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Plant K, Goebel A, Nair J, Moots R, Chadwick L, Goodson N. Characteristics of pain and their relationship to disease activity in UK patients with Behçet's syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Br J Pain 2023; 17:560-568. [PMID: 37969132 PMCID: PMC10642501 DOI: 10.1177/20494637231198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a rare multi-systemic vasculitis of unknown aetiology. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is more prevalent in rheumatological conditions such-as BS, than the general population. However, there is limited research into the aetiology and characteristics of pain in BS. Objectives To describe the pain characteristics and incidence of FMS in people with BS and investigate their relationship with BS disease activity. Methods A cohort study of BS patients attending the Liverpool Behçet's Centre between February 2017 and March 2019. BS was defined using the International Study Group Criteria. BS severity was assessed using the Behçet's Disease Current Activity Form. FMS was determined from consultant diagnosis. Assessments of pain included: Pain Visual Analogue Scale (PVAS), Pain Mannequin, Brief Pain Inventory, EQ-5D-3L and Short Form McGill. Pain and FMS prevalence were compared between high and low disease activity. Results 90% reported moderate-severe pain with a median PVAS score of 68/100 [38, 81]. 35.6% of participants had FMS and 46.5% experienced generalized pain. 76% of participants with high disease activity reported severe pain, compared to 39.1% with low disease activity (p = .003). Pain was more generalised in high disease activity (72%) compared to low disease activity (37.7%) (p = .003). FMS was more prevalent in the high disease activity group (52%) than the low disease activity group (29%) (p = .04). Conclusions This is the first study to explore pain in participants with BS in the United Kingdom. The majority of BS patients experience moderate-severe widespread pain. Severe widespread pain is more prevalent in those with high disease activity. We have demonstrated a relationship between high disease activity, worse pain intensity, and FMS. This paper contributes to the understanding of two conditions which remain to be fully understood, FMS and BS, and generates new hypotheses to describe the interplay between.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Plant
- Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Goebel
- Pain Research Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Pain Medicine, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Nair
- Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, National Behcet’s Centre of Excellence, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Moots
- Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, National Behcet’s Centre of Excellence, Liverpool, UK
| | - L Chadwick
- Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Goodson
- Department of Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Plant K, Chadwick L, Goebel A, Nair J, Moots R, Goodson N. POS0022 CHARACTERISTICS OF PAIN IN UK PATIENTS WITH BEHÇET’S SYNDROME: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY. Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundBehçet’s syndrome (BS) is a rare multi-organ systemic vasculitis of unknown aetiology with hallmark manifestations of mucocutaneous ulcers and skin lesions. Morbidity is high in BS; with high prevalence of pain, fatigue and poor quality of life. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), a common cause of widespread musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, is more prevalent in rheumatological conditions including BS. However, there is limited research into the aetiology and characteristics of pain in BS. To our knowledge, there are no studies describing pain in a UK BS population.ObjectivesTo describe the pain characteristics and incidence of comorbid FMS in patients with BS, and investigate their relationship with disease activity.MethodsThis is a prospective observational study of patients with a diagnosis of BS attending the National Centre for BS in Liverpool between February 2017 and March 2019. Patients were defined as “Complete BS” if they satisfised the International Study Group criteria and “Incomplete BS” if they met one criterion plus genital ulcers. BS severity was assessed using the Behçet’s disease current activity form (BDCAF). High and low disease activity were defined as a BDCAF score ≥ 4 or < 4 respectively. FMS prevalence was determined from consultant diagnosis. To minimise inflation of disease severity in the FMS cohort, a modified BDCAF (with arthralgia and arthritis components removed) was calculated (mBDCAF). Assessments of pain included: The Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Pain Mannequin and Short Form McGill (SF-MPQ-2) questionnaires. Generalised pain data was imputed from the pain mannequin using the American College of Rheumatology 2016 definition, pain in all quadrants (upper left, upper right, lower left and lower right) plus axial distribution. Pain and FMS prevalence were compared between high and low disease activity using Chi-Square Test of Independence. The mean mBDCAF was compared between those with and without FMS using a student’s T-Test. Data analysis was conducted in Microsoft Excel and STATA.Results101 patients, 75 female and 26 male, of age 10-74 years were assessed. 81.2% of patients met the ISG criteria (Complete BS); The remaining 18.8% met Incomplete BS status. 90% of patients reported moderate-severe pain with a median VAS score of 68/100 [38, 81]. 35.6% of patients had a diagnosis of FMS and 46.5% experience generalized pain. 76% of patients with high disease activity reported severe pain, a VAS greater than 70, compared to 39.1% with low disease activity (p=.003). Pain was more generalised in high disease activity (72%) compared to low disease activity (37.7%) (p=.003). The qualitative assessment of pain (SF-MPQ-2) stratified by disease activity, Figure 1, demonstrates that pain intensity is higher in high disease activity. Continuous descriptive terms were most commonly selected indicating a chronic nature of the pain. Concomitant FMS diagnosis was more prevalent in the high disease activity group (52%) than the low disease activity group (29%) (p=0.04). The mean mBDCAF of patients with FMS was 2.09 ± 1.3 compared to 1.53 ± 1.3 in patients without FMS (p= 0.047).Figure 1.Pain descriptors from the SF-MPQ-2 stratified by high (BDCAF ≥4) and low disease activity (BDCAF <4). Descriptors are rated no pain to the worst pain ever (0 – 10). The median value for each descriptor is plotted. The descriptors are divided into four categories: affective, continuous, neuropathic and intermittent.ConclusionThis the first study to describe the pain experience of a UK population of BS patients. The majority of patients experience moderate to severe chronic MSK pain. Severe generalised MSK pain is more prevalent in those with high BS disease activity. We have demonstrated a relationship between high disease activity, worse pain intensity, and comorbid FMS. Our findings pose new questions into the research of pain in BS. Further studies are required to explore the mechanism of generalised pain and its correlation with disease activity.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Cheng S, Nair J, Thomas R, Greenland C, Weerasooriya S. A Prospective Cohort Study Evaluating the Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Amongst Cardiac Inpatients in Far North Queensland. Heart Lung Circ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.06.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Nair J. The Effect of Radiation Exposure on Cancer Development Among Interventional Cardiologists: A Literature Review. Heart Lung Circ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II) is caused by mutations in acid α-glucosidase (GAA) resulting in lysosomal pathology and impairment of the muscular and cardio-pulmonary systems. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), the only approved therapy for Pompe disease, improves muscle function by reducing glycogen accumulation but this approach entails several limitations including a short drug half-life and an antibody response that results in reduced efficacy. To address these limitations, new treatments such as gene therapy are under development to increase the intrinsic ability of the affected cells to produce GAA. Key components to gene therapy strategies include the choice of vector, promoter, and the route of administration. The efficacy of gene therapy depends on the ability of the vector to drive gene expression in the target tissue and also on the recipient's immune tolerance to the transgene protein. In this review, we discuss the preclinical and clinical studies that are paving the way for the development of a gene therapy strategy for patients with early and late onset Pompe disease as well as some of the challenges for advancing gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Salabarria
