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Chrudinová M, Kirk NS, Chuard A, Venugopal H, Zhang F, Lubos M, Gelfanov V, Páníková T, Žáková L, Cutone J, Mojares M, DiMarchi R, Jiráček J, Altindis E. A viral insulin-like peptide inhibits IGF-1 receptor phosphorylation and regulates IGF1R gene expression. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101863. [PMID: 38182007 PMCID: PMC10831276 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The insulin/IGF superfamily is conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates. Our team has identified five viruses containing genes encoding viral insulin/IGF-1 like peptides (VILPs) closely resembling human insulin and IGF-1. This study aims to characterize the impact of Mandarin fish ranavirus (MFRV) and Lymphocystis disease virus-Sa (LCDV-Sa) VILPs on the insulin/IGF system for the first time. METHODS We chemically synthesized single chain (sc, IGF-1 like) and double chain (dc, insulin like) forms of MFRV and LCDV-Sa VILPs. Using cell lines overexpressing either human insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A), isoform B (IR-B) or IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), and AML12 murine hepatocytes, we characterized receptor binding, insulin/IGF signaling. We further characterized the VILPs' effects of proliferation and IGF1R and IR gene expression, and compared them to native ligands. Additionally, we performed insulin tolerance test in CB57BL/6 J mice to examine in vivo effects of VILPs on blood glucose levels. Finally, we employed cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) to analyze the structure of scMFRV-VILP in complex with the IGF1R ectodomain. RESULTS VILPs can bind to human IR and IGF1R, stimulate receptor autophosphorylation and downstream signaling pathways. Notably, scMFRV-VILP exhibited a particularly strong affinity for IGF1R, with a mere 10-fold decrease compared to human IGF-1. At high concentrations, scMFRV-VILP selectively reduced IGF-1 stimulated IGF1R autophosphorylation and Erk phosphorylation (Ras/MAPK pathway), while leaving Akt phosphorylation (PI3K/Akt pathway) unaffected, indicating a potential biased inhibitory function. Prolonged exposure to MFRV-VILP led to a significant decrease in IGF1R gene expression in IGF1R overexpressing cells and AML12 hepatocytes. Furthermore, insulin tolerance test revealed scMFRV-VILP's sustained glucose-lowering effect compared to insulin and IGF-1. Finally, cryo-EM analysis revealed that scMFRV-VILP engages with IGF1R in a manner closely resembling IGF-1 binding, resulting in a highly analogous structure. CONCLUSIONS This study introduces MFRV and LCDV-Sa VILPs as novel members of the insulin/IGF superfamily. Particularly, scMFRV-VILP exhibits a biased inhibitory effect on IGF1R signaling at high concentrations, selectively inhibiting IGF-1 stimulated IGF1R autophosphorylation and Erk phosphorylation, without affecting Akt phosphorylation. In addition, MFRV-VILP specifically regulates IGF-1R gene expression and IGF1R protein levels without affecting IR. CryoEM analysis confirms that scMFRV-VILP' binding to IGF1R is mirroring the interaction pattern observed with IGF-1. These findings offer valuable insights into IGF1R action and inhibition, suggesting potential applications in development of IGF1R specific inhibitors and advancing long-lasting insulins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas S Kirk
- WEHI, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Marta Lubos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Terezie Páníková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Richard DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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Moreau F, Kirk NS, Zhang F, Gelfanov V, List EO, Chrudinová M, Venugopal H, Lawrence MC, Jimenez V, Bosch F, Kopchick JJ, DiMarchi RD, Altindis E, Kahn CR. Interaction of a viral insulin-like peptide with the IGF-1 receptor produces a natural antagonist. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6700. [PMID: 36335114 PMCID: PMC9637144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocystis disease virus-1 (LCDV-1) and several other Iridoviridae encode viral insulin/IGF-1 like peptides (VILPs) with high homology to human insulin and IGFs. Here we show that while single-chain (sc) and double-chain (dc) LCDV1-VILPs have very low affinity for the insulin receptor, scLCDV1-VILP has high affinity for IGF1R where it can antagonize human IGF-1 signaling, without altering insulin signaling. Consequently, scLCDV1-VILP inhibits IGF-1 induced cell proliferation and growth hormone/IGF-1 induced growth of mice in vivo. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals that scLCDV1-VILP engages IGF1R in a unique manner, inducing changes in IGF1R conformation that led to separation, rather than juxtaposition, of the transmembrane segments and hence inactivation of the receptor. Thus, scLCDV1-VILP is a natural peptide with specific antagonist properties on IGF1R signaling and may provide a new tool to guide development of hormonal analogues to treat cancers or metabolic disorders sensitive to IGF-1 without affecting glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Moreau
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Kirk
- WEHI, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk, Indianapolis Research Center, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- WEHI, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Fuselier T, Mota de Sa P, Qadir MMF, Xu B, Allard C, Meyers MM, Tiano JP, Yang BS, Gelfanov V, Lindsey SH, Dimarchi RD, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 and estrogen dual agonist in pancreatic islets protection and pre-clinical models of insulin-deficient diabetes. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100598. [PMID: 35492248 PMCID: PMC9043999 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the efficacy of a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and estrogen dual agonist (GLP1-E2) in pancreatic islet protection. GLP1-E2 provides superior protection from insulin-deficient diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ-diabetes) and by the Akita mutation in mice than a GLP-1 monoagonist. GLP1-E2 does not protect from MLD-STZ-diabetes in estrogen receptor-α (ERα)-deficient mice and fails to prevent diabetes in Akita mice following GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonism, demonstrating the requirement of GLP-1R and ERα for GLP1-E2 antidiabetic actions. In the MIN6 β cell model, GLP1-E2 activates estrogen action following clathrin-dependent, GLP-1R-mediated internalization and lysosomal acidification. In cultured human islet, proteomic bioinformatic analysis reveals that GLP1-E2 amplifies the antiapoptotic pathways activated by monoagonists. However, in cultured mouse islets, GLP1-E2 provides antiapoptotic protection similar to monoagonists. Thus, GLP1-E2 promotes GLP-1 and E2 antiapoptotic signals in cultured islets, but in vivo, additional GLP1-E2 actions in non-islet cells expressing GLP-1R are instrumental to prevent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Fuselier
