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Patil JJ, Lu Z, Zachman MJ, Chen N, Reeves KS, Jana A, Revia G, MacDonald B, Keller BD, Lara-Curzio E, Grossman JC, Ferralis N. Chemical and Physical Drivers for Improvement in Permeance and Stability of Linker-Free Graphene Oxide Membranes. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37399449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising membrane material for chemical separations, including water treatment. However, GO has often required postsynthesis chemical modifications, such as linkers or intercalants, to improve either the permeability, performance, or mechanical integrity of GO membranes. In this work, we explore two different feedstocks of GO to investigate chemical and physical differences, where we observe up to a 100× discrepancy in the permeability-mass loading trade-off while maintaining nanofiltration capacity. GO membranes also show structural stability and chemical resilience to harsh pH conditions and bleach treatment. We probe GO and the resulting assembled membranes through a variety of characterization approaches, including a novel scanning-transmission-electron-microscopy-based visualization approach, to connect differences in sheet stacking and oxide functional groups to significant improvements in permeability and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhengmao Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael J Zachman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ningxin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly S Reeves
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Asmita Jana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Griselda Revia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon MacDonald
- Via Separations Inc, 165 Dexter Ave, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Brent D Keller
- Via Separations Inc, 165 Dexter Ave, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Edgar Lara-Curzio
- Energy Science & Technology Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Via Separations Inc, 165 Dexter Ave, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Patil JJ, Wan CTC, Gong S, Chiang YM, Brushett FR, Grossman JC. Bayesian-Optimization-Assisted Laser Reduction of Poly(acrylonitrile) for Electrochemical Applications. ACS Nano 2023; 17:4999-5013. [PMID: 36812031 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser reduction of polymers has recently been explored to rapidly and inexpensively synthesize high-quality graphitic and carbonaceous materials. However, in past work, laser-induced graphene has been restricted to semiaromatic polymers and graphene oxide; in particular, poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) is claimed to be a polymer that cannot be laser-reduced successfully to form electrochemically active material. In this work, three strategies to surmount this barrier are employed: (1) thermal stabilization of PAN to increase its sp2 content for improved laser processability, (2) prelaser treatment microstructuring to reduce the effects of thermal stresses, and (3) Bayesian optimization to search the parameter space of laser processing to improve performance and discover morphologies. Based on these approaches, we successfully synthesize laser-reduced PAN with a low sheet resistance (6.5 Ω sq-1) in a single lasing step. The resulting materials are tested electrochemically, and their applicability as membrane electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries is demonstrated. This work demonstrates electrodes that are processed in air, below 300 °C, which are cycled stably over 2 weeks at 40 mA cm-2, motivating further development of laser reduction of porous polymers for membrane electrode applications such as RFBs.
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Chae WH, Patil JJ, Grossman JC. Conformal Encapsulation of Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes by Nanosized Reduced Graphene Oxide Leading to Improved All-Round Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:34997-35009. [PMID: 35861058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are promising as next-generation transparent conductive electrodes due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, mechanical flexibility, as well as low material and processing costs. However, AgNWs are prone to thermally induced fragmentation and chemical degradation, necessitating a conformal protective coating typically achieved by low-throughput methods such as sputtering or atomic layer deposition. Herein, we report a facile all-solution-based approach to synthesize a conformally coated AgNW network by nanosized reduced graphene oxide R(nGO). In this method, probe ultrasonication is used to obtain nanosized GO, which is coated on AgNWs by a layer-by-layer approach and then chemically treated to form R(nGO)/AgNW. We show that our transparent electrode has excellent transmittance (85-92%) and sheet resistance (17.5 Ω/sq), combined with outstanding thermal and electrothermal stability, thanks to the conformal nature of the R(nGO) film, and demonstrate its use as a transparent heater with a high maximum temperature. This, in conjunction with improved long-term chemical and mechanical bending stability of R(nGO)/AgNW, indicates that our newly developed process represents an effective and low-cost strategy to improve the overall operational resilience of metal nanowire-based transparent conductive electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hyun Chae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Patil JJ, Reese ML, Lee E, Grossman JC. Oxynitride-Encapsulated Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrode with Enhanced Thermal, Electrical, and Chemical Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:4423-4433. [PMID: 35029366 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks have been explored as a promising technology for transparent electrodes due to their solution-processability, low-cost implementation, and excellent trade-off between sheet resistance and transparency. However, their large-scale implementation in applications such as solar cells, transparent heaters, and display applications has been hindered by their poor thermal, electrical, and chemical stability. In this work, we present reactive sputtering as a method for fast deposition of metal oxynitrides as an encapsulant