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floria, USA
| | - J Nair
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floria, USA
| | - N Clement
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floria, USA
| | - B K Smith
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - N Raben
- Laboratory of Protein Trafficking and Organelle Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - D D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - B J Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floria, USA
| | - M Corti
- Department of Pediatrics and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Floria, USA
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Dadiz R, Nair J, D'Angio CT, Ryan RM, Lakshminrusimha S. Methemoglobin and the response to inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2020; 13:175-182. [PMID: 31744017 DOI: 10.3233/npm-180082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate whether the change in methemoglobin levels (ΔMHb) predicts oxygenation response to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) with lung disease, with or without pulmonary hypoplasia. METHODS In this prospective observational study, infants were categorized based on ΔMHb and oxygenation response (ΔPaO2/FiO2) following iNO: ΔMHb ≤0 or ΔMHb>0, and ΔPaO2/FiO2 < 20 mmHg (Non-responder) or≥20 mmHg (Responder). ΔMHb levels were compared among infants with or without pulmonary hypoplasia. RESULTS Among infants with pulmonary hypoplasia (n = 28), ΔMHb was not associated with an oxygenation response to iNO or survival without ECMO. Among infants without hypoplasia (n = 29), subjects with ΔMHb>0 following iNO (n = 21) had a greater ΔPaO2/FiO2 (median, 64 mmHg; IQR, 127; p < 0.01) and 100% survival without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) when compared to infants with ΔMHb ≤0 (n = 8; median 10 mmHg; IQR, 33). CONCLUSIONS PPHN secondary to lung disease without hypoplasia with increased ΔMHb following iNO was associated with better oxygenation response and survival without ECMO compared to subjects without an increase in MHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dadiz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J Nair
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C T D'Angio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R M Ryan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Lakshminrusimha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Qiu W, Kuang H, Nair J, Assis Z, Najm M, McDougall C, McDougall B, Chung K, Wilson AT, Goyal M, Hill MD, Demchuk AM, Menon BK. Radiomics-Based Intracranial Thrombus Features on CT and CTA Predict Recanalization with Intravenous Alteplase in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 40:39-44. [PMID: 30573458 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thrombus characteristics identified on non-contrast CT (NCCT) are potentially associated with recanalization with intravenous (IV) alteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Our aim was to determine the best radiomics-based features of thrombus on NCCT and CT angiography associated with recanalization with IV alteplase in AIS patients and proximal intracranial thrombi. MATERIALS AND METHODS With a nested case-control design, 67 patients with ICA/M1 MCA segment thrombus treated with IV alteplase were included in this analysis. Three hundred twenty-six radiomics features were extracted from each thrombus on both NCCT and CTA images. Linear discriminative analysis was applied to select features most strongly associated with early recanalization with IV alteplase. These features were then used to train a linear support vector machine classifier. Ten times 5-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the accuracy of the trained classifier and the stability of the selected features. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that thrombus radiomics features are predictive of early recanalization with IV alteplase. The combination of radiomics features from NCCT, CTA, and radiomics changes is best associated with early recanalization with IV alteplase (area under the curve = 0.85) and was significantly better than any single feature such as thrombus length (P < .001), volume (P < .001), and permeability as measured by mean attenuation increase (P < .001), maximum attenuation in CTA (P < .001), maximum attenuation increase (P < .001), and assessment of residual flow grade (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Thrombus radiomics features derived from NCCT and CTA are more predictive of recanalization with IV alteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke with proximal occlusion than previously known thrombus imaging features such as length, volume, and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Qiu
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.)
| | - H Kuang
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.)
| | - J Nair
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.).,Department of Radiology (J.N.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Z Assis
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.)
| | - M Najm
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.)
| | - C McDougall
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.)
| | - B McDougall
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.)
| | - K Chung
- Calgary Stroke Program, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (K.C.)
| | - A T Wilson
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.)
| | - M Goyal
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.).,Radiology (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.).,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M D Hill
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.).,Radiology (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.).,Community Health Sciences (M.D.H., B.K.M.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A M Demchuk
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.).,Radiology (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.).,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - B K Menon
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (W.Q., H.K., J.N., Z.A. M.N., C.M., A.T.W., B.M., M.G., M.D.H., A.M.D., B.K.M.) .,Radiology (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.).,Community Health Sciences (M.D.H., B.K.M.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute (M.D.H., A.M.D., M.G., B.K.M.), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Krishnamoorthy B, Critchley WR, Soon SY, Birla R, Begum Z, Nair J, Devan N, Mohan R, Fildes J, Morris J, Fullwood C, Krysiak P, Malagon I, Shah R. A Randomized Study Comparing the Incidence of Postoperative Pain After Phrenic Nerve Infiltration Vs Nonphrenic Nerve Infiltration During Thoracotomy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 31:583-592. [PMID: 30529157 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thoracotomy is a common surgical procedure performed worldwide for lung disease. Despite major advances in analgesia, patients still experience severe shoulder, central back and surgical incision site pain in the postoperative period. This study aimed to assess whether intraoperative phrenic nerve infiltration reduces the incidence of postoperative pain and improves peak flow volume measurements during incentive spirometry. 90 patients undergoing open lobectomy were randomly assigned to have phrenic nerve infiltration (n = 46) or not (n = 44). The phrenic nerve infiltration group received 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine into the periphrenic fat pad. Preoperative assessments of spirometry and pain scores were recorded (at rest and with movement). Postoperative assessments included peak flow and pain measurements at intervals up to 72 hours. Less shoulder pain was experienced with phrenic nerve infiltration up to 6 hours postsurgery at rest (P = 0.005) and up to 12 hours with movement (P < 0.001). Reduced back pain was reported in the phrenic nerve infiltration group up to 6 hours after surgery both at rest (P = 0.001) and with movement (P = 0.00). Phrenic nerve infiltration reduced pain at the incision site for up to 3 hours both at rest (P < 0.001) and with movement (P = 0.001). Spirometry readings dropped in both groups with consistently lower readings at baseline and follow-up in the PNI group (P = 0.007). Lower analgesic usage of patient controlled analgesia morphine (P < 0.0001), epipleural bupivacaine (P = 0.001), and oramorph/zomorph (P = 0.0002) were recorded. Our findings indicate that the use of phrenic nerve infiltration significantly reduced patient pain scores during the early postoperative period, particularly during movement. We believe that each technique has advantages and disadvantages; however, further studies with large sample size are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK.