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Paula Mota de Sa
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - M M Fahd Qadir
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Beibei Xu
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Camille Allard
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mathew M Meyers
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joseph P Tiano
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bin S Yang
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
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Zhang F, Altindis E, Kahn CR, DiMarchi RD, Gelfanov V. A viral insulin-like peptide is a natural competitive antagonist of the human IGF-1 receptor. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101316. [PMID: 34400347 PMCID: PMC8621328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natural sources of molecular diversity remain of utmost importance as a reservoir of proteins and peptides with unique biological functions. We recently identified such a family of viral insulin-like peptides (VILPs). We sought to advance the chemical methods in synthesis to explore the structure-function relationship within these VILPs, and the molecular basis for differential biological activities relative to human IGF-1 and insulin. METHODS Optimized chemical methods in synthesis were established for a set of VILPs and related analogs. These modified forms included the substitution of select VILP chains with those derived from human insulin and IGF-1. Each peptide was assessed in vitro for agonism and antagonism at the human insulin and the human insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). RESULTS We report here that one of these VILPs, lymphocystis disease virus-1 (LCDV1)-VILP, has the unique property to be a potent and full antagonist of the IGF-1R. We demonstrate the coordinated importance of the B- and C-chains of the VILP in regulating this activity. Moreover, mutation of the glycine following the first cysteine in the B-chain of IGF-1 to serine, in concert with substitution to the connecting peptide of LCDV1-VILP, converted native IGF-1 to a high potency antagonist. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal novel aspects in ligand-receptor interactions at the IGF-1 receptor and identify a set of antagonists of potential medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
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Bethea M, Liu Y, Wade AK, Mullen R, Gupta R, Gelfanov V, DiMarchi R, Bhatnagar S, Behringer R, Habegger KM, Hunter CS. The islet-expressed Lhx1 transcription factor interacts with Islet-1 and contributes to glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E397-E409. [PMID: 30620636 PMCID: PMC6415717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00235.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factor Islet-1 (Isl1) interacts with the LIM domain-binding protein 1 (Ldb1) coregulator to control expression of key pancreatic β-cell genes. However, Ldb1 also has Isl1-independent effects, supporting that another LIM-HD factor interacts with Ldb1 to impact β-cell development and/or function. LIM homeobox 1 (Lhx1) is an Isl1-related LIM-HD transcription factor that appears to be expressed in the developing mouse pancreas and in adult islets. However, roles for this factor in the pancreas are unknown. This study aimed to determine Lhx1 interactions and elucidate gene regulatory and physiological roles in the pancreas. Co-immunoprecipitation using β-cell extracts demonstrated an interaction between Lhx1 and Isl1, and thus we hypothesized that Lhx1 and Isl1 regulate similar target genes. To test this, we employed siRNA-mediated Lhx1 knockdown in β-cell lines and discovered reduced Glp1R mRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed Lhx1 occupancy at a domain also known to be occupied by Isl1 and Ldb1. Through development of a pancreas-wide knockout mouse model ( Lhx1∆Panc), we demonstrate that aged Lhx1∆Panc mice have elevated fasting blood glucose levels, altered intraperitoneal and oral glucose tolerance, and significantly upregulated glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, MafB, and Arx islet mRNAs. Additionally, Lhx1∆Panc mice exhibit significantly reduced Glp1R, an mRNA encoding the insulinotropic receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1 along with a concomitant dampened Glp1 response and mild glucose intolerance in mice challenged with oral glucose. These data are the first to reveal that the Lhx1 transcription factor contributes to normal glucose homeostasis and Glp1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maigen Bethea
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yanping Liu
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexa K Wade
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rachel Mullen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Richard Behringer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Mroz PA, Finan B, Gelfanov V, Yang B, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD, Perez-Tilve D. Optimized GIP analogs promote body weight lowering in mice through GIPR agonism not antagonism. Mol Metab 2019; 20:51-62. [PMID: 30578168 PMCID: PMC6358549 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Structurally-improved GIP analogs were developed to determine precisely whether GIP receptor (GIPR) agonism or antagonism lowers body weight in obese mice. METHODS A series of peptide-based GIP analogs, including structurally diverse agonists and a long-acting antagonist, were generated and characterized in vitro using functional assays in cell systems overexpressing human and mouse derived receptors. These analogs were characterized in vivo in DIO mice following acute dosing for effects on glycemic control, and following chronic dosing for effects on body weight and food intake. Pair-feeding studies and indirect calorimetry were used to survey the mechanism for body weight lowering. Congenital Gipr-/- and Glp1r-/- DIO mice were used to investigate the selectivity of the agonists and to ascribe the pharmacology to effects mediated by the GIPR. RESULTS Non-acylated, Aib2 substituted analogs derived from human GIP sequence showed full in vitro potency at human GIPR and subtly reduced in vitro potency at mouse GIPR without cross-reactivity