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Märkl F, Benmebarek MR, Keyl J, Cadilha BL, Geiger M, Karches C, Obeck H, Schwerdtfeger M, Michaelides S, Briukhovetska D, Stock S, Jobst J, Müller PJ, Majed L, Seifert M, Klüver AK, Lorenzini T, Grünmeier R, Thomas M, Gottschlich A, Klaus R, Marr C, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Rothenfusser S, Levesque MP, Heppt MV, Endres S, Klein C, Kobold S. Bispecific antibodies redirect synthetic agonistic receptor modified T cells against melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006436. [PMID: 37208128 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is an immune sensitive disease, as demonstrated by the activity of immune check point blockade (ICB), but many patients will either not respond or relapse. More recently, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy has shown promising efficacy in melanoma treatment after ICB failure, indicating the potential of cellular therapies. However, TIL treatment comes with manufacturing limitations, product heterogeneity, as well as toxicity problems, due to the transfer of a large number of phenotypically diverse T cells. To overcome said limitations, we propose a controlled adoptive cell therapy approach, where T cells are armed with synthetic agonistic receptors (SAR) that are selectively activated by bispecific antibodies (BiAb) targeting SAR and melanoma-associated antigens. METHODS Human as well as murine SAR constructs were generated and transduced into primary T cells. The approach was validated in murine, human and patient-derived cancer models expressing the melanoma-associated target antigens tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) and melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP) (CSPG4). SAR T cells were functionally characterized by assessing their specific stimulation and proliferation, as well as their tumor-directed cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS MCSP and TYRP1 expression was conserved in samples of patients with treated as well as untreated melanoma, supporting their use as melanoma-target antigens. The presence of target cells and anti-TYRP1 × anti-SAR or anti-MCSP × anti-SAR BiAb induced conditional antigen-dependent activation, proliferation of SAR T cells and targeted tumor cell lysis in all tested models. In vivo, antitumoral activity and long-term survival was mediated by the co-administration of SAR T cells and BiAb in a syngeneic tumor model and was further validated in several xenograft models, including a patient-derived xenograft model. CONCLUSION The SAR T cell-BiAb approach delivers specific and conditional T cell activation as well as targeted tumor cell lysis in melanoma models. Modularity is a key feature for targeting melanoma and is fundamental towards personalized immunotherapies encompassing cancer heterogeneity. Because antigen expression may vary in primary melanoma tissues, we propose that a dual approach targeting two tumor-associated antigens, either simultaneously or sequentially, could avoid issues of antigen heterogeneity and deliver therapeutic benefit to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Märkl
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius Keyl
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Geiger
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Clara Karches
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Obeck
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanos Michaelides
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daria Briukhovetska
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Stock
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Jobst
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Jie Müller
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Majed
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristina Klüver
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Theo Lorenzini
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Grünmeier
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Thomas
- Institute of AI for Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Klaus
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Haunersches Kinderspital, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of AI for Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Markus Vincent Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Briukhovetska D, Suarez-Gosalvez J, Voigt C, Markota A, Giannou AD, Schübel M, Jobst J, Zhang T, Dörr J, Märkl F, Majed L, Müller PJ, May P, Gottschlich A, Tokarew N, Lücke J, Oner A, Schwerdtfeger M, Andreu-Sanz D, Grünmeier R, Seifert M, Michaelides S, Hristov M, König LM, Cadilha BL, Mikhaylov O, Anders HJ, Rothenfusser S, Flavell RA, Cerezo-Wallis D, Tejedo C, Soengas MS, Bald T, Huber S, Endres S, Kobold S. T cell-derived interleukin-22 drives the expression of CD155 by cancer cells to suppress NK cell function and promote metastasis. Immunity 2023; 56:143-161.e11. [PMID: 36630913 PMCID: PMC9839367 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although T cells can exert potent anti-tumor immunity, a subset of T helper (Th) cells producing interleukin-22 (IL-22) in breast and lung tumors is linked to dismal patient outcome. Here, we examined the mechanisms whereby these T cells contribute to disease. In murine models of lung and breast cancer, constitutional and T cell-specific deletion of Il22 reduced metastases without affecting primary tumor growth. Deletion of the IL-22 receptor on cancer cells decreases metastasis to a degree similar to that seen in IL-22-deficient mice. IL-22 induced high expression of CD155, which bound to the activating receptor CD226 on NK cells. Excessive activation led to decreased amounts of CD226 and functionally impaired NK cells, which elevated the metastatic burden. IL-22 signaling was also associated with CD155 expression in human datasets and with poor patient outcomes. Taken together, our findings reveal an immunosuppressive circuit activated by T cell-derived IL-22 that promotes lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Briukhovetska
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Suarez-Gosalvez
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Voigt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Anamarija Markota
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasios D. Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, and Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany,Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maryam Schübel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Jobst
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, and Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Dörr
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Märkl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Majed
