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Geri JB, Pao W. Elucidating the Cell Surfaceome to Accelerate Cancer Drug Development. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:639-642. [PMID: 38571413 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-24-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
SUMMARY Cell surface proteins represent ideal therapeutic targets because of their accessibility to antibodies, T cell-directed therapies, and radiotherapies, but there are only 25 therapeutically relevant cell surface targets for which cancer therapies are approved in the United States or European Union. This commentary calls for intensified research into mapping the universe of cell surface proteins - the cell surfaceome - in order to accelerate cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Geri
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - William Pao
- Reveal Therapeutics, Inc., New York, New York
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Huth SW, Oakley JV, Seath CP, Geri JB, Trowbridge AD, Parker DL, Rodriguez-Rivera FP, Schwaid AG, Ramil C, Ryu KA, White CH, Fadeyi OO, Oslund RC, MacMillan DWC. μMap Photoproximity Labeling Enables Small Molecule Binding Site Mapping. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16289-16296. [PMID: 37471577 PMCID: PMC10809032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of ligand binding modes is a crucial step in the drug discovery process and is especially important in campaigns arising from phenotypic screening, where the protein target and binding mode are unknown at the outset. Elucidation of target binding regions is typically achieved by X-ray crystallography or photoaffinity labeling (PAL) approaches; yet, these methods present significant challenges. X-ray crystallography is a mainstay technique that has revolutionized drug discovery, but in many cases structural characterization is challenging or impossible. PAL has also enabled binding site mapping with peptide- and amino-acid-level resolution; however, the stoichiometric activation mode can lead to poor signal and coverage of the resident binding pocket. Additionally, each PAL probe can have its own fragmentation pattern, complicating the analysis by mass spectrometry. Here, we establish a robust and general photocatalytic approach toward the mapping of protein binding sites, which we define as identification of residues proximal to the ligand binding pocket. By utilizing a catalytic mode of activation, we obtain sets of labeled amino acids in the proximity of the target protein binding site. We use this methodology to map, in vitro, the binding sites of six protein targets, including several kinases and molecular glue targets, and furthermore to investigate the binding site of the STAT3 inhibitor MM-206, a ligand with no known crystal structure. Finally, we demonstrate the successful mapping of drug binding sites in live cells. These results establish μMap as a powerful method for the generation of amino-acid- and peptide-level target engagement data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. Huth
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James V. Oakley
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ciaran P. Seath
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob B. Geri
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Aaron D. Trowbridge
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Dann L. Parker
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Adam G. Schwaid
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Carlo Ramil
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Keun Ah Ryu
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Cory H. White
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Olugbeminiyi O. Fadeyi
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Rob C. Oslund
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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3
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Suzuki S, Geri JB, Knutson SD, Bell-Temin H, Tamura T, Fernández DF, Lovett GH, Till NA, Heller BL, Guo J, MacMillan DWC, Ploss A. Photochemical Identification of Auxiliary Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Host Entry Factors Using μMap. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16604-16611. [PMID: 36049228 PMCID: PMC9469761 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the infectious agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, remains a global medical problem. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was identified as the primary viral entry receptor, and transmembrane serine protease 2 primes the spike protein for membrane fusion. However, ACE2 expression is generally low and variable across tissues, suggesting that auxiliary receptors facilitate viral entry. Identifying these factors is critical for understanding SARS-Cov-2 pathophysiology and developing new countermeasures. However, profiling host-virus interactomes involves extensive genetic screening or complex computational predictions. Here, we leverage the photocatalytic proximity labeling platform μMap to rapidly profile the spike interactome in human cells and identify eight novel candidate receptors. We systemically validate their functionality in SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviral uptake assays with both Wuhan and Delta spike variants and show that dual expression of ACE2 with either neuropilin-2, ephrin receptor A7, solute carrier family 6 member 15, or myelin and lymphocyte protein 2 significantly enhances viral uptake. Collectively, our data show that SARS-CoV-2 synergistically engages several host factors for cell entry and establishes μMap as a powerful tool for rapidly interrogating host-virus interactomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jacob B. Geri
