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Elste J, Cast N, Udawatte S, Adhikari K, Payen SH, Verma SC, Shukla D, Swanson-Mungerson M, Tiwari V. Co-Expression of Niemann-Pick Type C1-Like1 (NPC1L1) with ACE2 Receptor Synergistically Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Fusion. Biomedicines 2024; 12:821. [PMID: 38672177 PMCID: PMC11048565 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells has been shown to be a cholesterol-rich, lipid raft-dependent process. In this study, we investigated if the presence of a cholesterol uptake receptor Niemann-pick type c1-like1 (NPC1L1) impacts SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Initially, we utilized reporter-based pseudovirus cell entry assays and a spike (S) glycoprotein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion assay. Using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, which lack endogenous receptors for SARS-CoV-2 entry, our data showed that the co-expression of NPC1L1 together with the ACE2 receptor synergistically increased SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry even more than the cells expressing ACE-2 receptor alone. Similar results were also found with the HEK293T cells endogenously expressing the ACE2 receptor. Co-cultures of effector cells expressing S glycoprotein together with target cells co-expressing ACE-2 receptor with NPC1L1 significantly promoted quantitative cell-to-cell fusion, including syncytia formation. Finally, we substantiated that an elevated expression of NPC1L1 enhanced entry, whereas the depletion of NPC1L1 resulted in a diminished SARS-CoV-2 entry in HEK293T-ACE2 cells using authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus in contrast to their respective control cells. Collectively, these findings underscore the pivotal role of NPC1L1 in facilitating the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. Importance: Niemann-Pick type C1-like1 (NPC1L1) is an endosomal membrane protein that regulates intracellular cholesterol trafficking. This protein has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the life cycle of several clinically important viruses. Although SARS-CoV-2 exploits cholesterol-rich lipid rafts as part of its viral entry process, the role of NPC1L1 in SARS-CoV-2 entry remains unclear. Our research represents the first-ever demonstration of NPC1L1's involvement in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry. The observed role of NPC1L1 in human kidney cells is not only highly intriguing but also quite relevant. This relevance stems from the fact that NPC1L1 exhibits high expression levels in several organs, including the kidneys, and the fact that kidney damages are reported during severe cases of SARS-CoV-2. These findings may help us understand the new functions and mechanisms of NPC1L1 and could contribute to the identification of new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
| | - Nicole Cast
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
| | - Shalini Udawatte
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Ave NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Kabita Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (K.A.); (S.H.P.); (S.C.V.)
| | - Shannon Harger Payen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (K.A.); (S.H.P.); (S.C.V.)
| | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (K.A.); (S.H.P.); (S.C.V.)
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Michelle Swanson-Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (N.C.); (M.S.-M.)
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Elste J, Kumari S, Sharma N, Razo EP, Azhar E, Gao F, Nunez MC, Anwar W, Mitchell JC, Tiwari V, Sahi S. Plant Cell-Engineered Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated to Quercetin Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14792. [PMID: 37834240 PMCID: PMC10573121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed considerable promise in the antiviral properties of metal nanomaterials, specifically when biologically prepared. This study demonstrates for the first time the antiviral roles of the plant cell-engineered gold nanoparticles (pAuNPs) alone and when conjugated with quercetin (pAuNPsQ). We show here that the quercetin conjugated nanoparticles (pAuNPsQ) preferentially inhibit the cell entry of two medically important viruses-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) using different mechanisms. Interestingly, in the case of SARS-CoV-2, the pre-treatment of target cells with pAuNPsQ inhibited the viral entry, but the pre-treatment of the virus with pAuNPsQ did not affect viral entry into the host cell. In contrast, pAuNPsQ demonstrated effective blocking capabilities against HSV-1 entry, either during the pre-treatment of target cells or by inducing virus neutralization. In addition, pAuNPsQ also significantly affected HSV-1 replication, evidenced by the plaque-counting assay. In this study, we also tested the chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (cAuNPs) of identical size and shape and observed comparable effects. The versatility of plant cell-based nanomaterial fabrication and its modification with bioactive compounds opens a new frontier in therapeutics, specifically in designing novel antiviral formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elste
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (E.A.)
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, University City Campus, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA; (S.K.); (W.A.)
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA;
| | - Erendira Palomino Razo
- College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (E.P.R.); (F.G.); (M.C.N.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Eisa Azhar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (E.A.)
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (E.P.R.); (F.G.); (M.C.N.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Maria Cuevas Nunez
- College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (E.P.R.); (F.G.); (M.C.N.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Wasim Anwar
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, University City Campus, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA; (S.K.); (W.A.)
| | - John C. Mitchell
- College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (E.P.R.); (F.G.); (M.C.N.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (E.A.)
- College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (E.P.R.); (F.G.); (M.C.N.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, University City Campus, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA; (S.K.); (W.A.)
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Elste J, Chan A, Patil C, Tripathi V, Shadrack DM, Jaishankar D, Hawkey A, Mungerson MS, Shukla D, Tiwari V. Archaic connectivity between the sulfated heparan sulfate and the herpesviruses - An evolutionary potential for cross-species interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1030-1040. [PMID: 36733705 PMCID: PMC9880898 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural diversity of metazoic heparan sulfate (HS) composed of unique sulfated domains is remarkably preserved among various vertebrates and invertebrate species. Interestingly the sulfated moieties of HS have been known as the key determinants generating extraordinary ligand binding sites in the HS chain to regulate multiple biological functions and homeostasis. One such ligand for 3-O sulfation in the HS chain is a glycoprotein D (gD) from an ancient herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV). This interaction between gD and 3-O sulfated HS leads to virus-cell fusion to promote HSV entry. It is quite astonishing that HSV-1, which infects two-thirds of the world population, is also capable of causing severe diseases in primates and non-primates including primitive zebrafish. Supporting evidence that HSV may cross the species barrier comes from the fact that an enzymatic modification in HS encoded by 3-O sulfotransferase-3 (3-OST-3) from a vertebrate zoonotic species enhances HSV-1 infectivity. The latter phenomenon suggests the possible role of sulfated-HS as an entry receptor during reverse zoonosis, especially during an event when humans encounter domesticated animals in proximity. In this mini-review, we explore the possibility that structural diversity in HS may have played a substantial role in species-specific adaptability for herpesviruses in general including their potential role in promoting cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Angelica Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vinisha Tripathi
- Mountain Vista High School, 10585 Mountain Vista Ridge, Highlands Ranch, CO 80126, USA
| | - Daniel M. Shadrack
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, St John's University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew Hawkey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Michelle Swanson Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA,Corresponding author.
