1
|
Matsuda R, Sorobetea D, Zhang J, Peterson ST, Grayczyk JP, Yost W, Apenes N, Kovalik ME, Herrmann B, O’Neill RJ, Bohrer AC, Lanza M, Assenmacher CA, Mayer-Barber KD, Shin S, Brodsky IE. A TNF-IL-1 circuit controls Yersinia within intestinal pyogranulomas. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230679. [PMID: 38363547 PMCID: PMC10873131 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine that mediates antimicrobial defense and granuloma formation in response to infection by numerous pathogens. We previously reported that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis colonizes the intestinal mucosa and induces the recruitment of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes into organized immune structures termed pyogranulomas (PG) that control Yersinia infection. Inflammatory monocytes are essential for the control and clearance of Yersinia within intestinal PG, but how monocytes mediate Yersinia restriction is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that TNF signaling in monocytes is required for bacterial containment following enteric Yersinia infection. We further show that monocyte-intrinsic TNFR1 signaling drives the production of monocyte-derived interleukin-1 (IL-1), which signals through IL-1 receptors on non-hematopoietic cells to enable PG-mediated control of intestinal Yersinia infection. Altogether, our work reveals a monocyte-intrinsic TNF-IL-1 collaborative inflammatory circuit that restricts intestinal Yersinia infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Matsuda
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Sorobetea
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jenna Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan T. Peterson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James P. Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Winslow Yost
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicolai Apenes
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria E. Kovalik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beatrice Herrmann
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rosemary J. O’Neill
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea C. Bohrer
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Igor E. Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The immune system of multicellular organisms protects them from harmful microbes. To establish an infection in the face of host immune responses, pathogens must evolve specific strategies to target immune defense mechanisms. One such defense is the formation of intracellular protein complexes, termed inflammasomes, that are triggered by the detection of microbial components and the disruption of homeostatic processes that occur during bacterial infection. Formation of active inflammasomes initiates programmed cell death pathways via activation of inflammatory caspases and cleavage of target proteins. Inflammasome-activated cell death pathways such as pyroptosis lead to proinflammatory responses that protect the host. Bacterial infection has the capacity to influence inflammasomes in two distinct ways: activation and perturbation. In this review, we discuss how bacterial activities influence inflammasomes, and we discuss the consequences of inflammasome activation or evasion for both the host and pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice I Herrmann
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James P Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Current affiliation: Oncology Discovery, Abbvie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grayczyk JP, Egan MS, Liu L, Aunins E, Wynosky-Dolfi MA, Canna S, Minn AJ, Shin S, Brodsky IE. TLR priming licenses NAIP inflammasome activation by immunoevasive ligands. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.04.539437. [PMID: 37205371 PMCID: PMC10187295 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) detect bacterial flagellin and structurally related components of bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SS), and recruit NLR family, CARD domain containing protein 4 (NLRC4) and caspase-1 into an inflammasome complex that induces pyroptosis. NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome assembly is initiated by the binding of a single NAIP to its cognate ligand, but a subset of bacterial flagellins or T3SS structural proteins are thought to evade NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome sensing by not binding to their cognate NAIPs. Unlike other inflammasome components such as NLRP3, AIM2, or some NAIPs, NLRC4 is constitutively present in resting macrophages, and not thought to be regulated by inflammatory signals. Here, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation upregulates NLRC4 transcription and protein expression in murine macrophages, which licenses NAIP detection of evasive ligands. TLR-induced NLRC4 upregulation and NAIP detection of evasive ligands required p38 MAPK signaling. In contrast, TLR priming in human macrophages did not upregulate NLRC4 expression, and human macrophages remained unable to detect NAIP-evasive ligands even following priming. Critically, ectopic expression of either murine or human NLRC4 was sufficient to induce pyroptosis in response to immunoevasive NAIP ligands, indicating that increased levels of NLRC4 enable the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome to detect these normally evasive ligands. Altogether, our data reveal that TLR priming tunes the threshold for NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome activation and enables inflammasome responses against immunoevasive or suboptimal NAIP ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marisa S Egan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luying Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Aunins
