitigation strategies played a role in death rates across the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dominik Güss
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Lauren Boyd
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Kelly Perniciaro
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Danielle C. Free
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - J.R. Free
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Ma. Teresa Tuason
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Seller Oria C, Free J, Guterres Marmitt G, Knäusl B, Brandenburg S, Knopf A, Meijers A, Langendijk J, Both S. OC-0619 Flat panel proton radiography with a patient specific imaging field for accurate WEPL assessment. Radiother Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(22)02641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Scandurra D, Meijer T, Free J, van den Hoek J, Kelder L, Oldehinkel E, Steenbakkers R, Both S, Langendijk J. Evaluation of robustly optimised intensity modulated proton therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2022; 168:221-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Seller Oria C, Thummerer A, Free J, Langendijk J, Both S, Knopf A, Meijers A. OC-0480 Range probing as a quality control tool for CBCT based synthetic CTs: an in vivo demonstration. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)06927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meijers A, Seller OC, Free J, Bondesson D, Seller Oria C, Rabe M, Parodi K, Landry G, Langendijk JA, Both S, Kurz C, Knopf AC. Assessment of range uncertainty in lung-like tissue using a porcine lung phantom and proton radiography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:155014. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab91db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Meijers A, Free J, Wagenaar D, Deffet S, Knopf AC, Langendijk JA, Both S. Validation of the proton range accuracy and optimization of CT calibration curves utilizing range probing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:03NT02. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab66e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Meijers A, Free J, Wagenaar D, Deffet S, Knopf A, Langendijk J, Both S. OC-0564 A novel range probing-based optimization of CT calibration curve for Proton Therapy. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)30984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peters N, Wohlfahrt P, Bolsi A, Dahlgren C, De Marzi L, Ellerbrock M, Fracchiolla F, Free J, Gomà C, Góra J, Kajdrowicz T, MacKay R, Molinelli S, Nørrevang O, Rinaldi I, Rompokos V, Van der Tol P, Vermeren X, Richter C. OC-0667 Experimental assessment of inter-centre variation and accuracy in SPR prediction within the EPTN. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Taasti V, Bäumer C, Dahlgren C, Deisher A, Ellerbrock M, Free J, Góra J, Kozera A, Lomax A, De Marzi L, Molinelli S, Teo B, Wohlfahrt P, Petersen J, Muren L, Hansen D, Richter C. PO-0969: Inter-center variability of CT-to-SPR conversion in particle therapy: Survey-based evaluation. Radiother Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(18)31279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wagenaar D, Kierkels R, Free J, Langendijk J, Korevaar E. Robust and Adaptive 4D Optimization of VMAT in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kierkels R, Pickup L, Gooding M, Free J, Langendijk J, Brouwer C, Sijtsema N. OC-0579: Decision support for re-planning in head and neck cancer patients treated with adaptive radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)30685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Free J, Wittendorp P, Brouwer C, van der Schaaf A, Langendijk J, van 't Veld A, Steenbakkers R, Sijtsema N. EP-1259: Influence of the type of headrest (individual or standard) on the actual given dose in target volumes and organs at risk. Radiother Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)33565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Free J, Sijtsema N, Wittendorp P, van der Schaaf A, Langendijk J, Veld AV. PD-0275 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HEADRESTS AND 2D OR 3D POSITION VERIFICATION ON THE SETUP MARGINS OF HEAD & NECK CANCER PATIENTS. Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)70614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brüggemann M, Free J, Diamond A, Howard J, Cobbold S, Waldmann H. Immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of the rat: striking homology to mouse antibody genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:6075-9. [PMID: 3016742 PMCID: PMC386441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.16.6075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA encoding the rat diversity segment (D), joining segment (JH), and constant (C) region mu, gamma 2a, gamma 1, gamma 2b, epsilon and alpha of the Ig heavy chain has been isolated from a cosmid library. Restriction mapping allowed us to identify two gene clusters: D-JH-C mu and C gamma 1-C gamma 2b-C epsilon-C alpha in addition to a single C gamma 2a gene. Analysis of genomic DNA by Southern blotting permitted identification of the C gamma 2c gene and led to the proposal of the following gene order for the rat Ig heavy chain locus: D-JH-C mu-C delta-(C gamma 2c, C gamma 2a)-C gamma 1-C gamma 2b-C epsilon-C alpha. There is striking homology between the rat and mouse Ig heavy chain loci as regards gene order and distance between CH genes. Partial DNA sequencing confirms this homology and shows that exon sequences are more conserved than are intron sequences. One of the most conserved intron regions between rat and mouse is that spanning the Ig heavy chain enhancer (91% homology). However, the relationship between the different C gamma subclasses in rat differs from that in mouse. Comparison of the C gamma CH3 domains shows that the rat C gamma 2b gene is most homologous to mouse C gamma 2a/b, whereas the rat C gamma 1 and C gamma 2a genes, both very similar to each other, are most homologous to the mouse C gamma 1 gene.