layer on AgNWs. Because O2 cannot be used as a reactive gas in the presence of oxidation-sensitive materials such as Ag, N2 is used under moderate sputtering base pressures to leverage residual H2O on the sample and chamber to deposit Al, Ti, and Zr oxynitrides (AlOxNy, TiOxNy, and ZrOxNy) on Ag nanowires on glass and polymer substrates. All encapsulants improve AgNW networks' electrical, thermal, and chemical stability. In particular, AlOxNy-encapsulated networks present exceptional chemical stability (negligible increase in resistance over 7 days at 80% relative humidity and 80 °C) and transparency (96% for 20 nm films on AgNWs), while TiOxNy demonstrates exceptional thermal and electrical stability (stability up to over temperatures 100 °C more than that of bare AgNW networks, with a maximum areal power density of 1.72 W/cm2, and no resistance divergence at up to 20 V), and ZrOxNy presents intermediate properties in all metrics. In summary, a novel method of oxynitride deposition, leveraging moderate base pressure reactive sputtering, is demonstrated for AgNW encapsulant deposition, which is compatible with roll-to-roll processes that are operated at commercial scales, and this technique can be extended to arbitrary, vacuum-compatible substrates and device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maya L Reese
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Straub AP, Bergsman DS, Getachew BA, Leahy LM, Patil JJ, Ferralis N, Grossman JC. Highly Conductive and Permeable Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membranes Using Laser-Reduced Graphene Oxide. Nano Lett 2021; 21:2429-2435. [PMID: 33689366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive membranes are a promising avenue to reduce water treatment costs due to their ability to minimize the detrimental impact of fouling, to degrade contaminants, and to provide other additional benefits during filtration. Here, we demonstrate the facile and low-cost fabrication of electrically conductive membranes using laser-reduced graphene oxide (GO). In this method, GO is filtered onto a poly(ether sulfone) membrane support before being pyrolyzed via laser into a conductive film. Laser-reduced GO composite membranes are shown to be equally as permeable to water as the underlying membrane support and possess sheet resistances as low as 209 Ω/□. Application of the laser-reduced GO membranes is demonstrated through greater than 97% removal of a surrogate water contaminant, 25 μM methyl orange dye, with an 8 V applied potential. Furthermore, we show that laser-reduced GO membranes can be further tuned with the addition of p-phenylenediamine binding molecules to decrease the sheet resistance to 54 Ω/□.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Straub
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David S Bergsman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bezawit A Getachew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liam M Leahy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Niroui F, Saravanapavanantham M, Han J, Patil JJ, Swager TM, Lang JH, Bulović V. Hybrid Approach to Fabricate Uniform and Active Molecular Junctions. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1606-1612. [PMID: 33534584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecules can serve as ultimate building blocks for extreme nanoscale devices. This requires their precise integration into functional heterojunctions, most commonly in the form of metal-molecule-metal architectures. Structural damage and nonuniformities caused by current fabrication techniques, however, limit their effective incorporation. Here, we present a hybrid fabrication approach enabling uniform and active molecular junctions. A template-stripping technique is developed to form electrodes with sub-nanometer smooth surfaces. Combined with dielectrophoretic trapping of colloidal nanorods, uniform sub-5 nm junctions are achieved. Uniquely, in our design, the top contact is mechanically free to move under an applied stimulus. Using this, we investigate the electromechanical tuning of the junction and its tunneling conduction. Here, the molecules help control sub-nanometer mechanical modulation, which is conventionally challenging due to instabilities caused by surface adhesive forces. Our versatile approach provides a platform to develop and study active molecular junctions for emerging applications in electronics, plasmonics, and electromechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Niroui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mayuran Saravanapavanantham
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jinchi Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin J Patil
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Lang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Patil JJ, Chae WH, Trebach A, Carter KJ, Lee E, Sannicolo T, Grossman JC. Failing Forward: Stability of Transparent Electrodes Based on Metal Nanowire Networks. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004356. [PMID: 33346400 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanowire (MNW)-based transparent electrode technologies have significantly matured over the last decade to become a prominent low-cost alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO). Beyond reaching the same level of performance as ITO, MNW networks offer additional advantages including flexibility and low materials cost. To facilitate adoption of MNW networks as a replacement to ITO, they must overcome their inherent stability issues while maintaining their properties and cost-effectiveness. Herein, the fundamental failure mechanisms of MNW networks are discussed in detail. Recent strategies to computationally model MNWs from the nano- to macroscale and suggest future work to capture dynamic failure to unravel mechanisms that account for convolution of the failure modes are highlighted. Strategies to characterize MNW network failure in situ and postmortem are also discussed. In addition, recent work about improving the stability of MNW networks via encapsulation is discussed. Lastly, a perspective is given on how to frame the requirements of MNW-encapsulant hybrids with reference to their target applications, namely: solar cells, transparent film heaters, sensors, and displays. A cost analysis to comment on the feasibility of implementing MNW hybrids is provided, and critical areas to focus on for future work on MNW networks are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Woo Hyun Chae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam Trebach
