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Claydon M, Brereton J, Rose P. Never be mute about bird welfare: Swanning around with environmental enrichment. Zoo Biol 2024; 43:83-91. [PMID: 37909672 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is commonly provided to animals managed under human care, being beneficial to behavioral diversity and improving animal welfare. Use of EE appears to be particularly beneficial to individual wild animals spending a short period of time in captivity, for example, as part of conservation or rehabilitation programs. This paper documents a case study on the application and relevance of EE for a group of captive mute swans housed in a rescue center. Observational data were analyzed for two groups of juvenile swans that were provided with a physical EE device to increase time spent foraging. Periods of no EE were observed and compared to data from when birds were provided with EE. Results show that EE promoted foraging time and helped to reduce long periods of inactivity in captive birds. EE helped to reduce occurrence of captive-focused (i.e., abnormal behaviors) although these was already seen at very low rates. Inactivity as a measure of welfare in captive swans specifically (and waterbirds generally) should be further investigated to understand potential impacts on bird health. Our research shows the benefits of simple and easy-to-use EE devices on captive animal behavior and how use of EE for individuals spending a short amount of time in captivity (e.g., within a rescue center) could ensure diversity of behavior patterns and promote the performance of adaptive behaviors upon release to the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Claydon
- Sparsholt College Hampshire, University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, UK
- Swan Lifeline, Cuckoo Weir Island, South Meadow Lane, Berkshire, UK
| | - James Brereton
- Sparsholt College Hampshire, University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, UK
| | - Paul Rose
- Centre for Research in Animal Behavior, Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- WWT, Slimbridge Wetland Centre, Gloucestershire, UK
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Abstract
Evidence-based approaches are key to advancing all areas of zoo and aquarium practice. Output from empirical study must be disseminated to those within the industry so that results can support changes to husbandry and management for individual species. Information on enrichment techniques
is published in a range of sources, including papers in the peer-reviewed and 'grey literature' (ie professional but non-reviewed publications). To investigate how evidence is implemented into enrichment practices, we sampled all enrichment studies identified in one online repository of peer-reviewed
papers and two grey literature publications across an elevenyear period. We recorded whether the enrichment was supported with biological evidence (whether it was developed using published enrichment-focused research for that species and/or with the species' ecology and behaviour information)
alongside analysis of the type of enrichment used and the chosen study species. Enrichment articles were more likely to be supported by biological evidence in peer-reviewed than grey literature. Taxonomic differences in the use of evidence were noted; for example, enrichment provided to carnivores
and parrots was more likely to be supported with biological evidence compared to that used for penguins. Of the five enrichment types, nutritional enrichment was most often based on biological evidence. Multi-category and physical enrichment types were more common across all literature sources
whereas social enrichment was less common, suggesting barriers to implementation of all enrichment types in zoological facilities. Our research suggests that zoo and aquarium professionals are considering species-specific welfare needs by ensuring that enrichment protocols are supported by
biological evidence. However, opportunities to diversify the enrichment types being offered and species being researched are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brereton
- University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK
| | - P Rose
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, UK
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Abstract
Enclosure use assessments have gained popularity as one of the tools for animal welfare assessments and Post Occupancy Evaluations. There are now a plethora of studies and enclosure use indices available in published literature, and identification of the most appropriate index for each research question is often challenging. The benefits and limitations of four different enclosure use indices; Original and Modified Spread of Participation Index (SPI), Entropy, and Electivity Index were compared. Three artificial data sets were developed to represent the challenges commonly found in animal exhibits, and these indices were applied to these contrived enclosure settings. Three of the indices (Original SPI, Modified SPI, and Entropy) were used to assess a single measure of enclosure use variability. When zones within an exhibit were comparable in size, all three indices performed similarly. However, with less equal zone sizes, Modified SPI outperformed Original SPI and Entropy, suggesting that the Modified formula was more useful for assessing overall enclosure use variability under such conditions. Electivity Index assessed the use of individual zones, rather than the variability of use across the entire exhibit, and therefore could not be compared directly to the other three indices. This index is therefore most valuable for assessing individual resources, especially after exhibit modifications.