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Thorne KJ, Free J, Franks D. Role of sulphydryl groups in T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Clin Exp Immunol 1982; 50:644-50. [PMID: 6984671 PMCID: PMC1536835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of thiols in T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated by studying the thiols of the target cell and cytotoxic cell separately. Agents which protect the reduced thiols of the target cell inhibit their lysis by the cytotoxic T cells; thiol reactive reagents may be directly toxic to the target cell. The thiol groups of the effector cell are also important, since pre-treatment with thiol reactive reagents inhibits killing.
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Thorne KJ, Free J, Franks D, Oliver RC. The mechanism of Fc-mediated interaction of eosinophils with immobilized immune complexes. II. Identification of two membrane proteins, modified by the interaction. J Cell Sci 1982; 56:357-69. [PMID: 7166570 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.56.1.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood eosinophils attach to and flatten down onto antibody-coated surfaces and subsequently degranulate. An antibody-coated surface was prepared by treating a layer of agar, containing tetanus toxoid antigen and eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF), with human anti-tetanus immunoglobin. Changes in eosinophil surface proteins during attachment to the antibody-coated agar layer were detected by lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination. Purified eosinophils were pre-treated with unlabelled iodide, lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide to block pre-existing accessible tyrosine residues on the cell surface. They were then allowed to interact with the agar layer, and subsequently treated with lactoperoxidase and 125I-labelled iodide to label newly accessible surface proteins. Separation of the radioactive proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that, while incubation of the cells in suspension restored the major proteins to the cell surface, interaction with the antibody-coated agar layer caused the appearance of additional proteins of apparent molecular weight 55K, 30K, 28K and 18K. The 55K, 28K and 18K proteins were greatly reduced when antibody was absent, but the 55K protein was distinguishable from immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy chain, since it could be detected in low amounts even in the absence of antibody. It was found in purified plasma membranes and it could be separated from IgG heavy chain by iso-electric focusing. The possibility is discussed that this protein is either linked to the receptor for the Fc portion of IgG, or that it is itself the receptor. The 18K protein required both antibody and ECF for maximum expression, but was seen in limited amounts with ECF alone. Possibly it is concerned with an ECF-mediated recognition of IgG. Unlike the 55K protein, it binds concanavalin A. Plasma membranes were prepared from eosinophils by lysis in borate, followed by purification on a glass-bead column. Both the 55K and the 18K proteins were found to be major components of the eosinophil membrane.
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Cade R, Spooner G, Schlein E, Pickering M, DeQuesada A, Holcomb A, Juncos L, Richard G, Shires D, Levin D, Hackett R, Free J, Hunt R, Fregly M. Comparison of azathioprine, prednisone, and heparin alone or combined in treating lupus nephritis. Nephron Clin Pract 1973; 10:37-56. [PMID: 4695164 DOI: 10.1159/000180176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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