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meghan A Wynosky-Dolfi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott Canna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mark Foundation Center for Immunotherapy, Immune Signaling, and Radiation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matsuda R, Sorobetea D, Zhang J, Peterson ST, Grayczyk JP, Herrmann B, Yost W, O’Neill R, Bohrer AC, Lanza M, Assenmacher CA, Mayer-Barber KD, Shin S, Brodsky IE. A TNF-IL-1 circuit controls Yersinia within intestinal granulomas. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.21.537749. [PMID: 37197029 PMCID: PMC10176537 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine that mediates antimicrobial defense and granuloma formation in response to infection by numerous pathogens. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis colonizes the intestinal mucosa and induces recruitment of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes into organized immune structures termed pyogranulomas that control the bacterial infection. Inflammatory monocytes are essential for control and clearance of Yersinia within intestinal pyogranulomas, but how monocytes mediate Yersinia restriction is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that TNF signaling in monocytes is required for bacterial containment following enteric Yersinia infection. We further show that monocyte-intrinsic TNFR1 signaling drives production of monocyte-derived interleukin-1 (IL-1), which signals through IL-1 receptor on non-hematopoietic cells to enable pyogranuloma-mediated control of Yersinia infection. Altogether, our work reveals a monocyte-intrinsic TNF-IL-1 collaborative circuit as a crucial driver of intestinal granuloma function, and defines the cellular target of TNF signaling that restricts intestinal Yersinia infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Matsuda
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Daniel Sorobetea
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jenna Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Stefan T. Peterson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - James P. Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Beatrice Herrmann
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Winslow Yost
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Rosemary O’Neill
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Andrea C. Bohrer
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Igor E. Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sorobetea D, Matsuda R, Peterson ST, Grayczyk JP, Rao I, Krespan E, Lanza M, Assenmacher CA, Mack M, Beiting DP, Radaelli E, Brodsky IE. Inflammatory monocytes promote granuloma control of Yersinia infection. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:666-678. [PMID: 36879169 PMCID: PMC10653359 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Granulomas are organized immune cell aggregates formed in response to chronic infection or antigen persistence. The bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yp) blocks innate inflammatory signalling and immune defence, inducing neutrophil-rich pyogranulomas (PGs) within lymphoid tissues. Here we uncover that Yp also triggers PG formation within the murine intestinal mucosa. Mice lacking circulating monocytes fail to form defined PGs, have defects in neutrophil activation and succumb to Yp infection. Yersinia lacking virulence factors that target actin polymerization to block phagocytosis and reactive oxygen burst do not induce PGs, indicating that intestinal PGs form in response to Yp disruption of cytoskeletal dynamics. Notably, mutation of the virulence factor YopH restores PG formation and control of Yp in mice lacking circulating monocytes, demonstrating that monocytes override YopH-dependent blockade of innate immune defence. This work reveals an unappreciated site of Yersinia intestinal invasion and defines host and pathogen drivers of intestinal granuloma formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sorobetea
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rina Matsuda
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James P Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Indira Rao
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elise Krespan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Demarco B, Grayczyk JP, Bjanes E, Le Roy D, Tonnus W, Assenmacher CA, Radaelli E, Fettrelet T, Mack V, Linkermann A, Roger T, Brodsky IE, Chen KW, Broz P. Caspase-8-dependent gasdermin D cleavage promotes antimicrobial defense but confers susceptibility to TNF-induced lethality. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/47/eabc3465. [PMID: 33208362 PMCID: PMC7673803 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a pore-forming protein that promotes pyroptosis and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies revealed that apoptotic caspase-8 directly cleaves GSDMD to trigger pyroptosis. However, the molecular requirements for caspase-8-dependent GSDMD cleavage and the physiological impact of this signaling axis are unresolved. Here, we report that caspase-8-dependent GSDMD cleavage confers susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality independently of caspase-1 and that GSDMD activation provides host defense against Yersinia infection. We further demonstrate that GSDMD inactivation by apoptotic caspases at aspartate 88 (D88) suppresses TNF-induced lethality but promotes anti-Yersinia defense. Last, we show that caspase-8 dimerization and autoprocessing are required for GSDMD cleavage, and provide evidence that the caspase-8 autoprocessing and activity on various complexes correlate with its ability to directly cleave GSDMD. These findings reveal GSDMD as a potential therapeutic target to reduce inflammation associated with mutations in the death receptor signaling machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demarco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - James P Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elisabet Bjanes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Didier Le Roy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothée Fettrelet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Mack
