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Gemmink A, Daemen S, Wefers J, Hansen J, van Moorsel D, Astuti P, Jorgensen JA, Kornips E, Schaart G, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Twenty-four hour rhythmicity in mitochondrial network connectivity and mitochondrial respiration; a study in human skeletal muscle biopsies of young lean and older individuals with obesity. Mol Metab 2023; 72:101727. [PMID: 37062525 PMCID: PMC10160594 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial network dynamics may play role in metabolic homeostasis. Whether mitochondrial network dynamics are involved in adaptations to day-night fluctuations in energy supply and demand is unclear. Here we visualized and quantified the mitochondrial network morphology in human skeletal muscle of young healthy lean and older individuals with obesity over the course of 24 hours METHODS: Muscle biopsies taken at 5 timepoints over a 24-hour period obtained from young healthy lean and older metabolically impaired obese males were analyzed for mitochondrial network integrity with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Variation of level of fragmentation over the course of the day were aligned with variation of mitochondrial respiration over the day RESULTS: Young healthy lean individuals displayed a day-night rhythmicity in mitochondrial network morphology, which aligned with the day-night rhythmicity of mitochondrial respiratory capacity, with a more fused network coinciding with higher mitochondrial respiratory capacity. In the older individuals with obesity, the mitochondrial network was more fragmented overall compared to young healthy lean individuals and completely lacked 24 hour rhythmicity, which was also true for the mitochondrial respiratory capacity CONCLUSIONS: Our data shows a paralleled rhythmicity between mitochondrial network morphology and mitochondrial oxidative capacity, which oscillates over the course of a mimicked real-life day in human skeletal muscle of young, healthy lean individuals. In older individuals with obesity, the lack of a 24-hour rhythmicity in mitochondrial network connectivity was also aligned with a lack in respiratory capacity. This suggests that 24-hour rhythmicity in mitochondrial network connectivity is a determinant of rhythmicity in mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Thus, restoring mitochondrial network integrity may promote mitochondrial respiratory capacity and hence contribute to blunting the metabolic aberrations in individuals with a disturbed 24-hour rhythmicity in metabolism, like older individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Puji Astuti
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jorgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Harmsen JF, van Weeghel M, Parsons R, Janssens GE, Wefers J, van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Hoeks J, Hesselink MKC, Houtkooper RH, Schrauwen P. Divergent remodeling of the skeletal muscle metabolome over 24 h between young, healthy men and older, metabolically compromised men. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111786. [PMID: 36516749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
24 h whole-body substrate metabolism and the circadian clock within skeletal muscle are both compromised upon metabolic disease in humans. Here, we assessed the 24 h muscle metabolome by serial muscle sampling performed under 24 h real-life conditions in young, healthy (YH) men versus older, metabolically compromised (OMC) men. We find that metabolites associated with the initial steps of glycolysis and hexosamine biosynthesis are higher in OMC men around the clock, whereas metabolites associated with glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate, ketone, and redox metabolism are lower in OMC men. The night period shows the largest number of differently expressed metabolites. Both groups demonstrate 24 h rhythmicity in half of the metabolome, but rhythmic metabolites only partially overlap. Specific metabolites are only rhythmic in YH men (adenosine), phase shifted in OMC men (cis-aconitate, flavin adenine dinucleotide [FAD], and uridine diphosphate [UDP]), or have a reduced 24 h amplitude in OMC men (hydroxybutyrate and hippuric acid). Our data highlight the plasticity of the skeletal muscle metabolome over 24 h and large divergence across the metabolic health spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rex Parsons
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Georges E Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Harmsen JF, Wefers J, Doligkeit D, Schlangen L, Dautzenberg B, Rense P, van Moorsel D, Hoeks J, Moonen-Kornips E, Gordijn MCM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. The influence of bright and dim light on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure and thermoregulation in insulin-resistant individuals depends on time of day. Diabetologia 2022; 65:721-732. [PMID: 35106618 PMCID: PMC8894310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In our modern society, artificial light is available around the clock and most people expose themselves to electrical light and light-emissive screens during the dark period of the natural light/dark cycle. Such suboptimal lighting conditions have been associated with adverse metabolic effects, and redesigning indoor