| | - W R Critchley
- The Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Y Soon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - R Birla
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Z Begum
- The Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Nair
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - N Devan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ram Mohan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - James Fildes
- The Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Morris
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - C Fullwood
- Centre of Biostatistics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Research and Innovation, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - P Krysiak
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - I Malagon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - R Shah
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Aggarwal H, Nair J, Sharma P, Sehgal R, Naeem U, Rajora P, Mathur R. Aegle marmelos differentially affects hepatic markers of glycolysis, insulin signalling pathway, hypoxia, and inflammation in HepG2 cells grown in fructose versus glucose-rich environment. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 438:1-16. [PMID: 28766170 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructose consumption is responsible for the onset of insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic syndrome. It possesses no functional utility in body and its detrimental effects on hepatic metabolic milieu are beyond those produced by glucose. The need of the hour is to identify fructose-induced IR as an unique pathological state to be managed differentially. The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (AM) on hepatic markers of insulin resistance using HepG2 cells cultured in either fructose or glucose-rich environment is investigated. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were grown under standard conditions in either-DMEM without glucose (NC), DMEM with high glucose 25 mM (Glu), DMEM-glucose+0.55 mM fructose (FC1), DMEM-glucose+1 mM fructose (FC2) or DMEM-glucose+1 mM fructose+0.1 µM insulin (FC3). The cells were treated with either AM, rutin, quercetin, metformin or pioglitazone and assessed for levels of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), aldehyde dehydrogenase, phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI3K), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), mitochondrial target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α). Summarily, when results from fructose- and glucose-rich environment were compared, then (1) IR was more pronounced in former; (2) AM performed better in former; (3) metformin and pioglitazone were equivocal in either; (4) rutin and quercetin showed deviant effects from AM; and lastly (5) effects of rutin were closer to AM than quercetin. We hypothesize that AM ameliorates fructose-induced IR through a mechanism which is distinct from standard drugs and not shared by individual phytoconstituents in toto.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - J Nair
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - R Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - U Naeem
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - P Rajora
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - R Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, MB Road, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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Bhat AR, Gupta MK, Krithivasan P, Dhas K, Nair J, Reddy RB, Sudheendra HV, Chavan S, Vardhan H, Darsi S, Balakrishnan L, Katragadda S, Kekatpure V, Suresh A, Tata P, Panda B, Kuriakose MA, Sirdeshmukh R. Sample preparation method considerations for integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of tumors. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 11. [PMID: 27801551 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Tech Park; Bangalore India
- Manipal University; Madhav Nagar; Manipal India
| | - Priya Krithivasan
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre; Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Bangalore India
| | - Kunal Dhas
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre; Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Bangalore India
| | - Jayalakshmi Nair
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre; Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Bangalore India
| | - Ram Bhupal Reddy
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
| | | | - Sandip Chavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Tech Park; Bangalore India
| | - Harsha Vardhan
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
| | - Sujatha Darsi
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
| | | | | | - Vikram Kekatpure
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
| | | | - Binay Panda
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre; Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Bangalore India
| | - Moni A. Kuriakose
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Tech Park; Bangalore India
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation; Narayana Health; Bangalore India
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Nair J, Christensen DA, Yu P, Beattie AD, McAllister TA, Damiran D, Preston N, Fuhr L, McKinnon JJ. 0467 Nutritional evaluation of barley varieties grown for silage. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Refat B, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ, Nair J, Beattie AD, McAllister TA, Yang W, Yu P. 0483 Comparison of barley silage with varying digestible fiber content to corn silage on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis using RUSITEC technique. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Nair J, Christensen DA, Yu P, McAllister TA, Damiran D, McKinnon JJ. 0485 Effect of variety and level of inclusion of barley grown for silage on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing beef steers. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Refat B, Yang W, McKinnon JJ, Nair J, Beattie AD, McAllister TA, Christensen DA, Yu P. 1432 Magnitude of difference in chemical and nutrient profiles, ruminal degradation kinetics, and intestinal digestion of three barley silages varieties in comparison with corn silage for dairy cattle. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Refat B, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ, Nair J, Beattie AD, McAllister TA, Yang W, Yu P. 0459 Effect of digestible fiber content of barley silage on lactation performance and chewing activity of lactating dairy cows in comparison with corn silage. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Preston NG, Nair J, Yu P, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA. 0456 Ensiling barley varieties selected for varied levels of in vitro NDF degradability. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nair J, Penner G, Yu P, (Bart) Lardner H, McAllister T, Damiran D, McKinnon J. Evaluation of canola meal derived from Brassica juncea and Brassica napus on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility by feedlot heifers fed finishing diets. Can J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Five yearling heifers (387 ± 6.5 kg) were utilized in a 5 × 5 Latin square to evaluate the substitution of canola meal (CM) derived from Brassica (B.) napus and B.juncea seed for barley grain on feed intake and nutrient utilization. The control diet (CONTROL) consisted of 88.3% barley grain, 4.4% barley silage, and 7.3% supplement [dry matter (DM) basis]. The four CM treatments included 10% and 20% B.napus or B.juncea meal, with CM replacing barley grain. Dry matter intake was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Total duration and area under rumen pH 5.8, 5.5, and 5.2 increased (P < 0.05) with greater inclusion of CM, regardless of type. Cattle fed 20% CM had elevated rumen ammonia-N concentration and urinary N excretion. Cattle fed B. juncea meal exhibited greater (P < 0.05) apparent nutrient digestibility compared with those fed B. napus meal. In conclusion, meal derived from B. napus or B. juncea can be used to replace barley grain at levels up to 20% (DM) in finishing diets without compromising rumen fermentation or total tract nutrient digestibility. However, animal performance and possible economic benefits need to be balanced against the increasing N excretion resulting from over-feeding protein to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Nair
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5A8, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5A8, Canada
| | - P. Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H.A. (Bart) Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5A8, Canada
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, SK S0K 2A0, Canada
| | - T.A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D. Damiran
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5A8, Canada
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, SK S0K 2A0, Canada
| | - J.J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N 5A8, Canada