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qi M, Mei Y, Grayczyk JP, Darben LM, Rieker MEG, Seitz JM, Voegele RT, Whitham SA, Link TI. Candidate Effectors From Uromyces appendiculatus, the Causal Agent of Rust on Common Bean, Can Be Discriminated Based on Suppression of Immune Responses. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1182. [PMID: 31636645 PMCID: PMC6787271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi are devastating pathogens for several important crop plants. The biotrophic lifestyle of rust fungi requires that they influence their host plants to create a favorable environment for growth and reproduction. Rust fungi secrete a variety of effector proteins that manipulate host target proteins to alter plant metabolism and suppress defense responses. Because of the obligate biotrophic lifestyle of rust fungi, direct evidence for effector function is difficult to obtain, and so suites of experiments utilizing expression in heterologous systems are necessary. Here, we present results from a yeast cell death suppression assay and assays for suppression of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) based on delivery of effectors through the bacterial type III secretion system. In addition, subcellular localization was tested using transient expression of GFP fusion proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana through Agrobacterium infiltration. We tested 31 representative effector candidates from the devastating common bean rust pathogen Uromyces appendiculatus. These effector candidates were selected based on features of their gene families, most important lineage specificity. We show that several of our effector candidates suppress plant defense. Some of them also belong to families of effector candidates that are present in multiple rust species where their homologs probably also have effector functions. In our analysis of candidate effector mRNA expression, some of those effector candidates that gave positive results in the other assays were not up-regulated during plant infection, indicating that either these proteins have functions at multiple life stages or that strong up-regulation of RNA level in planta may not be as important a criterion for identifying effectors as previously thought. Overall, our pipeline for selecting effector candidates based on sequence features followed by screening assays using heterologous expression systems was successful in discriminating effector candidates. This work lays the foundation for functional characterization of U. appendiculatus effectors, the identification of effector targets, and identification of novel sources for resistance in common bean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yu Mei
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - James P. Grayczyk
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Janina M. Seitz
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf T. Voegele
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tobias I. Link
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tobias Link,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Laczkovich I, Teoh WP, Flury S, Grayczyk JP, Zorzoli A, Alonzo F. Increased flexibility in the use of exogenous lipoic acid by Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:150-168. [PMID: 29660187 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipoic acid is a cofactor required for intermediary metabolism that is either synthesized de novo or acquired from environmental sources. The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus encodes enzymes required for de novo biosynthesis, but also encodes two ligases, LplA1 and LplA2, that are sufficient for lipoic acid salvage during infection. S. aureus also encodes two H proteins, GcvH of the glycine cleavage system and the homologous GcvH-L encoded in an operon with LplA2. GcvH is a recognized conduit for lipoyl transfer to α-ketoacid dehydrogenase E2 subunits, while the function of GcvH-L remains unclear. The potential to produce two ligases and two H proteins is an unusual characteristic of S. aureus that is unlike most other Gram positive Firmicutes and might allude to an expanded pathway of lipoic acid acquisition in this microorganism. Here, we demonstrate that LplA1 and LplA2 facilitate lipoic acid salvage by differentially targeting lipoyl domain-containing proteins; LplA1 targets H proteins and LplA2 targets α-ketoacid dehydrogenase E2 subunits. Furthermore, GcvH and GcvH-L both facilitate lipoyl relay to E2 subunits. Altogether, these studies identify an expanded mode of lipoic acid salvage used by S. aureus and more broadly underscore the importance of bacterial adaptations when faced with nutritional limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Laczkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Wei Ping Teoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Sarah Flury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - James P Grayczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Azul Zorzoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qi M, Grayczyk JP, Seitz JM, Lee Y, Link TI, Choi D, Pedley KF, Voegele RT, Baum TJ, Whitham SA. Suppression or Activation of Immune Responses by Predicted Secreted Proteins of the Soybean Rust Pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2018; 31:163-174. [PMID: 29144203 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0173-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi, such as the soybean rust pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi, are major threats to crop production. They form specialized haustoria that are hyphal structures intimately associated with host-plant cell membranes. These haustoria have roles in acquiring nutrients and secreting effector proteins that manipulate host immune systems. Functional characterization of effector proteins of rust fungi is important for understanding mechanisms that underlie their virulence and pathogenicity. Hundreds of candidate effector proteins have been predicted for rust pathogens, but it is not clear how to prioritize these effector candidates for further characterization. There is a need for high-throughput approaches for screening effector candidates to obtain experimental evidence for effector-like functions, such as the manipulation of host immune systems. We have focused on identifying effector candidates with immune-related functions in the soybean rust fungus P. pachyrhizi. To facilitate the screening of many P. pachyrhizi effector candidates (named PpECs), we used heterologous expression systems, including the bacterial type III secretion system, Agrobacterium infiltration, a plant virus, and a yeast strain, to establish an experimental pipeline for identifying PpECs with immune-related functions and establishing their subcellular localizations. Several PpECs were identified that could suppress or activate immune responses in nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, Arabidopsis, tomato, or pepper plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Qi