lighting conditions to mimic the natural light/dark cycle more closely holds promise to improve metabolic health. Our objective was to compare metabolic responses to lighting conditions that resemble the natural light/dark cycle in contrast to suboptimal lighting in individuals at risk of developing metabolic diseases. METHODS Therefore, we here performed a non-blinded, randomised, controlled, crossover trial in which overweight insulin-resistant volunteers (n = 14) were exposed to two 40 h laboratory sessions with different 24 h lighting protocols while staying in a metabolic chamber under real-life conditions. In the Bright day-Dim evening condition, volunteers were exposed to electric bright light (~1250 lx) during the daytime (08:00-18:00 h) and to dim light (~5 lx) during the evening (18:00-23:00 h). Vice versa, in the Dim day-Bright evening condition, volunteers were exposed to dim light during the daytime and bright light during the evening. Randomisation and allocation to light conditions were carried out by sequential numbering. During both lighting protocols, we performed 24 h indirect calorimetry, and continuous core body and skin temperature measurements, and took frequent blood samples. The primary outcome was plasma glucose focusing on the pre- and postprandial periods of the intervention. RESULTS Spending the day in bright light resulted in a greater increase in postprandial triacylglycerol levels following breakfast, but lower glucose levels preceding the dinner meal at 18:00 h, compared with dim light (5.0 ± 0.2 vs 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l, n = 13, p=0.02). Dim day-Bright evening reduced the increase in postprandial glucose after dinner compared with Bright day-Dim evening (incremental AUC: 307 ± 55 vs 394 ± 66 mmol/l × min, n = 13, p=0.009). After the Bright day-Dim evening condition the sleeping metabolic rate was identical compared with the baseline night, whereas it dropped after Dim day-Bright evening. Melatonin secretion in the evening was strongly suppressed for Dim day-Bright evening but not for Bright day-Dim evening. Distal skin temperature for Bright day-Dim evening was lower at 18:00 h (28.8 ± 0.3°C vs 29.9 ± 0.4°C, n = 13, p=0.039) and higher at 23:00 h compared with Dim day-Bright evening (30.1 ± 0.3°C vs 28.8 ± 0.3°C, n = 13, p=0.006). Fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels and the respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the two lighting protocols at any time. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these findings suggest that the indoor light environment modulates postprandial substrate handling, energy expenditure and thermoregulation of insulin-resistant volunteers in a time-of-day-dependent manner. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03829982. FUNDING We acknowledge the financial support from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: an initiative with support from the Dutch Heart Foundation (CVON2014-02 ENERGISE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doligkeit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Schlangen
- Human-Technology Interaction Group and Intelligent Lighting Institute, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Dautzenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Rense
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Chrono@Work, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Pfeiffer AFH. The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 3:5-29. [PMID: 34310013 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have their main physiological role in augmenting insulin secretion after their nutrient-induced secretion from the gut. A functioning entero-insular (gut-endocrine pancreas) axis is essential for the maintenance of a normal glucose tolerance. This is exemplified by the incretin effect (greater insulin secretory response to oral as compared to "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose administration due to the secretion and action of incretin hormones). GIP and GLP-1 have additive effects on insulin secretion. Local production of GIP and/or GLP-1 in islet α-cells (instead of enteroendocrine K and L cells) has been observed, and its significance is still unclear. GLP-1 suppresses, and GIP increases glucagon secretion, both in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP plays a greater physiological role as an incretin. In type 2-diabetic patients, the incretin effect is reduced despite more or less normal secretion of GIP and GLP-1. While insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 are only slightly impaired in type 2 diabetes, GIP has lost much of its acute insulinotropic activity in type 2 diabetes, for largely unknown reasons. Besides their role in glucose homoeostasis, the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 have additional biological functions: GLP-1 at pharmacological concentrations reduces appetite, food intake, and-in the long run-body weight, and a similar role is evolving for GIP, at least in animal studies. Human studies, however, do not confirm these findings. GIP, but not GLP-1 increases triglyceride storage in white adipose tissue not only through stimulating insulin secretion, but also by interacting with regional blood vessels and GIP receptors. GIP, and to a lesser degree GLP-1, play a role in bone