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Krishnan NM, Dhas K, Nair J, Palve V, Bagwan J, Siddappa G, Suresh A, Kekatpure VD, Kuriakose MA, Panda B. A Minimal DNA Methylation Signature in Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Links Altered Methylation with Tumor Attributes. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:805-19. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Krishnamoorthy B, Critchley W, Begun Z, Nair J, Devan N, Krysiak P, Shah R, Malagon I. Randomised prospective study comparing the incidence of postoperative pain after phrenic nerve infiltration vs non-phrenic nerve infiltration on open thoracotomy - initial results. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Krishnan N, Gupta S, Palve V, Varghese L, Pattnaik S, Jain P, Khyriem C, Hariharan A, Dhas K, Nair J, Pareek M, Prasad V, Siddappa G, Suresh A, Kekatpure V, Kuriakose M, Panda B. Integrated analysis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma identifies key variants and pathways linked to risk habits, HPV, clinical parameters and tumor recurrence. F1000Res 2015; 4:1215. [PMID: 26834999 PMCID: PMC4706066 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7302.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC) are a homogeneous group of tumors characterized by aggressive behavior, early spread to lymph nodes and a higher rate of regional failure. Additionally, the incidence of OTSCC among younger population (<50yrs) is on the rise; many of whom lack the typical associated risk factors of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure. We present data on single nucleotide variations (SNVs), indels, regions with loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and copy number variations (CNVs) from fifty-paired oral tongue primary tumors and link the significant somatic variants with clinical parameters, epidemiological factors including human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and tumor recurrence. Apart from the frequent somatic variants harbored in TP53, CASP8, RASA1, NOTCH and CDKN2A genes, significant amplifications and/or deletions were detected in chromosomes 6-9, and 11 in the tumors. Variants in CASP8 and CDKN2A were mutually exclusive. CDKN2A, PIK3CA, RASA1 and DMD variants were exclusively linked to smoking, chewing, HPV infection and tumor stage. We also performed a whole-genome gene expression study that identified matrix metalloproteases to be highly expressed in tumors and linked pathways involving arachidonic acid and NF-k-B to habits and distant metastasis, respectively. Functional knockdown studies in cell lines demonstrated the role of CASP8 in a HPV-negative OTSCC cell line. Finally, we identified a 38-gene minimal signature that predicts tumor recurrence using an ensemble machine-learning method. Taken together, this study links molecular signatures to various clinical and epidemiological factors in a homogeneous tumor population with a relatively high HPV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Krishnan
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Vinayak Palve
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Linu Varghese
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Swetansu Pattnaik
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Prach Jain
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Costerwell Khyriem
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Arun Hariharan
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Kunal Dhas
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Jayalakshmi Nair
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Manisha Pareek
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Venkatesh Prasad
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India
| | - Gangotri Siddappa
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Bangalore, 560 099, India
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Bangalore, 560 099, India
| | - Vikram Kekatpure
- Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore, 560 099, India
| | - Moni Kuriakose
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Bangalore, 560 099, India; Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore, 560 099, India
| | - Binay Panda
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, 560 100, India; Strand Life Sciences, Bangalore, 560 024, India
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Krishnan NM, Pattnaik S, Jain P, Gaur P, Choudhary R, Vaidyanathan S, Deepak S, Hariharan AK, Krishna PB, Nair J, Varghese L, Valivarthi NK, Dhas K, Ramaswamy K, Panda B. A draft of the genome and four transcriptomes of a medicinal and pesticidal angiosperm Azadirachta indica. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:464. [PMID: 22958331 PMCID: PMC3507787 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Azadirachta indica (neem) tree is a source of a wide number of natural products, including the potent biopesticide azadirachtin. In spite of its widespread applications in agriculture and medicine, the molecular aspects of the biosynthesis of neem terpenoids remain largely unexplored. The current report describes the draft genome and four transcriptomes of A. indica and attempts to contextualise the sequence information in terms of its molecular phylogeny, transcript expression and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. A. indica is the first member of the family Meliaceae to be sequenced using next generation sequencing approach. Results The genome and transcriptomes of A. indica were sequenced using multiple sequencing platforms and libraries. The A. indica genome is AT-rich, bears few repetitive DNA elements and comprises about 20,000 genes. The molecular phylogenetic analyses grouped A. indica together with Citrus sinensis from the Rutaceae family validating its conventional taxonomic classification. Comparative transcript expression analysis showed either exclusive or enhanced expression of known genes involved in neem terpenoid biosynthesis pathways compared to other sequenced angiosperms. Genome and transcriptome analyses in A. indica led to the identification of repeat elements, nucleotide composition and expression profiles of genes in various organs. Conclusions This study on A. indica genome and transcriptomes will provide a model for characterization of metabolic pathways involved in synthesis of bioactive compounds, comparative evolutionary studies among various Meliaceae family members and help annotate their genomes. A better understanding of molecular pathways involved in the azadirachtin synthesis in A. indica will pave ways for bulk production of environment friendly biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja M Krishnan
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore 560100, India
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Abstract
The effluent from anaerobic digestion process has high concentrations of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, essential for plant growth but is not suitable for direct disposal or application due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD), low dissolved oxygen (DO), odour issues and is potentially phytotoxic. This research explored the optimum conditions of anaerobic effluent for application and dilutions of the effluent required to obtain better plant growth. A small-scale hydroponic system was constructed in a glasshouse to test different concentrations of anaerobic effluent against a commercial hydroponic medium as the control for the growth of silverbeet. It was found that the survival of silverbeet was negatively affected at 50% concentration due to low DO and NH(4) toxicity. The concentration of 20% anaerobic liquid was found to be the most efficient with highest foliage yield and plant growth. The hydroponic system with 20% concentrated effluent had better utilisation of nutrients for plant growth and a COD reduction of 95% was achieved during the 50-day growth period. This preliminary evaluation revealed that the growth and development of silverbeet was significantly lower in anaerobic effluent compared with a commercial hydroponic plant growth solution. The nutrient quality of anaerobic effluent could be highly variable with the process and the waste material used and dilution may depend on the nutrient content of the effluent. It is recommended that, a pre-treatment of the effluent to increase DO and reduce ammonium content is required before plant application, and simple dilution by itself is not suitable for optimum plant growth in a hydroponic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krishnasamy
- Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
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Nair J, Hu Y, Mendenhall WM, Liu C, Morris CG, Zlotecki R, Kirwan J, Dang LH, Tan S, Huang E, Allegra CJ, George TJ. Clinical factors and outcomes in HPV-associated anal canal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nair J, Okamitsu K. Microbial inoculants for small scale composting of putrescible kitchen wastes. Waste Manag 2010; 30:977-982. [PMID: 20207530 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This research looked at the need for ligno-cellulolytic inoculants (EM bacteria and Trichoderma sp.) in small to medium scale composting of household wastes. A mixture of household organic waste comprised of kitchen waste, paper, grass clippings and composted material was subjected to various durations of thermo composting followed by vermicomposting with and without microbial inoculants for a total of 28days. The results revealed that ligno-celluloytic inoculants are not essential to speed up the process of composting for onsite small scale household organic waste treatment as no significant difference was observed between the control and those inoculated with Trichoderma and EM in terms of C:N ratio of the final product. However, it was observed that EM inoculation enhanced reproductive rate of earthworms, and so probably created the best environment for vermicomposting, in all treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nair
- Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Lou XF, Nair J. The impact of landfilling and composting on greenhouse gas emissions--a review. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:3792-3798. [PMID: 19155172 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions through decomposition and life-cycle activities processes. The majority of these emissions are a result of landfilling, which remains the primary waste disposal strategy internationally. As a result, countries have been incorporating alternative forms of waste management strategies such as energy recovery from landfill gas capture, aerobic landfilling (aerox landfills), pre-composting of waste prior to landfilling, landfill capping and composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. As the changing global climate has been one of the major environmental challenges facing the world today, there is an increasing need to understand the impact of waste management on greenhouse gas emissions. This review paper serves to provide an overview on the impact of landfilling (and its various alternatives) and composting on greenhouse gas emissions taking into account streamlined life cycle activities and the decomposition process. The review suggests greenhouse gas emissions from waste decomposition are considerably higher for landfills than composting. However, mixed results were found for greenhouse gas emissions for landfill and composting operational activities. Nonetheless, in general, net greenhouse gas emissions for landfills tend to be higher than that for composting facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Lou
- Murdoch University, School of Environmental Science, South Street, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
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Lou XF, Nair J. The impact of landfilling and composting on greenhouse gas emissions--a review. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:3792-8. [PMID: 19155172 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions through decomposition and life-cycle activities processes. The majority of these emissions are a result of landfilling, which remains the primary waste disposal strategy internationally. As a result, countries have been incorporating alternative forms of waste management strategies such as energy recovery from landfill gas capture, aerobic landfilling (aerox landfills), pre-composting of waste prior to landfilling, landfill capping and composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. As the changing global climate has been one of the major environmental challenges facing the world today, there is an increasing need to understand the impact of waste management on greenhouse gas emissions. This review paper serves to provide an overview on the impact of landfilling (and its various alternatives) and composting on greenhouse gas emissions taking into account streamlined life cycle activities and the decomposition process. The review suggests greenhouse gas emissions from waste decomposition are considerably higher for landfills than composting. However, mixed results were found for greenhouse gas emissions for landfill and composting operational activities. Nonetheless, in general, net greenhouse gas emissions for landfills tend to be higher than that for composting facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Lou
- Murdoch University, School of Environmental Science, South Street, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
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27
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Hughes RJ, Nair J, Ho G. The risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:3815-3819. [PMID: 19232487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess the toxicological risks from sodium accumulation in a vermifiltration wastewater treatment system to the key worm species, Eisenia fetida. The study found that sodium chloride (NaCl) is the more toxic of the common sodium salts found in wastewater to the worms. The research further found that the worms have an ability to detoxify NaCl although reproduction will be impaired if the worms are exposed to moderate concentrations of NaCl for a long period of time. The actual risk from NaCl toxicity in the vermifiltration process was low however. The low risk was due to the low solid-water partitioning constant of NaCl, which led to a very low predicted environmental concentration (PEC) for NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hughes
- Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Williams G, Caldwell J, Armstrong D, Bartsch H, Bevan R, Browne R, Chipman J, Iatropoulos M, Jeffrey A, Lunec J, Nair J, Page D, Reeves B, Richardson A, Silverstein B, Williams D. Multicenter study to assess potential hazards from exposure to lipid peroxidation products in soya bean oil from Trilucent™ breast implants. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 53:107-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arab K, Pedersen M, Nair J, Meerang M, Knudsen LE, Bartsch H. Typical signature of DNA damage in white blood cells: a pilot study on etheno adducts in Danish mother-newborn child pairs. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:282-5. [PMID: 19037091 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of DNA damage commonly thought to be involved in chronic degenerative disease causation is particularly detrimental during fetal development. Within a multicenter study, we analyzed 77 white blood cell (WBC) samples from mother-newborn child pairs to see if imprinting of DNA damage in mother and newborn shows a similar pattern. Two adducts 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (epsilondA) and 3,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine (epsilondC) were measured by our ultrasensitive immunoaffinity (32)P-post-labeling method. These miscoding etheno-DNA adducts are generated by the reaction of lipid peroxidation (LPO) end products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal with DNA bases. Mean epsilondA and epsilondC levels when expressed per 10(9) parent nucleotides in WBC-DNA from cord blood were 138 and 354, respectively; in maternal WBC-DNA, the respective values were 317 and 916. Thus, the DNA-etheno adduct levels were reliably detectable and about two times lower in child cord blood, the difference being significant at P < 0.0004. Analysis of epsilondA and epsilondC levels in cord versus maternal blood WBC showed strong positive correlations (R(2) approximately 0.9, P < 0.00001). In conclusion, LPO-induced DNA damage arising from endogenous reactive aldehydes in WBC of both mother and newborn can be reliably assessed by epsilondA and epsilondC as biomarkers. The high correlation of etheno adduct levels in mother and child WBC suggests that a typical signature of DNA damage is induced similarly in fetus and mother. Prospective cohort studies have to reveal whether these two WBC-DNA adducts could serve as risk indicator for developing hematopoietic cancers and other disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arab
- Division of Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dechakhamphu S, Yongvanit P, Nair J, Pinlaor S, Sitthithaworn P, Bartsch H. High excretion of etheno adducts in liver fluke-infected patients: protection by praziquantel against DNA damage. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)71813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Nair J, Howlin S, Porter J, Rimmer T. Using low dose oral nifedipine to prevent cancellation of cataract surgery for patients with preoperative hypertension. Eye (Lond) 2008; 23:989-90. [PMID: 18369378 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2008.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Gerbaldi C, Nair J, Minella CB, Meligrana G, Mulas G, Bodoardo S, Bongiovanni R, Penazzi N. Development of gel-polymer electrolytes and nano-structured electrodes for Li-ion polymer batteries. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-008-9511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess the toxicity of ammonia/ammonium to key species within the vermifiltration process. The key species, the earthworm Eisenia fetida, was subjected to a series of tests in solid phase mesocosms and full-scale units. The solid phase tests showed a relatively low toxicity to ammonium with ammonium chloride having an LC50 for ammonium of 1.49 g/kg. Ammonium sulfate did not show an effect on mortality at 2 g/kg ammonium. The full-scale units showed that ammonia hydroxide can change the pH and concentration of ammonia in wastewater and while it caused some mortality to the worms its overall affect on system functioning was minimal with no significant difference in terms of worm survival found between treatments. The affect on nitrifying bacteria was also minimal with no linear trend shown with ammonia concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hughes
- Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, South St Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Hughes RJ, Nair J, Mathew K, Ho G. Toxicity of domestic wastewater pH to key species within an innovative decentralised vermifiltration system. Water Sci Technol 2007; 55:211-8. [PMID: 17506440 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of innovative decentralised wastewater treatment systems is pertinent to environmental sustainability. However for their appropriate use they require significant research and design to ensure they can be relied upon in the future and in most cases they have received less attention and research than large-scale sewage systems. This study assessed the likelihood of biological inhibition and disruption from pH to key species for vermifiltration. The test firstly assessed the buffer capacity of a vermicompost + manure media finding it had a relatively high buffering capacity for pH. The toxicity after the buffer capacity experiment showed that the species would survive between pH levels of 6.2 and 9.7. At the higher and lower pH levels however the survival of juveniles was impaired, probably due to their ability to uptake greater amounts of soluble salts and inability to regulate them. Overall the study showed that the tolerance of the key vermifiltration species to pH was far less than their survival as previously proposed and further research assessing their long-term population dynamics in a vermifiltration system with pH is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hughes
- Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.