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ki-Jana Carter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Eric Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Sannicolo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Abstract
Large scale, sub-10 nm high aspect ratio nanoporous silicon is fabricatedviascalable sputtering and a solution-based process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin J. Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Waterloo
- Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Brendan D. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA 02139
| | - Jeffrey C. Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA 02139
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Smith BD, Patil JJ, Ferralis N, Grossman JC. Catalyst Self-Assembly for Scalable Patterning of Sub 10 nm Ultrahigh Aspect Ratio Nanopores in Silicon. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:8043-8049. [PMID: 26999295 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous silicon (NPSi) has received significant attention for its potential to contribute to a large number of applications, but has not yet been extensively implemented because of the inability of current state-of-the-art nanofabrication techniques to achieve sufficiently small pore size, high aspect ratio, and process scalability. In this work we describe the fabrication of NPSi via a modified metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) process in which silica-shell gold nanoparticle (SiO2-AuNP) monolayers self-assemble from solution onto a silicon substrate. Exposure to the MACE etchant solution results in the rapid consumption of the SiO2 spacer shell, leaving well-spaced arrays of bare AuNPs on the substrate surface. Particles then begin to catalyze the etching of nanopore arrays without interruption, resulting in the formation of highly anisotropic individual pores. The excellent directionality of pore formation is thought to be promoted by the homogeneous interparticle spacing of the gold core nanocatalysts, which allow for even hole injection and subsequent etching along preferred crystallographic orientations. Electron microscopy and image analysis confirm the ability of the developed technique to produce micrometer-scale arrays of sub 10 nm nanopores with narrow size distributions and aspect ratios of over 100:1. By introducing a scalable process for obtaining high aspect ratio pores in a novel size regime, this work opens the door to implementation of NPSi in numerous devices and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6G9, Canada
| | - Nicola Ferralis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Patil JJ, Ford S, Egeler C, Williams DJ. The effect of needle dimensions and infusion rates on injection pressures in regional anaesthesia needles: a bench-top study. Anaesthesia 2014; 70:183-9. [PMID: 25290190 DOI: 10.1111/anae.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that injection pressures > 75 kPa indicate probable intrafascicular needle tip position. This study describes the flow/pressure characteristics of seven common needle systems. A syringe pump delivered flow rates of 5, 6.67, 10, 13.3, 15 and 20 ml.min(-1) through these needle systems, while keeping the needle tips open to atmosphere. A pressure transducer connected between the syringe and needle provided a real-time graphical display for analysis. Mean plateau pressures increased linearly with flow and with decreasing needle diameter (2.7-92 kPa). Flow rates > 17 ml.min(-1) and needle sizes 22 G and smaller produced mean plateau pressures > 75 kPa. Pressure monitors upstream from the needle may produce false-positive alarms at high flow rates due to needle resistance, and unreliable readings due to non-laminar flow. We recommend injection rates ≤ 15 ml.min(-1) (0.25 ml.s(-1) ) to reduce the effect of factors upstream from the needle tip as a cause of high pressure readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Patil
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Airedale General Hospital, Steeton, UK
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Patil JJ, Maloney DG. Is oxygen a friend or foe in the peri-operative period? Anaesthesia 2013; 68:537. [PMID: 23573855 DOI: 10.1111/anae.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Patil JJ, O'Donohoe B, Loyden CF, Shanahan D. Near-fatal spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use: a case report. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41:462-3. [PMID: 17224443 PMCID: PMC2465371 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.031617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids are commonly used at high doses by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance physique and improve performance levels. We report a case of spontaneous hepatic rupture with life-threatening haemorrhage associated with a past history of anabolic steroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Patil
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK.
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Patil JJ. Putting together the pieces of the physician supply puzzle. CMAJ 2000; 162:315-6. [PMID: 10693583 PMCID: PMC1231002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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Patil JJ. Evidence-based medicine and clinical experience. J Eval Clin Pract 1999; 5:423-5. [PMID: 10579706 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2753.1999.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Patil JJ. Clinical experience and evidence-based medicine. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128:245. [PMID: 9454539 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-3-199802010-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Patil JJ. Team decision making in rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 76:348. [PMID: 9267198 DOI: 10.1097/00002060-199707000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Patil JJ. Objective-structured clinical examination. CMAJ 1993; 149:1376, 1378. [PMID: 8221415 PMCID: PMC1485928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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