remodelling. GLP-1, but not GIP slows gastric emptying, which reduces post-meal glycaemic increments. For both GIP and GLP-1, beneficial effects on cardiovascular complications and neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders have been observed, pointing to therapeutic potential over and above improving diabetes complications. The recent finding that GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonists like tirzepatide have superior efficacy compared to selective GLP-1 receptor agonists with respect to glycaemic control as well as body weight has renewed interest in GIP, which previously was thought to be without any therapeutic potential. One focus of this research is into the long-term interaction of GIP and GLP-1 receptor signalling. A GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin [9-39]) and, more recently, a GIP receptor agonist (GIP [3-30] NH2 ) and, hopefully, longer-acting GIP receptor agonists for human use will be helpful tools to shed light on the open questions. A detailed knowledge of incretin physiology and pathophysiology will be a prerequisite for designing more effective incretin-based diabetes drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Nauck MA, Wefers J, Meier JJ. Treatment of type 2 diabetes: challenges, hopes, and anticipated successes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:525-544. [PMID: 34181914 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the successful development of new therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, the search for novel treatment options that can provide better glycaemic control and at reduce complications is a continuous effort. The present Review aims to present an overview of novel targets and mechanisms and focuses on glucose-lowering effects guiding this search and developments. We discuss not only novel developments of insulin therapy (eg, so-called smart insulin preparation with a glucose-dependent mode of action), but also a group of drug classes for which extensive research efforts have not been rewarded with obvious clinical impact. We discuss the potential clinical use of the salutary adipokine adiponectin and the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, among others. A GLP-1 peptide receptor agonist (semaglutide) is now available for oral absorption, and small molecules activating GLP-1 receptors appear on the horizon. Bariatric surgery and its accompanying changes in the gut hormonal milieu offer a background for unimolecular peptides interacting with two or more receptors (for GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon, and peptide YY) and provide more substantial glycaemic control and bodyweight reduction compared with selective GLP-1 receptor agonists. These and additional approaches will help expand the toolbox of effective medications needed for optimising the treatment of well delineated subgroups of type 2 diabetes or help develop personalised approaches for glucose-lowering drugs based on individual characteristics of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Harmsen JF, van Polanen N, van Weeghel M, Wefers J, Hoeks J, Vaz FM, Pras-Raves ML, van Kampen AHC, Schaart G, van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Hesselink MKC, Houtkooper RH, Schrauwen P. Circadian misalignment disturbs the skeletal muscle lipidome in healthy young men. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21611. [PMID: 33977623 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Circadian misalignment, as seen in shift work, is associated with an increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes. In an experimental setting, we recently showed that a rapid day-night shift for 3 consecutive nights leads to misalignment of the core molecular clock, induction of the PPAR pathway, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of young, healthy men. Here, we investigated if circadian misalignment affects the skeletal muscle lipidome and intramyocellular lipid droplet characteristics, explaining the misalignment-induced insulin resistance. Fourteen healthy men underwent one aligned and one circadian misalignment period, both consisting of ~3.5 days. In the misaligned condition, day and night were rapidly shifted by 12 hours leading to opposite eating, sleep, and activity times compared with the aligned condition. For each condition, two muscle biopsies were taken from the m. vastus lateralis in the morning and evening and subjected to semi-targeted lipidomics and confocal microscopy analysis. We found that only 2% of detected lipids were different between morning and evening in the aligned condition, whereas 12% displayed a morning-evening difference upon misalignment. Triacylglycerols, in particular species of a carbon length ≥55, were the most abundant lipid species changed upon misalignment. Cardiolipins were decreased upon misalignment, whereas phosphatidylcholines consistently followed the same morning-evening pattern, suggesting regulation by the circadian clock. Cholesteryl esters adjusted to the shifted behavior. Lipid droplet characteristics remained unaltered upon misalignment. Together, these findings show that simulated shift work disturbs the skeletal muscle lipidome, which may contribute to misalignment-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke van Polanen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mia L Pras-Raves