at GLP-1R. These GIPR agonists lowered acute blood glucose in wild-type and Glp1r-/- mice, and this effect was absent in Gipr-/- mice, which confirmed selectivity towards GIPR. Chronic treatment of DIO mice resulted in modest yet consistent, dose-dependent decreased body weight across many studies with diverse analogs. The mechanism for body weight lowering is due to reductions in food intake, not energy expenditure, as suggested by pair-feeding studies and indirect calorimetry assessment. The weight lowering effect was preserved in DIO Glp-1r-/- mice and absent in DIO Gipr-/- mice. The body weight lowering efficacy of GIPR agonists was enhanced with analogs that exhibit higher mouse GIPR potency, with increased frequency of administration, and with fatty-acylated peptides of extended duration of action. Additionally, a fatty-acylated, N-terminally truncated GIP analog was shown to have high in vitro antagonism potency for human and mouse GIPR without cross-reactive activity at mouse GLP-1R or mouse glucagon receptor (GcgR). This acylated antagonist sufficiently inhibited the acute effects of GIP to improve glucose tolerance in DIO mice. Chronic treatment of DIO mice with high doses of this acylated GIPR antagonist did not result in body weight change. Further, co-treatment of this acylated GIPR antagonist with liraglutide, an acylated GLP-1R agonist, to DIO mice did not result in increased body weight lowering relative to liraglutide-treated mice. Enhanced body weight lowering in DIO mice was evident however following co-treatment of long-acting selective individual agonists for GLP-1R and GIPR, consistent with previous data. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that peptide-based GIPR agonists, not peptide-based GIPR antagonists, that are suitably optimized for receptor selectivity, cross-species activity, and duration of action consistently lower body weight in DIO mice, although with moderate efficacy relative to GLP-1R agonists. These preclinical rodent pharmacology results, in accordance with recent clinical results, provide definitive proof that systemic GIPR agonism, not antagonism, is beneficial for body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr A Mroz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Zhang F, Mayer JP, Gelfanov V, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Structurally Constrained Insulin Analogs by Directed Stepwise Crosslinking. Protein Pept Lett 2018; 25:1149-1154. [PMID: 30381053 DOI: 10.2174/0929866525666181101103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has been directed at the optimization of insulin for medicinal purposes. An insulin analog that could be reversibly activated might provide more precise pharmacokinetic control and broaden the inherent therapeutic index of the hormone. The prospect of using intramolecular structural constraint to reversibly inactive insulin might constitute the first step to achieving such an optimized analog. Chemically crosslinked insulin analogs have been reported where two amines are covalently linked by reaction with symmetrical bifunctional active esters. There is little selectivity in this synthetic approach to molecular constraint with multiple derivatives being formed. OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the synthesis of covalently crosslinked insulin analogs by asymmetric methods and the biological consequences. METHOD We report synthesis of amine crosslinked insulin analogs via a two-step procedure. The stepwise approach was initiated by amide bond formation and followed by second site alkylation to produce site-specific, cross-linked insulin analogs. RESULTS A set of unique insulin analogs crosslinked at the two of the three native amines were synthesized. They were chemical characterized and assessed by in vitro bioanalysis to result in a significant and reasonably consistent reduction in biological potency. CONCLUSION We achieved an unambiguous two-step synthesis of several crosslinked insulin analogs differing in location of the chemical tether. Bioanalysis demonstrated the ability of the molecular constraint to reduce bioactivity. The results set the stage for in vivo assessment of whether such a reduction in potency can be used pharmacologically to establish a constrained hormone upon which reversible tethering might be subsequently introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46241, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Ave N #5000, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.,Novo Nordisk Research Center, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46241, United States
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Abstract
Insulin is a miraculous hormone that has served a seminal role in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes for nearly a century. Insulin resides within in a superfamily of structurally related peptides that are distinguished by three invariant disulfide bonds that anchor the three-dimensional conformation of the hormone. The additional family members include the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and the relaxin-related set of peptides that includes the so-called insulin-like peptides. Advances in peptide chemistry and rDNA-based synthesis have enabled the preparation of multiple insulin analogues. The translation of these methods from insulin to related peptides has presented unique challenges that pertain to differing biophysical properties and unique amino acid compositions. This Account presents a historical context for the advances in the chemical synthesis of insulin and the related peptides, with division into two general categories where disulfide bond formation is facilitated by native conformational folding or alternatively orthogonal chemical reactivity. The inherent differences in biophysical properties of insulin-like peptides, and in particular within synthetic intermediates, have constituted a central limitation to achieving high yield synthesis of properly folded peptides. Various synthetic approaches have been advanced in the past decade to successfully address this challenge. The use of chemical ligation and metastable amide bond surrogates are two of the more important synthetic advances in the preparation of high quality synthetic precursors to high potency peptides. The discovery and application of biomimetic connecting peptides simplifies proper disulfide formation and the subsequent traceless removal by chemical methods dramatically simplifies the total synthesis of virtually any two-chain insulin-like peptide. We report the application of these higher synthetic yield methodologies to the preparation of insulin-like peptides in support of exploratory in vivo studies requiring a large quantity of