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, U.S.A
| | - James P Grayczyk
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, U.S.A
| | - Janina M Seitz
- 2 Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Youngsill Lee
- 3 Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea; and
| | - Tobias I Link
- 2 Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Doil Choi
- 3 Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea; and
| | - Kerry F Pedley
- 4 Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Ralf T Voegele
- 2 Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas J Baum
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, U.S.A
| | - Steven A Whitham
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grayczyk JP, Harvey CJ, Laczkovich I, Alonzo F. A Lipoylated Metabolic Protein Released by Staphylococcus aureus Suppresses Macrophage Activation. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:678-687.e9. [PMID: 29056428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The virulence factors of pathogenic microbes often have single functions that permit immune suppression. However, a proportion possess multiple activities and are considered moonlighting proteins. By examining secreted virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus, we determine that the bacterial lipoic acid synthetase LipA suppresses macrophage activation. LipA is known to modify the E2 subunit of the metabolic enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase (E2-PDH) with a fatty acid derivative, lipoic acid, yielding the metabolic protein lipoyl-E2-PDH. We demonstrate that lipoyl-E2-PDH is also released by S. aureus and moonlights as a macrophage immunosuppressant by reducing Toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2) activation by bacterial lipopeptides. A LipA-deficient strain induces heightened pro-inflammatory cytokine production, which is diminished in the absence of TLR2. During murine systemic infection, LipA suppresses pro-inflammatory macrophage activation, rendering these cells inefficient at controlling infection. These observations suggest that bacterial metabolism and immune evasion are linked by virtue of this moonlighting protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Grayczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Cameron J Harvey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Irina Laczkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zorzoli A, Grayczyk JP, Alonzo F. Staphylococcus aureus Tissue Infection During Sepsis Is Supported by Differential Use of Bacterial or Host-Derived Lipoic Acid. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005933. [PMID: 27701474 PMCID: PMC5049849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To thrive in diverse environments, bacteria must shift their metabolic output in response to nutrient bioavailability. In many bacterial species, such changes in metabolic flux depend upon lipoic acid, a cofactor required for the activity of enzyme complexes involved in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, glycine catabolism, and branched chain fatty acid biosynthesis. The requirement of lipoic acid for metabolic enzyme activity necessitates that bacteria synthesize the cofactor and/or scavenge it from environmental sources. Although use of lipoic acid is a conserved phenomenon, the mechanisms behind its biosynthesis and salvage can differ considerably between bacterial species. Furthermore, low levels of circulating free lipoic acid in mammals underscore the importance of lipoic acid acquisition for pathogenic microbes during infection. In this study, we used a genetic approach to characterize the mechanisms of lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage in the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and evaluated the requirements for both pathways during murine sepsis. We determined that S. aureus lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage genes exist in an arrangement that directly links redox stress response and acetate biosynthesis genes. In addition, we found that lipoic acid salvage is dictated by two ligases that facilitate growth and lipoylation in distinct environmental conditions in vitro, but that are fully compensatory for survival in vivo. Upon infection of mice, we found that de novo biosynthesis or salvage promotes S. aureus survival in a manner that depends upon the infectious site. In addition, when both lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage are blocked S. aureus is rendered avirulent, implying an inability to induce lipoic acid-independent metabolic programs to promote survival. Together, our results define the major pathways of lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage in S. aureus and support the notion that bacterial nutrient acquisition schemes are instrumental in dictating pathogen proclivity for an infectious niche. Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of infectious diseases ranging from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis. A remarkable aspect of S. aureus pathobiology lies in the ability of the microorganism to infect a wide variety of host tissues. This infectious promiscuity implies S. aureus exhibits significant adaptability when faced with disparate environments and nutritional deficiencies. In this work, we examine the mechanisms by which S. aureus acquires lipoic acid, a key cofactor involved in maintaining metabolic flux. Our studies determine that S. aureus engages in both de novo biosynthesis and salvage of lipoic acid in a manner that is reminiscent of pathways used by both B. subtilis and L. monocytogenes combined. Further, our work suggests that the complex mechanisms of lipoic acid acquisition dictate the range of tissues S. aureus infects and identifies a lipoic acid salvage enzyme that is dispensable for growth in vitro, but required for S. aureus pathogenesis in vivo. In sum, our results highlight the adaptability of S. aureus in the face of nutrient paucity; the importance of complex nutrient acquisition/biosynthesis pathways in promoting infection; and identify potential novel therapeutic targets that may be effective against S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azul Zorzoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James P. Grayczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|