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) with exenatide b.i.d. first approved to treat type 2 diabetes in 2005 have been further developed to yield effective compounds/preparations that have overcome the original problem of rapid elimination (short half-life), initially necessitating short intervals between injections (twice daily for exenatide b.i.d.). SCOPE OF REVIEW To summarize current knowledge about GLP-1 receptor agonist. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS At present, GLP-1 RAs are injected twice daily (exenatide b.i.d.), once daily (lixisenatide and liraglutide), or once weekly (exenatide once weekly, dulaglutide, albiglutide, and semaglutide). A daily oral preparation of semaglutide, which has demonstrated clinical effectiveness close to the once-weekly subcutaneous preparation, was recently approved. All GLP-1 RAs share common mechanisms of action: augmentation of hyperglycemia-induced insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon secretion at hyper- or euglycemia, deceleration of gastric emptying preventing large post-meal glycemic increments, and a reduction in calorie intake and body weight. Short-acting agents (exenatide b.i.d., lixisenatide) have reduced effectiveness on overnight and fasting plasma glucose, but maintain their effect on gastric emptying during long-term treatment. Long-acting GLP-1 RAs (liraglutide, once-weekly exenatide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, and semaglutide) have more profound effects on overnight and fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, both on a background of oral glucose-lowering agents and in combination with basal insulin. Effects on gastric emptying decrease over time (tachyphylaxis). Given a similar, if not superior, effectiveness for HbA1c reduction with additional weight reduction and no intrinsic risk of hypoglycemic episodes, GLP-1RAs are recommended as the preferred first injectable glucose-lowering therapy for type 2 diabetes, even before insulin treatment. However, GLP-1 RAs can be combined with (basal) insulin in either free- or fixed-dose preparations. More recently developed agents, in particular semaglutide, are characterized by greater efficacy with respect to lowering plasma glucose as well as body weight. Since 2016, several cardiovascular (CV) outcome studies have shown that GLP-1 RAs can effectively prevent CV events such as acute myocardial infarction or stroke and associated mortality. Therefore, guidelines particularly recommend treatment with GLP-1 RAs in patients with pre-existing atherosclerotic vascular disease (for example, previous CV events). The evidence of similar effects in lower-risk subjects is not quite as strong. Since sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor treatment reduces CV events as well (with the effect mainly driven by a reduction in heart failure complications), the individual risk of ischemic or heart failure complications should guide the choice of treatment. GLP-1 RAs may also help prevent renal complications of type 2 diabetes. Other active research areas in the field of GLP-1 RAs are the definition of subgroups within the type 2 diabetes population who particularly benefit from treatment with GLP-1 RAs. These include pharmacogenomic approaches and the characterization of non-responders. Novel indications for GLP-1 RAs outside type 2 diabetes, such as type 1 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and psoriasis, are being explored. Thus, within 15 years of their initial introduction, GLP-1 RAs have become a well-established class of glucose-lowering agents that has the potential for further development and growing impact for treating type 2 diabetes and potentially other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Wefers J, Connell NJ, Fealy CE, Andriessen C, de Wit V, van Moorsel D, Moonen-Kornips E, Jörgensen JA, Hesselink MKC, Havekes B, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P. Day-night rhythm of skeletal muscle metabolism is disturbed in older, metabolically compromised individuals. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101050. [PMID: 32659272 PMCID: PMC7415921 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and energy metabolism displays day-night rhythmicity in healthy, young individuals. Twenty-four-hour rhythmicity of metabolism has been implicated in the etiology of age-related metabolic disorders. Whether day-night rhythmicity in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and energy metabolism is altered in older, metabolically comprised humans remains unknown. METHODS Twelve male overweight volunteers with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity stayed in a metabolic research unit for 2 days under free living conditions with regular meals. Indirect calorimetry was performed at 5 time points (8 AM, 1 PM, 6 PM, 11 PM, 4 AM), followed by a muscle biopsy. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was measured in permeabilized muscle fibers using high-resolution respirometry. RESULTS Mitochondrial oxidative capacity did not display rhythmicity. The expression of circadian core clock genes BMAL1 and REV-ERBα showed a clear day-night rhythm (p < 0.001), peaking at the end of the waking period. Remarkably, the repressor clock gene PER2 did not show rhythmicity, whereas PER1 and PER3 were strongly rhythmic (p < 0.001). On the whole-body level, resting energy expenditure was highest in the late evening (p < 0.001). Respiratory exchange ratio did not decrease during the night, indicating metabolic inflexibility. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial oxidative capacity does not show a day-night rhythm in older, overweight participants with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In addition, gene expression of PER2 in skeletal muscle indicates that rhythmicity of the negative feedback loop of the molecular clock is disturbed. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV ID NCT03733743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Connell