peptide. Tangentially, we demonstrate the use of these methods to study the relative importance of the IGF-1 connecting peptide to its biological activity. We report the translation of these finding in search of an insulin analog that might be comparably enhanced by a suitable connecting peptide for interaction with the insulin receptor, as occurs with IGF-1 and its receptor. The results identify a unique receptor site in the IGF-1 receptor from which this enhancement derives. The selective substitution of this specific IGF-1 receptor sequence into the homologous site in the insulin receptor generated a chimeric receptor that was equally capable of signaling with insulin or IGF-1. This novel receptor proved to enhance the potency of lower affinity insulin ligands when they were supplemented with the IGF-1 connecting peptide that similarly enhanced IGF-1 activity at its receptor. The chimeric insulin receptor demonstrated no further enhancement of potency for native insulin when it was similarly prepared as a single-chain analogue with a native IGF-1 connecting peptide. These results suggest a more highly evolved insulin receptor structure where the requirement for an additional structural element to achieve high potency interaction as demonstrated for IGF-1 is no longer required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Pengyun Li
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Thalluri K, Kou B, Gelfanov V, Mayer JP, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Biomimetic Synthesis of Insulin Enabled by Oxime Ligation and Traceless “C-Peptide” Chemical Excision. Org Lett 2017; 19:706-709. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Thalluri
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Binbin Kou
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John P. Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Novo Nordisk
Research
Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
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11
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Mroz PA, Perez-Tilve D, Liu F, Gelfanov V, DiMarchi RD, Mayer JP. Pyridyl-alanine as a Hydrophilic, Aromatic Element in Peptide Structural Optimization. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8061-7. [PMID: 27509198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon (Gcg) 1 serves a seminal physiological role in buffering against hypoglycemia, but its poor biophysical properties severely complicate its medicinal use. We report a series of novel glucagon analogues of enhanced aqueous solubility and stability at neutral pH, anchored by Gcg[Aib16]. Incorporation of 3- and 4-pyridyl-alanine (3-Pal and 4-Pal) enhanced aqueous solubility of glucagon while maintaining biological properties. Relative to native hormone, analogue 9 (Gcg[3-Pal6,10,13, Aib16]) demonstrated superior biophysical character, better suitability for medicinal purposes, and comparable pharmacology against insulin-induced hypoglycemia in rats and pigs. Our data indicate that Pal is a versatile surrogate to natural aromatic amino acids and can be employed as an alternative or supplement with isoelectric adjustment to refine the biophysical character of peptide drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr A Mroz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center , Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center , Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 United States.,Novo Nordisk Research Center , Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - John P Mayer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center , Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
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12
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Finan B, Yang B, Ottaway N, Smiley DL, Ma T, Clemmensen C, Chabenne J, Zhang L, Habegger KM, Fischer K, Campbell JE, Sandoval D, Seeley RJ, Bleicher K, Uhles S, Riboulet W, Funk J, Hertel C, Belli S, Sebokova E, Conde-Knape K, Konkar A, Drucker DJ, Gelfanov V, Pfluger PT, Müller TD, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. A rationally designed monomeric peptide triagonist corrects obesity and diabetes in rodents. Nat Med 2014; 21:27-36. [PMID: 25485909 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a new monomeric peptide that reduces body weight and diabetic complications in rodent models of obesity by acting as an agonist at three key metabolically-related peptide hormone receptors: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon receptors. This triple agonist demonstrates supraphysiological potency and equally aligned constituent activities at each receptor, all without cross-reactivity at other related receptors. Such balanced unimolecular triple agonism proved superior to any existing dual coagonists and best-in-class monoagonists to reduce body weight, enhance glycemic control and reverse hepatic steatosis in relevant rodent models. Various loss-of-function models, including genetic knockout, pharmacological blockade and selective chemical knockout, confirmed contributions of each constituent activity in vivo. We demonstrate that these individual constituent activities harmonize to govern the overall metabolic efficacy, which predominantly results from synergistic glucagon action to increase energy expenditure, GLP-1 action to reduce caloric intake and improve glucose control, and GIP action to potentiate the incretin effect and buffer against the diabetogenic effect of inherent glucagon activity. These preclinical studies suggest that, so far, this unimolecular, polypharmaceutical strategy has potential to be the most effective pharmacological approach to reversing obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Finan
- 1] Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. [3] Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. [2] Marcadia Biotech, Carmel, Indiana, USA
| | - Nickki Ottaway
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David L Smiley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. [2] Research Center, Beijing Hanmi Pharm., Beijing, China
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- 1] Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joe Chabenne
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. [2] AIT Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Kirk M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katrin Fischer
- 1] Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Konrad Bleicher
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Uhles
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - William Riboulet
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Funk
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Hertel