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Abstract
Etheno-DNA adducts are generated from exogenous carcinogens such as vinyl chloride and urethane and also from endogenous lipid peroxidation products such as trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). The present authors and others have established that 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (epsilondA) and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine (epsilondC) are present in human urine and could be explored as biomarkers for monitoring whole-body oxidative stress. The present study reports on a new ultrasensitive 32P-postlabelling/thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method for the analysis of epsilondC as deoxynucleoside in human urine. The urine samples were purified and enriched on a solid-phase silica C-18 column followed by a semi-preparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified sample was labelled with a multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase from Drosophila melanogaster (Dm-dNK) in the presence of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as internal standard. The absolute sensitivity of the method was 0.1 fmol epsilondC detectable in 500 microl of human urine. The analysis of human urine samples from 15 healthy volunteers revealed a mean epsilondC level of 2.49+/-1.76 (SD) fmol micromol-1 creatinine (range 0.66-6.42). By this non-invasive method, epsilondC in human urine could be explored as a biomarker for oxidative stress-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Nair J, Munir KM, Bhide SV. Separation of Chlorinated Phenols by Isocratic High-Performance Liquid Chromatography on Reverse Phase Column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918308064950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Eder E, Wacker M, Lutz U, Nair J, Fang X, Bartsch H, Beland FA, Schlatter J, Lutz WK. Oxidative stress related DNA adducts in the liver of female rats fed with sunflower-, rapeseed-, olive- or coconut oil supplemented diets. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 159:81-9. [PMID: 16256967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both animal and epidemiological studies support an effect of fatty acid composition in the diet on cancer development, in particular on colon cancer. We investigated the modulating effect of supplementation of the diet of female F344 rats with sunflower-, rapeseed-, olive-, or coconut oil on the formation of the promutagenic, exocyclic DNA adducts in the liver, an organ where major metabolism of fatty acids takes place. 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (etheno-dA), 3,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine (etheno-dC) and 1,N(2)-propandodeoxyguanosine from 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE-dGp) were determined as markers for DNA-damage derived from lipid peroxidation products and markers for oxidative stress. 8-Oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-Oxo-dG) was also measured as direct oxidative stress marker. The body weight of the rats was not influenced by the four diets containing the different vegetable oils during the 4-week feeding period. Highest adduct levels of etheno-dC (430 +/- 181 adducts/10(9) parent bases), HNE-dGp (617 +/- 96 adducts/10(9) parent bases) and 8-Oxo-dG (37,400 +/- 12,200 adducts/10(9) parent bases) were seen in rats on sunflower oil diet (highest linoleic acid content). Highest adducts levels of etheno-dA (133 +/- 113 adducts/10(9) parent bases) were found in coconut oil diet (lowest content of linoleic acid). Weakly positive correlations between linoleic acid content in the four diet groups were only observed for levels of HNE-dGp and 8-Oxo-dG. Neither the diet based on olive oil (which contains mainly oleic acid) nor the diet based on rapeseed oil (containing alpha-linolenic acid) exerted any significant protective effect against oxidative DNA damage. Our results indicate that a high linoleic acid diet may contribute to oxidative stress in the liver of female rats leading to a marginal increase in oxidative DNA-damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Eder
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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39
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Buller AJ, Chatzinikolas K, Giannopoulos N, Nair J, Kelleher SH, Raj SD, Roy K, Naylor G. Digit preference in Goldmann applanation tonometry: the hedgehog effect. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140:527-9. [PMID: 16139005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Digit preference is a subconscious bias towards numbers that end in certain digits. We conducted a study to assess for digit preference in intraocular pressure measurement using the Goldmann applanation tonometer. DESIGN Prospective study with masked and unmasked phases. METHODS The study was conducted in general ophthalmic clinics in a District General Hospital in Blackpool, United Kingdom, by 6 clinical ophthalmologists. Consecutive right eye intraocular pressure measurements were collected for a 2-month period for the masked phase and were repeated for the unmasked phase. The proportion of even numbers was the main outcome measure. RESULTS Six ophthalmologists completed both phases: 555 of 917 readings were even in the masked phase (P = .075), and 679 of 1056 readings were even in the unmasked phase (P = .022). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that digit preference influences measurements from the Goldmann applanation tonometer and that this persists when observers are aware of digit preference. This bias may influence both clinical decision-making and trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Buller
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, United Kingdom.