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Steve D. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Gabby H. Lovett
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Till
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brigitte L. Heller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jinchao Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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4
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Trowbridge AD, Seath CP, Rodriguez-Rivera FP, Li BX, Dul BE, Schwaid AG, Buksh BF, Geri JB, Oakley JV, Fadeyi OO, Oslund RC, Ryu KA, White C, Reyes-Robles T, Tawa P, Parker DL, MacMillan DWC. Small molecule photocatalysis enables drug target identification via energy transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208077119. [PMID: 35969791 PMCID: PMC9407219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208077119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of new therapeutic approaches fail in clinical trials due to a lack of target validation. As such, the development of new methods to improve and accelerate the identification of cellular targets, broadly known as target ID, remains a fundamental goal in drug discovery. While advances in sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies have revolutionized drug target ID in recent decades, the corresponding chemical-based approaches have not changed in over 50 y. Consigned to outdated stoichiometric activation modes, modern target ID campaigns are regularly confounded by poor signal-to-noise resulting from limited receptor occupancy and low crosslinking yields, especially when targeting low abundance membrane proteins or multiple protein target engagement. Here, we describe a broadly general platform for photocatalytic small molecule target ID, which is founded upon the catalytic amplification of target-tag crosslinking through the continuous generation of high-energy carbene intermediates via visible light-mediated Dexter energy transfer. By decoupling the reactive warhead tag from the small molecule ligand, catalytic signal amplification results in unprecedented levels of target enrichment, enabling the quantitative target and off target ID of several drugs including (+)-JQ1, paclitaxel (Taxol), dasatinib (Sprycel), as well as two G-protein-coupled receptors-ADORA2A and GPR40.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciaran P. Seath
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | | | - Beryl X. Li
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Barbara E. Dul
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | | | - Benito F. Buksh
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Jacob B. Geri
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - James V. Oakley
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | | | - Rob C. Oslund
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141
| | - Keun Ah Ryu
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141
| | - Cory White
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141
| | | | - Paul Tawa
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Dann L. Parker
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
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5
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Buksh BF, Knutson SD, Oakley JV, Bissonnette NB, Oblinsky DG, Schwoerer MP, Seath CP, Geri JB, Rodriguez-Rivera FP, Parker DL, Scholes GD, Ploss A, MacMillan DW. μMap-Red: Proximity Labeling by Red Light Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6154-6162. [PMID: 35363468 PMCID: PMC9843638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Modern proximity labeling techniques have enabled significant advances in understanding biomolecular interactions. However, current tools primarily utilize activation modes that are incompatible with complex biological environments, limiting our ability to interrogate cell- and tissue-level microenvironments in animal models. Here, we report μMap-Red, a proximity labeling platform that uses a red-light-excited SnIV chlorin e6 catalyst to activate a phenyl azide biotin probe. We validate μMap-Red by demonstrating photonically controlled protein labeling in vitro through several layers of tissue, and we then apply our platform in cellulo to label EGFR microenvironments and validate performance with STED microscopy and quantitative proteomics. Finally, to demonstrate labeling in a complex biological sample, we deploy μMap-Red in whole mouse blood to profile erythrocyte cell-surface proteins. This work represents a significant methodological advance toward light-based proximity labeling in complex tissue environments and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito F. Buksh
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Steve D. Knutson
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - James V. Oakley
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Noah B. Bissonnette
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Michael P. Schwoerer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Ciaran P. Seath
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jacob B. Geri
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Dann L. Parker
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | | | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - David W.C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,Corresponding Author: David W. C. MacMillan − Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States;
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6