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Belli
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Sebokova
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karin Conde-Knape
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anish Konkar
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- 1] Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- 1] Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Matthias H Tschöp
- 1] Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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13
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Finan B, Ma T, Ottaway N, Müller TD, Habegger KM, Heppner KM, Kirchner H, Holland J, Hembree J, Raver C, Lockie SH, Smiley DL, Gelfanov V, Yang B, Hofmann S, Bruemmer D, Drucker DJ, Pfluger PT, Perez-Tilve D, Gidda J, Vignati L, Zhang L, Hauptman JB, Lau M, Brecheisen M, Uhles S, Riboulet W, Hainaut E, Sebokova E, Conde-Knape K, Konkar A, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Unimolecular dual incretins maximize metabolic benefits in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:209ra151. [PMID: 24174327 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery and translational therapeutic efficacy of a peptide with potent, balanced co-agonism at both of the receptors for the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This unimolecular dual incretin is derived from an intermixed sequence of GLP-1 and GIP, and demonstrated enhanced antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic efficacy relative to selective GLP-1 agonists. Notably, this superior efficacy translated across rodent models of obesity and diabetes, including db/db mice and ZDF rats, to primates (cynomolgus monkeys and humans). Furthermore, this co-agonist exhibited synergism in reducing fat mass in obese rodents, whereas a selective GIP agonist demonstrated negligible weight-lowering efficacy. The unimolecular dual incretins corrected two causal mechanisms of diabesity, adiposity-induced insulin resistance and pancreatic insulin deficiency, more effectively than did selective mono-agonists. The duration of action of the unimolecular dual incretins was refined through site-specific lipidation or PEGylation to support less frequent administration. These peptides provide comparable pharmacology to the native peptides and enhanced efficacy relative to similarly modified selective GLP-1 agonists. The pharmacokinetic enhancement lessened peak drug exposure and, in combination with less dependence on GLP-1-mediated pharmacology, avoided the adverse gastrointestinal effects that typify selective GLP-1-based agonists. This discovery and validation of a balanced and high-potency dual incretin agonist enables a more physiological approach to management of diseases associated with impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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14
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Day JW, Gelfanov V, Smiley D, Carrington PE, Eiermann G, Chicchi G, Erion MD, Gidda J, Thornberry NA, Tschöp MH, Marsh DJ, SinhaRoy R, DiMarchi R, Pocai A. Optimization of co-agonism at GLP-1 and glucagon receptors to safely maximize weight reduction in DIO-rodents. Biopolymers 2014. [PMID: 23203689 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of GLP-1/glucagon receptor (GLP1R/GCGR) co-agonism that achieves maximal weight loss without evidence of hyperglycemia was determined in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice chronically treated with GLP1R/GCGR co-agonist peptides differing in their relative receptor agonism. Using glucagon-based peptides, a spectrum of receptor selectivity was achieved by a combination of selective incorporation of GLP-1 sequences, C-terminal modification, backbone lactam stapling to stabilize helical structure, and unnatural amino acid substitutions at the N-terminal dipeptide. In addition to α-amino-isobutyric acid (Aib) substitution at position two, we show that α,α'-dimethyl imidazole acetic acid (Dmia) can serve as a potent replacement for the highly conserved histidine at position one. Selective site-specific pegylation was used to further minimize enzymatic degradation and provide uniform, extended in vivo duration of action. Maximal weight loss devoid of any sign of hyperglycemia was achieved with a co-agonist comparably balanced for in vitro potency at murine GLP1R and GCGR. This peptide exhibited superior weight loss and glucose lowering compared to a structurally matched pure GLP1R agonist, and to co-agonists of relatively reduced GCGR tone. Any further enhancement of the relative GCGR agonist potency yielded increased weight loss but at the expense of elevated blood glucose. We conclude that GCGR agonism concomitant with GLP1R agonism constitutes a promising approach to treatment of the metabolic syndrome. However, the relative ratio of GLP1R/GCGR co-agonism needs to be carefully chosen for each species to maximize weight loss efficacy and minimize hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Day
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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15
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Chabenne J, Chabenne MD, Zhao Y, Levy J, Smiley D, Gelfanov V, Dimarchi R. A glucagon analog chemically stabilized for immediate treatment of life-threatening hypoglycemia. Mol Metab 2014; 3:293-300. [PMID: 24749059 PMCID: PMC3986664 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than half a century glucagon has been used as a critical care medicine in the treatment of life-threatening hypoglycemia. It is commercially supplied as a lyophilized powder intended to be solubilized in dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid immediately prior to administration. We have envisioned a “ready-to-use” glucagon as a drug of more immediate and likely use. Through a series of iterative changes in the native sequence we have identified glucagon analogs of appreciably enhanced aqueous solubility at physiological pH, and of chemical stability suitable for routine medicinal use. The superior biophysical properties were achieved in part through adjustment of the isoelectric point by use of a C-terminal Asp-Glu dipeptide. The native glutamines at positions 3, 20 and 24 as well as the methionine at 27 were substituted with amino acids of enhanced chemical stability, as directed by a full alanine scan of the native hormone. Of utmost additional importance was the dramatically enhanced stability of the peptide when Ser16 was substituted with alpha,aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), a substitution that stabilizes peptide secondary structure. The collective set of changes yield glucagon analogs of comparable in vitro and in vivo biological character to native hormone but with biophysical properties much more suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chabenne