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Travis BJ, Elste J, Gao F, Joo BY, Cuevas‐Nunez M, Kohlmeir E, Tiwari V, Mitchell JC. Significance of chlorine-dioxide-based oral rinses in preventing SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Oral Dis 2022; 28 Suppl 2:2481-2491. [PMID: 35841377 PMCID: PMC9349900 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to determine the efficacy of preprocedural oral rinsing with chlorine dioxide solutions to minimize the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission during high-risk dental procedures. METHODS The antiviral activity of chlorine-dioxide-based oral rinse (OR) solutions was tested by pre-incubating with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus in a dosage-dependent manner before transducing to human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293T-ACE2) cells, which stably expresses ACE-2 receptor. Viral entry was determined by measuring luciferase activity using a luminescence microplate reader. In the cell-to-cell fusion assay, effector Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells co-expressing spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and T7 RNA polymerase were pre-incubated with the ORs before co-culturing with the target CHO-K1 cells co-expressing human ACE2 receptor and luciferase gene. The luciferase signal was quantified 24 h after mixing the cells. Surface expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ACE-2 receptor was confirmed using direct fluorescent imaging and quantitative cell-ELISA. Finally, dosage-dependent cytotoxic effects of ORs were evaluated at two different time points. RESULTS A dosage-dependent antiviral effect of the ORs was observed against SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike glycoprotein mediated cell-to-cell fusion. This demonstrates that ORs can be useful as a preprocedural step to reduce viral infectivity. CONCLUSIONS Chlorine-dioxide-based ORs have a potential benefit for reducing SARS-CoV-2 entry and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Joy Travis
- College of Dental MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - James Elste
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Dental MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Bo Young Joo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Ellen Kohlmeir
- Core FacilityMidwestern University, IllinoisDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - John C. Mitchell
- College of Dental MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
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Elste J, Kaltenbach D, Patel VR, Nguyen MT, Sharthiya H, Tandon R, Mehta SK, Volin MV, Fornaro M, Tiwari V, Desai UR. Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Pleiotropic Small Molecule. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051676. [PMID: 32121406 PMCID: PMC7084493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are wide-spread among the general population with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe developmental disabilities in newborns and life-threatening illnesses in individuals with a compromised immune system. Nearly all current drugs suffer from one or more limitations, which emphasizes the critical need to develop new approaches and new molecules. We reasoned that a ‘poly-pharmacy’ approach relying on simultaneous binding to multiple receptors involved in HCMV entry into host cells could pave the way to a more effective therapeutic outcome. This work presents the study of a synthetic, small molecule displaying pleiotropicity of interactions as a competitive antagonist of viral or cell surface receptors including heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate-binding proteins, which play important roles in HCMV entry and spread. Sulfated pentagalloylglucoside (SPGG), a functional mimetic of heparan sulfate, inhibits HCMV entry into human foreskin fibroblasts and neuroepithelioma cells with high potency. At the same time, SPGG exhibits no toxicity at levels as high as 50-fold more than its inhibition potency. Interestingly, cell-ELISA assays showed downregulation in HCMV immediate-early gene 1 and 2 (IE 1&2) expression in presence of SPGG further supporting inhibition of viral entry. Finally, HCMV foci were observed to decrease significantly in the presence of SPGG suggesting impact on viral spread too. Overall, this work offers the first evidence that pleiotropicity, such as demonstrated by SPGG, may offer a new poly-therapeutic approach toward effective inhibition of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elste
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Dominik Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Vraj R. Patel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Max T. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Harsh Sharthiya
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (H.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | | | - Michael V. Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (H.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (J.E.); (V.R.P.); (M.T.N.); (M.V.V.)
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (U.R.D.)
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (U.R.D.)
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Gangji RN, Sankaranarayanan NV, Elste J, Al-Horani RA, Afosah DK, Joshi R, Tiwari V, Desai UR. Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Entry into Human Cells by Nonsaccharide Glycosaminoglycan Mimetics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:797-802. [PMID: 30128070 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although heparan sulfate (HS) has been implicated in facilitating entry of enveloped viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV), small molecules that effectively compete with this abundant, cell surface macromolecule remain unknown. We reasoned that entry of HSV-1 involving its glycoprotein D (gD) binding to HS could be competitively targeted through small, synthetic, nonsaccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics (NSGMs). Screening a library of NSGMs identified a small, distinct group that bound gD with affinities of 8-120 nM. Studies on HSV-1 entry into HeLa, HFF-1, and VK2/E6E7 cells identified inhibitors with potencies in the range of 0.4-1.0 μM. These synthetic NSGMs are likely to offer promising chemical biology probes and/or antiviral drug discovery opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahaman Navaz Gangji
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - James Elste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, United States
| | - Rami A. Al-Horani
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Daniel K. Afosah
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Rachel Joshi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, United States
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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