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Jie Müller
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter May
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas Tokarew
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, and Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany,Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arman Oner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwerdtfeger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - David Andreu-Sanz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Grünmeier
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanos Michaelides
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hristov
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), University Hospital, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars M. König
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Loureiro Cadilha
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniela Cerezo-Wallis
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Tejedo
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María S. Soengas
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias Bald
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, and Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany; Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Geelen D, Jobst J, Krasovskii EE, van der Molen SJ, Tromp RM. Nonuniversal Transverse Electron Mean Free Path through Few-layer Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:086802. [PMID: 31491219 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.086802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the in-plane transport electron mean-free path in graphene, the transverse mean-free path has received little attention and is often assumed to follow the "universal" mean-free path (MFP) curve broadly adopted in surface and interface science. Here we directly measure transverse electron scattering through graphene from 0 to 25 eV above the vacuum level both in reflection using low energy electron microscopy and in transmission using electronvolt transmission electron microscopy. From these data, we obtain quantitative MFPs for both elastic and inelastic scattering. Even at the lowest energies, the total MFP is just a few graphene layers and the elastic MFP oscillates with graphene layer number, both refuting the universal curve. A full theoretical calculation taking the graphene band structure into consideration agrees well with experiment, while the key experimental results are reproduced even by a simple optical toy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Geelen
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Jobst
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - E E Krasovskii
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV/EHU, 20080 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - S J van der Molen
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R M Tromp
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York, New York 10598, USA
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Lorenz HM, Behrens F, Lippe R, Jobst J, Löschmann PA, Meier L. THU0415 Etanercept as Monotherapy or in Combination with Conventional Disease-Modifying Anti-Rhuematic Drugs in Psoriatic Arthritis: Results from a Large, Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study: Table 1. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sorger C, Hertel S, Jobst J, Steiner C, Meil K, Ullmann K, Albert A, Wang Y, Krieger M, Ristein J, Maier S, Weber HB. Gateless patterning of epitaxial graphene by local intercalation. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:025302. [PMID: 25517943 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/2/025302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique to pattern the charge density of a large-area epitaxial graphene sheet locally without using metallic gates. Instead, local intercalation of the graphene-substrate interface can selectively be established in the vicinity of graphene edges or predefined voids. It provides changes of the work function of several hundred meV, corresponding to a conversion from n-type to p-type charge carriers. This assignment is supported by photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Hall effect measurements. The technique introduces materials contrast to a graphene sheet in a variety of geometries and thus allows for novel experiments and novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sorger
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Hertel S, Waldmann D, Jobst J, Albert A, Albrecht M, Reshanov S, Schöner A, Krieger M, Weber H. Tailoring the graphene/silicon carbide interface for monolithic wafer-scale electronics. Nat Commun 2012; 3:957. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Hass HG, Jobst J, Nehls O, Frilling A, Hartmann JT, Kaiser S. The gene coding for secreted phosphoprotein1/osteopontin is the most overexpressed gene in cholangiocarcinoma—detected by oligonucleotide arrays and LightCycler analysis. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
10036 Background: Cholangiocarcinomas (CCC) are the second most common primary hepatic malignancy with a still poor prognosis and arise from biliary epithelia or cholangiocytes. Until now, less is known about the molecular pathways leeding to CCC. Methods: Oligonucleotide arrays were used to analyze gene expression profiles of 8 intrahepatic CCCs. After isolation of tRNA and transcription into cDNA, biotin-labelled cRNA probes were hybridized to GeneArrays (Affymetrix U 133A) containing probes of more than 22.000 genes/ESTs. For two-dimensional cluster analysis we used special software programs (Genexplore, GeneSpring). Dysregulated genes were determined by presence in more than 70% and a 2-fold change in relation to the corresponding non-malignant liver tissue. Lightcycler analysis were performed to validate the expression datas of dysregulated genes. Results: A total of 694 dysregulated genes (330 up-/364 down-regulated, compared with corresponding non-malignant tissue) were detected. As the gene with the highest and most consistent upregulation we were able to identify osteopontin (OPN) with an average 5-fold overexpression in all CCC tissues. OPN is an acidic phosphoprotein that is secreted by osteoblasts, macrophages and many other cell types and binds to a variety of cell surface receptors (integrins/CD44). OPN is multifunctional, with activities in cell migration, regulation of bone metabolism, immune cell function and control of tumor cell phenotype. Elevated OPN levels were seen in different tumors but until now no data exist about the expression in CCCs. As one possible interaction in human carcinogenesis, OPN has recently been shown to be a novel substrate for some MMPs, which play an importand role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Conclusions: This is the first report about an overexpression of OPN in CCC and our data indicate an important role in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to illucidate the moleculargenetic mechanisms of OPN interactions in CCC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. G. Hass