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Yan Zhao
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jay Levy
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - David Smiley
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Richard Dimarchi
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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16
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Habegger KM, Stemmer K, Cheng C, Müller TD, Heppner KM, Ottaway N, Holland J, Hembree JL, Smiley D, Gelfanov V, Krishna R, Arafat AM, Konkar A, Belli S, Kapps M, Woods SC, Hofmann SM, D’Alessio D, Pfluger PT, Perez-Tilve D, Seeley RJ, Konishi M, Itoh N, Kharitonenkov A, Spranger J, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Fibroblast growth factor 21 mediates specific glucagon actions. Diabetes 2013; 62:1453-63. [PMID: 23305646 PMCID: PMC3636653 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon, an essential regulator of glucose homeostasis, also modulates lipid metabolism and promotes weight loss, as reflected by the wasting observed in glucagonoma patients. Recently, coagonist peptides that include glucagon agonism have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. We developed a novel stable and soluble glucagon receptor (GcgR) agonist, which allowed for in vivo dissection of glucagon action. As expected, chronic GcgR agonism in mice resulted in hyperglycemia and lower body fat and plasma cholesterol. Notably, GcgR activation also raised hepatic expression and circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). This effect was retained in isolated primary hepatocytes from wild-type (WT) mice, but not GcgR knockout mice. We confirmed this link in healthy human volunteers, where injection of natural glucagon increased plasma FGF21 within hours. Functional relevance was evidenced in mice with genetic deletion of FGF21, where GcgR activation failed to induce the body weight loss and lipid metabolism changes observed in WT mice. Taken together, these data reveal for the first time that glucagon controls glucose, energy, and lipid metabolism at least in part via FGF21-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M. Habegger
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Cheng
- Diabetes Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristy M. Heppner
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nickki Ottaway
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jenna Holland
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jazzminn L. Hembree
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Smiley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Radha Krishna
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ayman M. Arafat
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité University Hospitals, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sara Belli
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen C. Woods
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susanna M. Hofmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David D’Alessio
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyujki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- Diabetes Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité University Hospitals, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author: Matthias H. Tschöp,
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17
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Patel NM, Nozaki S, Shortle NH, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Newton TR, Rice S, Gelfanov V, Boswell SH, Goulet RJ, Sledge GW, Nakshatri H. Paclitaxel sensitivity of breast cancer cells with constitutively active NF-kappaB is enhanced by IkappaBalpha super-repressor and parthenolide. Oncogene 2000; 19:4159-69. [PMID: 10962577 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates genes important for tumor invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Normally, NF-kappaB remains sequestered in an inactive state by cytoplasmic inhibitor-of-kappaB (IkappaB) proteins. NF-kappaB translocates to nucleus and activates gene expression upon exposure of cells to growth factors and cytokines. We and others have shown previously that NF-kappaB is constitutively active in a subset of breast cancers. In this study, we show that constitutive activation of NF-kappaB leads to overexpression of the anti-apoptotic genes c-inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (c-IAP2) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, expression of the anti-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF1) and defender-against cell death (DAD-1) is regulated by NF-kappaB in certain breast cancer cells. We also demonstrate that NF-kappaB-inducible genes protect cancer cells against paclitaxel as MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells modified to overexpress IkappaBalpha required lower concentrations of paclitaxel to arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and undergo apoptosis when compared to parental cells. The effect of NF-kappaB on paclitaxel-sensitivity appears to be specific to cancer cells because normal fibroblasts derived from embryos lacking p65 subunit of NF-kappaB and wild type littermate embryos were insensitive to paclitaxel-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest. Parthenolide, an active ingredient of herbal remedies such as feverfew (tanacetum parthenium), mimicked the effects of IkappaBalpha by inhibiting NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and Mn-SOD expression, and increasing paclitaxel-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. These results suggest that active ingredients of herbs with anti-inflammatory properties may be useful in increasing the sensitivity of cancers with constitutively active NF-kappaB to chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncogene (2000) 19, 4159 - 4169
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Patel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, IN 46202, USA
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18
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Lai YG, Gelfanov V, Gelfanova V, Kulik L, Chu CL, Jeng SW, Liao NS. IL-15 promotes survival but not effector function differentiation of CD8+ TCRalphabeta+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Immunol 1999; 163:5843-50. [PMID: 10570268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