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Roser DJ, Ashbolt N, Ho G, Mathew K, Nair J, Ryken-Rapp D, Toze S. Hydrogen sulphide production tests and the detection of groundwater faecal contamination by septic seepage. Water Sci Technol 2005; 51:291-300. [PMID: 16104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The 'H2S test' is being advanced for microbiological water quality testing where conventional coliform based methods are impractical or too expensive. It involves ambient temperature incubation of water samples with nutrient formulated to generate hydrogen sulphide when 'faecal' bacteria are present. Recently a WHO review identified several concerns including the limited number of comparative studies, formulation variability, and false positives and negatives. In response we have compared the H2S test's ability to detect and quantify faecal contamination in an aquifer impacted by septic tank leachfields with measurements obtained concurrently using conventional bacterial indicators, coliphages, faecal sterol biomarkers, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Like these other analytes, H2S testing detected a contamination gradient ranging from high (septic liquid) to moderate (exfiltration zones), to background (e.g. domestic bores), corresponding to indicator removal + dilution by factors > 10(6). Presence/absence tests could not distinguish between heavily and slightly contaminated waters, whereas multi-tube testing (e.g. 10 x 10 mL arrays) did. It was concluded that while the WHO review concerns are justified, the H2S test performance shows promise in sanitary survey work, can be improved by employing an mpn approach and has potential to aid in the protection of source water and identifying contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Roser
- CRC for Water Quality and Treatment/Centre for Water and Waste Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Kristiana R, Nair J, Anda M, Mathew K. Monitoring of the process of composting of kitchen waste in an institutional scale worm farm. Water Sci Technol 2005; 51:171-7. [PMID: 16104419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting provides an alternative method of managing waste that is ecofriendly and cost-effective. The Environmental Technology Centre (ETC) at Murdoch University and St. John of God Hospital (SJOG) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to install a vermiculture system in SJOG to treat some of the organic waste generated by the on site kitchen facility. This is an effort made by SJOG to reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfill each year and to treat the waste on site as part of a recycling/reuse program. The study is aimed at scientifically monitoring vermicomposting process and to understand the optimum management requirements to improve the operation of an institutional scale worm farm. In addition, an experiment was conducted to investigate the suitability of bedding materials: horse manure, cow manure, peat coir, and natural bedding (vermicast). The species of earthworms used in this experiment were Red (Lumbricus rubellus), Tiger (Eisenia fetida), and Blue (Lumbricus excavatus). The pH, temperature, worm population and quality of castings were tested in different beds. Results indicated that vermicast was the best bedding for vermicomposting, and there were no significant difference between the performances of the other three beds. However, it can be concluded that the bedding material of horse manure, cow manure, and peat coir were successfully established well within the experimental period of eight weeks, and cow manure with the lowest C:N ratio produced the best quality bedding. As using vermicast for the initial bedding creates a very high capital cost these organic substrates provide cost-effective alternative. Therefore they would be quite appropriate to initiate an institutional scale worm farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kristiana
- Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Oyama N, Nair J, Ho GE. Recycling of treated domestic effluent from an on-site wastewater treatment system for hydroponics. Water Sci Technol 2005; 51:211-9. [PMID: 16104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An alternative method to conserve water and produce crops in arid regions is through hydroponics. Application of treated wastewater for hydroponics will help in stripping off nutrients from wastewater, maximising reuse through reduced evaporation losses, increasing control on quality of water and reducing risk of pathogen contamination. This study focuses on the efficiency of treated wastewater from an on-site aerobic wastewater treatment unit. The experiment aimed to investigate 1) nutrient reduction 2) microbial reduction and 3) growth rate of plants fed on wastewater compared to a commercial hydroponics medium. The study revealed that the chemical and microbial quality of wastewater after hydroponics was safe and satisfactory for irrigation and plant growth rate in wastewater hydroponics was similar to those grown in a commercial medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oyama
- Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, Western Australia, 6150 Australia
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Bajsa O, Nair J, Mathew K, Ho GE. Vermiculture as a tool for domestic wastewater management. Water Sci Technol 2003; 48:125-132. [PMID: 14753527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic waste management is a growing issue due to the unsustainable practices of its disposal. Sewage treatment plants are designed to treat wastewater to produce a safe effluent. However, one of the by-products, the sewage sludge which is disposed off in landfill or used as fertilizer in agricultural operation is high in pathogens. Sustainability can be achieved by Vermicomposting of organic matter which involves accelerated cycling of nutrients though a closed cycle whereby waste products are put to productive end use. Vermicomposting and vermifiltration are natural waste management processes relying on the use of worms to convert organic wastes to stable soil enriching compounds. Domestic wastewater management can be accommodated through these processes in a sustainable manner. A considerable reduction in pathogens has been noticed in the end product to a level that it can be safely applied to land. This paper provides an overview of the system characteristics of management systems utilising vermiculture, to manage wastewater. The process can be used in a small scale for household waste treatment to rural or urban waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bajsa
- Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Godschalk R, Nair J, van Schooten FJ, Risch A, Drings P, Kayser K, Dienemann H, Bartsch H. Comparison of multiple DNA adduct types in tumor adjacent human lung tissue: effect of cigarette smoking. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:2081-6. [PMID: 12507931 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.12.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smokers inhale a broad range of carcinogens derived from tobacco and its pyrolysis products, including free radicals, which induce oxidative stress and subsequent lipid peroxidation (LPO). Miscoding carcinogen-DNA adducts are formed by cigarette smoke constituents and are thought to initiate lung carcinogenesis. The presence of various types of DNA damage was therefore analyzed in tumor adjacent uninvolved lung tissues of 13 smoking and 11 non-smoking operated lung cancer patients. O(4)-ethylthymidine (O(4)etT), 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine ( epsilon dA) and 3,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine ( epsilon dC) were determined by immuno-enriched (32)P-postlabeling. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts were measured as diagonal radioactive zones after nuclease P1 enriched (32)P-postlabeling. Mean O(4)etT and PAH-DNA adduct levels were higher in lung DNA of smokers than of non-smokers (O(4)etT/10(8) thymidine: 3.8 versus 1.6, P < 0.01; PAH-DNA adducts/10(8) nucleotides: 11.2 versus 2.2, P < 0.01). Pulmonary etheno-DNA adduct levels did not differ between smokers and non-smokers, but large inter-individual variations were observed (80- and 250-fold differences for epsilon dA and epsilon dC, respectively). As all smokers (except one) refrained from smoking at least for 1 week before surgery, our results demonstrate the persistence of O(4)etT and PAH-DNA adducts in human lung. A positive correlation obtained between O(4)etT and PAH-DNA adducts (R = 0.65, P < 0.01) suggests that both adducts are formed from cigarette smoke as the main exposure source. We conclude that in addition to the DNA adducts derived from PAH and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, miscoding O(4)etT lesions are formed by cigarette smoke that contribute to the increased genomic instability and increased lung cancer risk in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Godschalk
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Bartsch H, Nair J. Exocyclic DNA adducts as secondary markers for oxidative stress: applications in human cancer etiology and risk assessment. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 500:675-86. [PMID: 11765014 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Bartsch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, Heidelberg
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46
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Nair J, Nair SS, Kashani JH, Reid JC, Rao VG. A neural network approach to identifying adolescent adjustment. Adolescence 2002; 36:153-62. [PMID: 11407631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between the quality of adjustment in adolescents and a set of psychiatric diagnoses, personality traits, parental bonding, and social support variables. One hundred fifty adolescents were administered the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory, the Parental Bonding Questionnaire, the Social Support Questionnaire, and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. A neural network approach was then utilized, and it was found that several of the variables (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Societal Conformity) had a significant role in classifying adolescents into three groups: maladjusted, nominally adjusted, and well-adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nair
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65212, USA.