- Division of Haematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Tuebingen, Germany; Matrigene Company, Reutlingen, Germany; Division of Abdominal and Transplant Surgery, Essen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. Jobst
- Division of Haematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Tuebingen, Germany; Matrigene Company, Reutlingen, Germany; Division of Abdominal and Transplant Surgery, Essen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - O. Nehls
- Division of Haematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Tuebingen, Germany; Matrigene Company, Reutlingen, Germany; Division of Abdominal and Transplant Surgery, Essen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A. Frilling
- Division of Haematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Tuebingen, Germany; Matrigene Company, Reutlingen, Germany; Division of Abdominal and Transplant Surgery, Essen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. T. Hartmann
- Division of Haematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Tuebingen, Germany; Matrigene Company, Reutlingen, Germany; Division of Abdominal and Transplant Surgery, Essen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S. Kaiser
- Division of Haematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Tuebingen, Germany; Matrigene Company, Reutlingen, Germany; Division of Abdominal and Transplant Surgery, Essen, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tübingen, Germany
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Zentgraf U, Jobst J, Kolb D, Rentsch D. Senescence-related gene expression profiles of rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana: leaf age versus plant age. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2004; 6:178-83. [PMID: 15045669 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-815735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) which leads to the death of whole organs, e.g., leaves or flowers, and eventually to the death of entire plants. Like all forms of PCD, senescence is a highly regulated and energy consuming process. Senescence parameters, like protein content, chlorophyll content, expression of photosynthesis-associated genes or senescence-associated genes (SAGs), reveal that senescence occurs in old leaves derived from young plants (6 week old) as well as in young leaves derived from older plants (8 week old), indicating that it is governed by the actual age of the leaves. In order to analyse the differential gene expression profiles during leaf senescence, hybridizations of high-density genome arrays were performed with: i) individual leaves within the rosette of a 6-week-old plant and ii) leaves of the same position within the rosette but harvested from plants of different ages, ranging from 5 to 8 weeks. Cluster and genetree analyses, according to the expression pattern revealed that genes which are up-regulated with respect to the age of the entire plant, showed completely different expression profiles with respect to the age of the individual leaves within one rosette. This was observed even though the actual difference in leaf age was approximately the same. This indicates that gene expression appears to be governed by different parameters: i) the age of the individual leaf and ii) the age and developmental stage of the entire plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zentgraf
- Centre of Molecular Biolology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Jobst J, King K, Hemleben V. Molecular evolution of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and phylogenetic relationships among species of the family Cucurbitaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1998; 9:204-19. [PMID: 9562980 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1997.0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships of different members of the family Cucurbitaceae were estimated from sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes. Twenty-six species of different genera belonging to different tribes and several subtribes were analyzed. The whole ITS regions were amplified by PCR technique and cloned, and three to five different clones of each species were sequenced; for some species PCR products were sequenced directly. ITS1 and ITS2 regions are slightly variable in length, with each length appearing genus-specific. A substitution rate of 3.62 x 10(-9) substitutions per site per year was calculated assuming 40 MYA separation time. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from ITS sequences of some species is in agreement with morphological data, but deviations to the taxonomic classification were also observed. A polyphyletic origin of the New World species must be considered. In the genus Cucurbita different "types" of ITS sequences within one species exist, possibly due to the high frequency of introgression during domestication or due to polyploidization events; in contrast, low intraspecific variability was detectable in the genus Cucumis, indicating different stages of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jobst
- Department of Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Germany
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Abstract
Two different satellite DNAs exist in the genus Cucurbita which are different with respect to repeat length (350 bp and 170 bp), array size, and sequence homogenization. Whereas the 350-bp satellite DNA is prominent and very homogeneous in all species investigated except for C. maxima and C. lundelliana, the 170-bp satellite is rather evenly distributed in all species. In C. maxima and C. lundelliana the 350-bp satellite is present only in small amounts, but detectable by the sensitive PCR method. These repeats are also very homogeneous, reflecting a silent stage of satellite DNA. In contrast, the 170-bp satellite DNA is intra- and interspecifically heterogeneous. It is striking that the species with no detectable amount of 350-bp satellite contain 170-bp satellite DNA clusters with the highest degree of homogeneity. The evolution of satellite DNA repeats within cultivated and wild species in the genus Cucurbita is elucidated using the sequence data of both satellite DNAs from all species investigated. The value of satellite DNA for phylogenetic analysis between closely related species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K King
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Genetik, Universität Tübingen, Germany
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