CD8 single-positive cells, including CD8alphaalpha+ and CD8alphabeta+ subsets, constitute the majority of TCRalphabeta+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (alphabeta iIEL) in mice. CD8+ alphabeta iIEL show significantly weaker responses to TCR stimulation in the presence of exogenous IL-2 than do CD8+ T cells of the central immune system. IL-15 is a T cell growth factor likely expressed in the intestine mucosa. To understand the role of IL-15 in CD8+ alphabeta iIEL biology, we compared the effects of exogenous IL-15 and IL-2 on the survival and primary responses of the two CD8+ alphabeta iIEL subsets in vitro. In contrast to the death of approximately 60% of both CD8alphaalpha+ and CD8alphabeta+ iIEL cultured in IL-2 with or without TCR stimulation, IL-15 promoted survival of the CD8alphaalpha+ subset in the presence of TCR stimulation and promoted survival of both subsets in the absence of TCR stimulation. The higher proliferation level of TCR stimulated CD8alphaalpha+ alphabeta iIEL cultured in IL-15 compared with those cultured in IL-2 is likely due to IL-15's prosurvival effects. In addition, unlike exogenous IL-2, exogenous IL-15 did not support the effector functions of either iIEL subsets, including IFN-gamma production, IL-4-induced Th2 cytokine production, and anti-TCR mAb-redirected cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that IL-15 and IL-2 are functionally distinct and suggest that IL-15 plays a unique role in the maintenance of the CD8+ alphabeta iIEL pool in the absence of Ag stimulation and in the survival and expansion of CD8alphaalpha+ alphabeta iIEL upon Ag stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Lai YG, Gelfanov V, Gelfanova V, Kulik L, Chu CL, Jeng SW, Liao NS. IL-15 Promotes Survival But Not Effector Function Differentiation of CD8+ TCRαβ+ Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8 single-positive cells, including CD8αα+ and CD8αβ+ subsets, constitute the majority of TCRαβ+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (αβ iIEL) in mice. CD8+ αβ iIEL show significantly weaker responses to TCR stimulation in the presence of exogenous IL-2 than do CD8+ T cells of the central immune system. IL-15 is a T cell growth factor likely expressed in the intestine mucosa. To understand the role of IL-15 in CD8+ αβ iIEL biology, we compared the effects of exogenous IL-15 and IL-2 on the survival and primary responses of the two CD8+ αβ iIEL subsets in vitro. In contrast to the death of ∼60% of both CD8αα+ and CD8αβ+ iIEL cultured in IL-2 with or without TCR stimulation, IL-15 promoted survival of the CD8αα+ subset in the presence of TCR stimulation and promoted survival of both subsets in the absence of TCR stimulation. The higher proliferation level of TCR stimulated CD8αα+ αβ iIEL cultured in IL-15 compared with those cultured in IL-2 is likely due to IL-15’s prosurvival effects. In addition, unlike exogenous IL-2, exogenous IL-15 did not support the effector functions of either iIEL subsets, including IFN-γ production, IL-4-induced Th2 cytokine production, and anti-TCR mAb-redirected cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that IL-15 and IL-2 are functionally distinct and suggest that IL-15 plays a unique role in the maintenance of the CD8+ αβ iIEL pool in the absence of Ag stimulation and in the survival and expansion of CD8αα+ αβ iIEL upon Ag stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yein-Gei Lai
- *Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and
| | | | | | | | - Ching-Liang Chu
- *Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and
- †Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Nan-Shih Liao
- *Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and
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Gelfanova V, Lai Y, Gelfanov V, Tzou S, Tu Y, Liao N. Modulation of cytokine responses of murine CD8+ alphabeta intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes by IL-4 and IL-12. J Biomed Sci 1999; 6:269-76. [PMID: 10420084 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune responses of the intestine mucosa feature the noninflammatory type, such as IgA production and oral tolerance. Th2 type cytokines have been implicated in the induction of these noninflammatory responses. In the present study, cytokine responses of CD8+ and CD4+ TCRalphabeta+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (alphabeta iIEL) subsets to TCR stimulation under the influence of IL-12, IL-4, or CD28 costimulation were examined. IL-12 enhanced production of IL-10 and IFN-gamma by the CD8alphabeta+ alphabeta iIEL significantly but only marginally affected the CD8alphaalpha+ subset, whereas IL-4 induced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 production and augmented TGF-beta production by both subsets. CD28 costimulation induced production of Th2 cytokines by CD4+ iIEL in the absence of exogenous IL-4. Unlike lymph node CD4+ cells, the CD28 costimulation-induced Th2 differentiation of CD4+ iIEL was not inhibited by IFN-gamma. These results demonstrate active cytokine production by CD4+, CD8alphabeta+, as well as CD8alphaalpha+ alphabeta iIEL. The Th2- skewed cytokine profile of CD8alphaalpha+ alphabeta iIEL and the IFN-gamma-resistance of Th2 differentiation of the CD4+ alphabeta iIEL suggest that both iIEL subsets contribute to the induction of noninflammatory mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gelfanova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
EMLC1 is a hematopoietic stem cell line that depends on stem cell factor (SCF) for growth and generates lymphoid, erythroid and myeloid progenitors in the presence of different cytokines. We have studied signaling events leading to cell proliferation and differentiation of EMLC1 mediated by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-9. It was found that IL-9 enhances SCF-induced cell proliferation and promotes erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent erythroid differentiation of EMLC1 cells. However, IL-9 alone cannot support the growth of this cell line. In contrast, IL-4 by itself is sufficient to promote the growth of EMLC1 cells, even in the absence of SCF. Antiphosphotyrosine immunoblots of total cell lysates demonstrated that IL-4 and IL-9 induce tyrosine phosphorylation of different cellular substrates. Both IL-4 and IL-9 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2, whereas the 90-kD tyrosine phosphorylated protein induced by IL-9 stimulation is Stat3. We have also shown that IL-4 is much more potent than IL-9 in inducing the expression of primary response gene c-myc. It was further determined that c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotide blocked IL-4 supported cell growth. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-4 may serve as a growth-promoting factor for hematopoietic stem cells, and IL-9 enhances both growth and erythroid differentiation of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. The results also suggest that differences in tyrosine phosphorylation induced by IL-4 and IL-9 may in part determine their distinct biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Wang