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Marrogi AJ, Khan MA, van Gijssel HE, Welsh JA, Rahim H, Demetris AJ, Kowdley KV, Hussain SP, Nair J, Bartsch H, Okby N, Poirier MC, Ishak KG, Harris CC. Oxidative stress and p53 mutations in the carcinogenesis of iron overload-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1652-5. [PMID: 11698570 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.21.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A J Marrogi
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hagenlocher T, Nair J, Becker N, Korfmann A, Bartsch H. Influence of dietary fatty acid, vegetable, and vitamin intake on etheno-DNA adducts in white blood cells of healthy female volunteers: a pilot study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:1187-91. [PMID: 11700267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Etheno-DNA adducts such as 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (epsilondA) and N(2),3-ethenodeoxycytidine (epsilondC) are formed as result of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation via reactive alkenals (J. Nair et al., Mutat. Res., 424:59-69, 1999). High pi-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake markedly increased levels of WBCs in female volunteers on a controlled diet (J. Nair et al., Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 6:591-601, 1997). In healthy female volunteers we investigated possible correlations between dietary fatty acid intake (by questionnaire), concentration of linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA) in serum (n = 34), and etheno-DNA adduct levels in WBC (n = 42). Two groups of samples were selected according to dietary intake >15 g (group A) or <5 g (group B) LA/day. Serum samples were analyzed for free OA and LA by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and WBC-DNA for epsilondA and epsilondC adducts by immunoaffinity (32)P postlabeling. On a group level, serum LA and OA concentrations were higher in group A than group B, whereas the LA/OA ratios were similar. The mean epsilondA and epsilondC levels did not significantly differ in groups A and B, but a third of the individuals had more than twice the mean adduct levels than the rest. Correlation analyses revealed a significant inverse correlation for epsilondA in WBC-DNA and vegetable or vitamin E consumption. We conclude that etheno-DNA adduct levels are not determined by LA intake alone but might depend on the ratio of pi-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid:other fatty acids and of antioxidants consumed in the diet. This pilot study also indicated a protective effect of dietary vitamin E and vegetables against miscoding, lipid peroxidation-induced DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hagenlocher
- Division of Toxicology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Navasumrit P, Ward TH, O'Connor PJ, Nair J, Frank N, Bartsch H. Ethanol enhances the formation of endogenously and exogenously derived adducts in rat hepatic DNA. Mutat Res 2001; 479:81-94. [PMID: 11470483 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of ethanol in chemically-induced carcinogenesis, we exposed Wistar rats to ethanol, either as an acute dose or for prolonged periods in a liquid diet and looked for effects on endogenously and exogenously derived DNA adducts. Changes in the cytochrome P450 protein (CYP 2E1) and its catalytic demethylase activity were also followed in order to provide a sequence of relatively well understood changes that are associated with free radical production and, therefore, potentially capable of affecting DNA. The exocyclic DNA adducts, ethenodeoxyadenosine (varepsilondA) and ethenodeoxycytidine (varepsilondC), known to arise from oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) sources, were detected in the liver DNA of Wistar rats at background concentrations of 4-6 (varepsilondA) and 25-35 (varepsilondC) adducts per 10(9) parent bases. When rats were given either an acute dose of ethanol (5g/kg, i.g.) or exposed for 1 week to ethanol in a liquid diet (5%, w/v), etheno adduct levels were increased approximately 2-fold and this was statistically significant for varepsilondC (P<0.05 and P<0.02, respectively) for the two separate treatments.In N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-treated rats, acute ethanol treatment significantly increased the level of O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)-MeG) in hepatic DNA and this was paralleled by a decrease in O(6)-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (ATase) activity; immunohistochemistry confirmed this increase of O(6)-MeG in both hepatic and renal nuclei. When rats were given ethanol in the diet and treated with NDMA, O(6)-MeG levels in hepatic DNA increased at 1 week which coincided with the peak of CYP 2E1-dependent NDMA-demethylase activity. Single cell gel electrophoresis of liver cells showed that after 1 week of exposure to ethanol, there was a small but significant increase in the frequency of DNA strand breaks induced by NDMA (P<0.05); after 4 weeks the increase was 1.4-fold (P<0.01). Our results indicate that exposures to ethanol, which resulted in blood ethanol concentrations similar to those seen in chronic alcoholics and increased levels of expression of the CYP 2E1 protein can exacerbate the DNA damaging effects of endogenous and exogenous alkylating agents. These observations provide indications of possible mechanisms for the carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic action of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Navasumrit
- Cancer Research Campaign Carcinogenesis Group, Christie (NHS) Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
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Nair J, Gibbs R, Mathew K, Ho GE. Suitability of the H2S method for testing untreated and chlorinated water supplies. Water Sci Technol 2001; 44:119-126. [PMID: 11700650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater, borewater and catchment water are used for domestic water supply purposes with or without treatment in remote areas around the world. These places seldom have any facilities for routine testing of their drinking water. A simple on-site testing method is highly required in such areas. The H2S method has been tested for treated drinking water and was found to have a good correlation with the standard methods. The present study was aimed at assessing the suitability of the H2S method for testing different sources of drinking water. Since these types of water may contain H2S producing bacteria not of faecal origin the occurrence of false results in this method cannot be overruled. Therefore it was worthwhile to study whether the positive results are true positive results and what percentage of false positive and false negative results could be expected while using this test for routine analysis of water samples. Results were compared with the results using standard procedures for testing total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The present experiment analysed 121 rainwater samples, 17 borewater samples, 41 catchment water samples and 74 remote Aboriginal community water samples. Rainwater, borewater and catchment water samples gave true results of 78.5%, 82.3% and 80.5% respectively while the treated and untreated community samples gave true results of 93.7 and 84.6% respectively. It was concluded that in the developing countries where the acceptable level of total coliform is <10 MPN, the H2S method would be a good test to identify microbial contamination. In other regions, the H2S method could be used as a screening test for drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nair
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
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