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Habegger KM, Stemmer K, Cheng C, Müller TD, Heppner KM, Ottaway N, Holland J, Hembree JL, Smiley D, Gelfanov V, Krishna R, Arafat AM, Konkar A, Belli S, Kapps M, Woods SC, Hofmann SM, D’Alessio D, Pfluger PT, Perez-Tilve D, Seeley RJ, Konishi M, Itoh N, Kharitonenkov A, Spranger J, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Fibroblast growth factor 21 mediates specific glucagon actions. Diabetes 2013; 62:1453-63. [PMID: 23305646 PMCID: PMC3636653 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon, an essential regulator of glucose homeostasis, also modulates lipid metabolism and promotes weight loss, as reflected by the wasting observed in glucagonoma patients. Recently, coagonist peptides that include glucagon agonism have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. We developed a novel stable and soluble glucagon receptor (GcgR) agonist, which allowed for in vivo dissection of glucagon action. As expected, chronic GcgR agonism in mice resulted in hyperglycemia and lower body fat and plasma cholesterol. Notably, GcgR activation also raised hepatic expression and circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This effect was retained in isolated primary hepatocytes from wild-type (WT) mice, but not GcgR knockout mice. We confirmed this link in healthy human volunteers, where injection of natural glucagon increased plasma FGF21 within hours. Functional relevance was evidenced in mice with genetic deletion of FGF21, where GcgR activation failed to induce the body weight loss and lipid metabolism changes observed in WT mice. Taken together, these data reveal for the first time that glucagon controls glucose, energy, and lipid metabolism at least in part via FGF21-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M. Habegger
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Cheng
- Diabetes Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristy M. Heppner
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nickki Ottaway
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jenna Holland
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jazzminn L. Hembree
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Smiley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Radha Krishna
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ayman M. Arafat
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité University Hospitals, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sara Belli
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen C. Woods
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susanna M. Hofmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David D’Alessio
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyujki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- Diabetes Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité University Hospitals, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author: Matthias H. Tschöp,
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