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Abbaszadegan M, Ghatpande P, Brereton J, Alum A, Narasimhan R. Laboratory testing protocol to identify critical factors in bacterial compliance monitoring. Water Sci Technol 2003; 47:131-136. [PMID: 12639017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on providing guidelines for water utilities on the collection and handling of routine bacteriological samples and in developing scientifically-based approaches in selecting the most representative sampling locations. A laboratory-scale pilot distribution system was designed comprising two parallel loops, one using unlined cast-iron pipe and one using PVC pipe. Each loop contained six sampling ports, including (1) a distribution main dead end faucet, (2) one long (5.5 m; 18 feet) and (3) one short (0.3 m; 1 foot) household copper service line with threaded hose-bibb taps, (4) one hose-bibb with welded faucet, (5) one dedicated sampling port (modeled after a manufacturer's specifications) and (6) one laboratory-style (PVC) stop-cock sampling port. Residual chlorine concentrations were maintained at 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L stages during the course of the experiment. Bacterial samples were collected from the different sampling ports and assayed by membrane filtration and/or spread plate. Nutrient and R2A agars were used for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), m-Endo agar for total coliform (TC) counts and Chromocult agar for injured bacterial analyses. Several methods of sample collection were tested using various combinations of flushing and tap disinfection, including "first flush" (no flushing, without tap disinfection), flushing only, tap disinfection only (using alcohol or hypochlorite solution) and flushing coupled with tap disinfection. The results indicated that the bacterial counts in samples drawn from dead ends were not significantly different from counts in samples from the other sample port configurations. First flush samples consistently produced the highest bacterial count results. Bacterial counts in samples from the long household copper service line were typically three orders of magnitude higher than in samples from the other sample ports. Thus, there is evidence that long copper household service connections may be unsuitable sample tap configurations for collecting samples intended to represent microbial quality in the distribution system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abbaszadegan
- Arizona State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Room ECG 252, PO Box 875306, Tempe, AZ 85287-5308, USA.
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Robertson SP, Kirk E, Bernier F, Brereton J, Turner A, Bankier A. Congenital hypertrichosis, osteochondrodysplasia, and cardiomegaly: Cantú syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1999; 85:395-402. [PMID: 10398267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Cantú syndrome (hypertrichosis, osteochondrodysplasia, cardiomegaly) is a rare condition, previously reported in 13 patients. We report on two additional patients with this disorder. One of the patients had pulmonary hypertension of unknown cause which was responsive to steroid therapy. She also had unusual, deep plantar creases, not reported previously in Cantú syndrome. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been suggested previously on the basis of sib recurrence in one family and consanguinity in another. We have performed a segregation analysis based on all reported families to date; the data indicate autosomal recessive inheritance is unlikely. A new dominant mutation or microdeletion syndrome are more likely possibilities, sib recurrence possibly representing gonadal mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Robertson
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abuzakouk M, Feighery C, Jones E, O’Briain S, Goggins M, Weir DG, Case E, O’Farrelly C, Weir DG, Casey E, Donnelly S, McGonigle D, Casey EB, Kelleher D, McCreary C, Long A, Hall N, Murphy A, McGonagle D, Salha H, Ryan R, Molloy G, Doherty E, Mulherin D, Bresnihan E, McKane R, Taggart A, Bell A, Costello P, Murphy E, Fitzgerald O, Bresnihan B, Gaffney K, Coumbe A, Blades S, Blake D, Cookson J, Bruce IN, McNally JA, Bell AL, McGonagal D, Costigan T, Hemyrick L, O’Riordan J, McCann S, Eustace J, Brophy D, Gibney R, Adams C, Mulcahy B, Waldron-Lynch F, Phelan M, Shanahan F, Molloy M, O’Gara F, McDermott M, Kastner DL, Kilmartin D, Sant SM, Byrne D, Mulligan E, Callaghan M, Lovis R, Lu Y, Pope R, Kavanagh R, Workman E, Nash P, Smith M, Hazleman BL, Hunter JO, Veale DJ, Kirk G, McLaren M, Belch JJF, Veal DJ, D’Arrigo C, Couto JC, Mullan E, O’Brien A, Bury G, Brereton J, Wright GD, McCarron MO, Roberts SD, Taggart AJ, Gardiner PV, Hopkins R, McEvoy F, Bird HA, Wright V, Foley-Nolan D, Isdale AH, Roberts MET, Bottomley W, Isdale A, Martin M, Goodfield M, Buchan PC, Gooi HC, Kane P, Finch MB, Veale DJ, Veale DJ, Mulcahy H, Skelly M, Saunders A, O’Donoghue D, McCarthy D, Dunne J, Whelan A, Guerin J, Sim RB, Jackson J, Forde AM, O’Connor C. Irish society for rheumatology Proceedings of Annual General Meeting held 14th October, 1994 at St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8. Ir J Med Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02968124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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