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ciarán E Fealy
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Andriessen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera de Wit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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9
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Held NM, Wefers J, van Weeghel M, Daemen S, Hansen J, Vaz FM, van Moorsel D, Hesselink MKC, Houtkooper RH, Schrauwen P. Skeletal muscle in healthy humans exhibits a day-night rhythm in lipid metabolism. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100989. [PMID: 32272236 PMCID: PMC7217992 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human energy metabolism is under the regulation of the molecular circadian clock; we recently reported that mitochondrial respiration displays a day-night rhythm under study conditions that are similar to real life. Mitochondria are interconnected with lipid droplets, which are of importance in fuel utilization and play a role in muscle insulin sensitivity. Here, we investigated if skeletal muscle lipid content and composition also display day-night rhythmicity in healthy, lean volunteers. METHODS Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 healthy lean male volunteers every 5 h over a 24 h period. Volunteers were provided with standardized meals, and biopsies were taken 4.5 h after each last meal. Lipid droplet size and number were investigated by confocal microscopy. Additionally, the muscle lipidome was assessed using UPLC/HRMS-based semi-targeted lipidomics. RESULTS Confocal microscopy revealed diurnal differences in intramyocellular lipid content (P < 0.05) and lipid droplet size in oxidative type 1 muscle fibers (P < 0.01). Lipidomics analysis revealed that 13% of all detected lipids displayed significant day-night rhythmicity. The most rhythmic lipid species were glycerophospholipids and diacylglycerols (DAG), with the latter being the largest fraction (>50% of all rhythmic species). DAG levels showed a day-night pattern with a trough at 1 PM and a peak at 4 AM. CONCLUSIONS Using two distinct methods, our findings show that myocellular lipid content and whole muscle lipid composition vary across the day-night cycle under normal living conditions. In particular, day-night rhythmicity was present in over half of the DAG lipid species. Future studies are needed to investigate whether rhythmicity in DAG is functionally related to insulin sensitivity and how this might be altered in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntsiki M Held
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Diabetes Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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10
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Wefers J, van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Connell NJ, Havekes B, Hoeks J, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Duez H, Phielix E, Kalsbeek A, Boekschoten MV, Hooiveld GJ, Hesselink MKC, Kersten S, Staels B, Scheer FAJL, Schrauwen P. Circadian misalignment induces fatty acid metabolism gene profiles and compromises insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7789-7794. [PMID: 29987027 PMCID: PMC6065021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722295115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian misalignment, such as in shift work, has been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, direct effects of circadian misalignment on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and the muscle molecular circadian clock have never been studied in humans. Here, we investigated insulin sensitivity and muscle metabolism in 14 healthy young lean men [age 22.4 ± 2.8 years; body mass index (BMI) 22.3 ± 2.1 kg/m2 (mean ± SD)] after a 3-d control protocol and a 3.5-d misalignment protocol induced by a 12-h rapid shift of the behavioral cycle. We show that short-term circadian misalignment results in a significant decrease in muscle insulin sensitivity due to a reduced skeletal muscle nonoxidative glucose disposal (rate of disappearance: 23.7 ± 2.4 vs. 18.4 ± 1.4 mg/kg per minute; control vs. misalignment; P = 0.024). Fasting glucose and free fatty acid levels as well as sleeping metabolic rate were higher during circadian misalignment. Molecular analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies revealed that the molecular circadian clock was not aligned to the inverted behavioral cycle, and transcriptome analysis revealed the human PPAR pathway as a key player in the disturbed energy metabolism upon circadian misalignment. Our findings may provide a mechanism underlying the increased risk of type 2 diabetes among shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Connell