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Geri JB, Oakley JV, Reyes-Robles T, Wang T, McCarver SJ, White CH, Rodriguez-Rivera FP, Parker DL, Hett EC, Fadeyi OO, Oslund RC, MacMillan DWC. Microenvironment mapping via Dexter energy transfer on immune cells. Science 2020; 367:1091-1097. [PMID: 32139536 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many disease pathologies can be understood through the elucidation of localized biomolecular networks, or microenvironments. To this end, enzymatic proximity labeling platforms are broadly applied for mapping the wider spatial relationships in subcellular architectures. However, technologies that can map microenvironments with higher precision have long been sought. Here, we describe a microenvironment-mapping platform that exploits photocatalytic carbene generation to selectively identify protein-protein interactions on cell membranes, an approach we term MicroMap (μMap). By using a photocatalyst-antibody conjugate to spatially localize carbene generation, we demonstrate selective labeling of antibody binding targets and their microenvironment protein neighbors. This technique identified the constituent proteins of the programmed-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) microenvironment in live lymphocytes and selectively labeled within an immunosynaptic junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Geri
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - James V Oakley
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Stefan J McCarver
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Cory H White
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | | | - Dann L Parker
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Erik C Hett
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | | | - Rob C Oslund
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
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Abstract
Difluoromethane (CF2H2) is an ecologically-friendly refrigerant which holds promise as a source of CF2H-. However, the weak acidity (pKa = 35-41) and low stability of the conjugate base have prevented its utilization as a chemical feedstock. In this manuscript, we use a Lewis pair approach to deprotonate CF2H2 and capture CF2H- as R3B-CF2H- adducts. One reagent can be used as a base-free Suzuki reagent in palladium-mediated difluoromethylation, where CF2H- transfer is templated by precoordination to an azaborine derived R3B-CF2H- reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Geri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Geri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael M. Wade Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Geri JB, Wade Wolfe MM, Szymczak NK. Borazine-CF 3- Adducts for Rapid, Room Temperature, and Broad Scope Trifluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1381-1385. [PMID: 29205733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fluoroform-derived borazine CF3- transfer reagent is used to effect rapid nucleophilic reactions in the absence of additives, within minutes at 25 °C. Inorganic electrophiles spanning seven groups of the periodic table can be trifluoromethylated in high yield, including transition metals used for catalytic trifluoromethylation. Organic electrophiles included (hetero)arenes, enabling C-H and C-X trifluoromethylation reactions. Mechanistic analysis supports a dissociative mechanism for CF3- transfer, and cation modification afforded a reagent with enhanced stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Geri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael M Wade Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nathaniel K Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Geri
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; 930 N. University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Michael M. Wade Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; 930 N. University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; 930 N. University Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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11
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Abstract
Modular but geometrically constrained ligands were used to investigate the impact of key ligand design parameters (charge and bite angle) on CO2 hydrogenation and formic acid dehydrogenation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Geri
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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12
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Abstract
We present a strategy to rationally prepare CF3- transfer reagents at ambient temperature from HCF3. We demonstrate that a highly reactive CF3- adduct can be synthesized from alkali metal hydride, HCF3, and borazine Lewis acids in quantitative yield at room temperature. These nucleophilic reagents transfer CF3- to substrates without additional chemical activation, and after CF3 transfer, the free borazine is quantitatively regenerated. These features enable syntheses of popular nucleophilic, radical, and electrophilic trifluoromethylation reagents with complete recycling of the borazine Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Geri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Nathaniel K Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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13
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Abstract
We present a systematic investigation of the structural and electronic changes that occur in an Fe(0)-N2 unit (Fe(depe)2(N2); depe = 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane) upon the addition of exogenous Lewis acids. Addition of neutral boranes, alkali metal cations, and an Fe2+ complex increases the N-N bond activation (Δ νNN up to 172 cm-1), decreases the Fe(0)-N2 redox potential, polarizes the N-N bond, and enables -N protonation at uncommonly anodic potentials. These effects were rationalized using combined experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Geri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James P. Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Geri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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