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hélène Duez
- Université de Lille-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Inserm UMR 1011, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Inserm UMR 1011, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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11
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Abstract
Many physiological processes are regulated with a 24-h periodicity to anticipate the environmental changes of daytime to nighttime and vice versa. These 24-h regulations, commonly termed circadian rhythms, among others control the sleep-wake cycle, locomotor activity and preparation for food availability during the active phase (daytime for humans and nighttime for nocturnal animals). Disturbing circadian rhythms at the organ or whole-body level by social jetlag or shift work, increases the risk to develop chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The molecular basis of this risk is a topic of increasing interest. Mitochondria are essential organelles that produce the majority of energy in eukaryotes by converting lipids and carbohydrates into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. To adapt to the ever-changing environment, mitochondria are highly dynamic in form and function and a loss of this flexibility is linked to metabolic diseases. Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that changes in mitochondrial morphology (i.e., fusion and fission) as well as generation of new mitochondria are dependent on a viable circadian clock. In addition, fission and fusion processes display diurnal changes that are aligned to the light/darkness cycle. Besides morphological changes, mitochondrial respiration also displays diurnal changes. Disturbing the molecular clock in animal models leads to abrogated mitochondrial rhythmicity and altered respiration. Moreover, mitochondrial-dependent production of reactive oxygen species, which plays a role in cellular signaling, has also been linked to the circadian clock. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the study of circadian rhythms of mitochondria and how this is linked to the molecular circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Goede
- Department of Clinical ChemistryLaboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement SciencesMaastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Constance Brombacher
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement SciencesMaastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Clinical ChemistryLaboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms GroupNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Görgens SW, Benninghoff T, Eckardt K, Springer C, Chadt A, Melior A, Wefers J, Cramer A, Jensen J, Birkeland KI, Drevon CA, Al-Hasani H, Eckel J. Hypoxia in Combination With Muscle Contraction Improves Insulin Action and Glucose Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle via the HIF-1α Pathway. Diabetes 2017; 66:2800-2807. [PMID: 28811274 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes and develops long before the onset of the disease. It is well accepted that physical activity improves glycemic control, but the knowledge on underlying mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects remains incomplete. Exercise is accompanied by a decrease in intramuscular oxygen levels, resulting in induction of HIF-1α. HIF-1α is a master regulator of gene expression and might play an important role in skeletal muscle function and metabolism. Here we show that HIF-1α is important for glucose metabolism and insulin action in skeletal muscle. By using a genome-wide gene expression profiling approach, we identified RAB20 and TXNIP as two novel exercise/HIF-1α-regulated genes in skeletal muscle. Loss of Rab20 impairs insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in human and mouse skeletal muscle by blocking the translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface. In addition, exercise/HIF-1α downregulates the expression of TXNIP, a well-known negative regulator of insulin action. In conclusion, we are the first to demonstrate that HIF-1α is a key regulator of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle by directly controlling the transcription of RAB20 and TXNIP These results hint toward a novel function of HIF-1α as a potential pharmacological target to improve skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven W Görgens
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Benninghoff
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristin Eckardt
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Springer
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anita Melior
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Cramer
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre I Birkeland
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity, and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Schön J, Wefers J. [Experiences with a topical therapeutic agent against varicose veins]. Hippokrates 1968; 39:227-8. [PMID: 5752072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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