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA
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22
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Gelfanova V, Lai YG, Gelfanov V, Tzou SC, Tu YF, Liao NS. Modulation of Cytokine Responses of Murine CD8+ αβ Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes by IL-4 and IL-12. J Biomed Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1159/000025395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Gelfanov V, Gelfanova V, Lai YG, Liao NS. Activated alpha beta-CD8+, but not alpha alpha-CD8+, TCR-alpha beta+ murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes can mediate perforin-based cytotoxicity, whereas both subsets are active in Fas-based cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1996; 156:35-41. [PMID: 8598484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CD8 single-positive (CD8+) T cells in murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) consist of alpha alpha-CD8+ and alpha beta-CD8+ subpopulations. Cytotoxicity represents an important function of peripheral CD8+ T cells, so we examined perforin-granzymebased and Fas-based cytotoxicity of activated CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ iIEL subsets. We found that allospecific CTL activity was induced from alpha beta-CD8+ iIEL but not from alpha alpha-CD8+ iIEL even when allospecific TCR were present on the iIEL, as demonstrated by using 2C TCR transgenic mice. On the other hand, both CD8+ iIEL subsets proliferated upon allostimulation with a lower responder frequency than CD8+ LN cells. The alpha alpha-CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ iIEL appeared to lose their ability to perform perforin-based killing after activation through TCR because fresh cells lysed P815 cells coated with anti-TCR beta-chain (TCR-beta) mAb, whereas cells activated by plate-bound anti-TCR mAb did not. Of interest, both activated CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ iIEL subsets, but not fresh cells, were able to mediate Fas-based killing when triggered with PMA and CA2+ ionophore.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Immunophenotyping
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gelfanov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Gelfanov V, Gelfanova V, Lai YG, Liao NS. Activated alpha beta-CD8+, but not alpha alpha-CD8+, TCR-alpha beta+ murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes can mediate perforin-based cytotoxicity, whereas both subsets are active in Fas-based cytotoxicity. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8 single-positive (CD8+) T cells in murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) consist of alpha alpha-CD8+ and alpha beta-CD8+ subpopulations. Cytotoxicity represents an important function of peripheral CD8+ T cells, so we examined perforin-granzymebased and Fas-based cytotoxicity of activated CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ iIEL subsets. We found that allospecific CTL activity was induced from alpha beta-CD8+ iIEL but not from alpha alpha-CD8+ iIEL even when allospecific TCR were present on the iIEL, as demonstrated by using 2C TCR transgenic mice. On the other hand, both CD8+ iIEL subsets proliferated upon allostimulation with a lower responder frequency than CD8+ LN cells. The alpha alpha-CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ iIEL appeared to lose their ability to perform perforin-based killing after activation through TCR because fresh cells lysed P815 cells coated with anti-TCR beta-chain (TCR-beta) mAb, whereas cells activated by plate-bound anti-TCR mAb did not. Of interest, both activated CD8+ TCR-alpha beta+ iIEL subsets, but not fresh cells, were able to mediate Fas-based killing when triggered with PMA and CA2+ ionophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gelfanov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - V Gelfanova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Y G Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - N S Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Gelfanov V, Lai YG, Gelfanova V, Dong JY, Su JP, Liao NS. Differential requirement of CD28 costimulation for activation of murine CD8+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte subsets and lymph node cells. J Immunol 1995; 155:76-82. [PMID: 7602124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The CD8+CD4- (CD8+) murine small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) contain two subpopulations, one expressing alpha alpha-CD8 homodimers and another alpha beta-CD8 heterodimers. In this study, plate-bound anti-TCR beta-chain (TCR-beta) mAb alone or combined with anti-CD28 mAb is used as a model system to study activation requirement of these two CD8+ IEL subsets. In contrast to CD8+ lymph node (LN) cells that require both TCR and CD28 triggering for activation, alpha beta-CD8+ IELs proliferate and produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma when stimulated with anti-TCR-beta mAb alone, and soluble CTLA-4 Ig has no effect on their responses. On the other hand, alpha alpha-CD8+ IELs neither make IL-2 or IFN-gamma nor proliferate even when both stimuli are provided. However, alpha alpha-CD8+ IELs are capable of proliferation in both CD8+ IEL subsets is lower than in CD8+ LN cells, which contributes to the weaker and delayed response of CD8+ IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gelfanov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2epublic of China
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26
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Gelfanov V, Lai YG, Gelfanova V, Dong JY, Su JP, Liao NS. Differential requirement of CD28 costimulation for activation of murine CD8+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte subsets and lymph node cells. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The CD8+CD4- (CD8+) murine small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) contain two subpopulations, one expressing alpha alpha-CD8 homodimers and another alpha beta-CD8 heterodimers. In this study, plate-bound anti-TCR beta-chain (TCR-beta) mAb alone or combined with anti-CD28 mAb is used as a model system to study activation requirement of these two CD8+ IEL subsets. In contrast to CD8+ lymph node (LN) cells that require both TCR and CD28 triggering for activation, alpha beta-CD8+ IELs proliferate and produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma when stimulated with anti-TCR-beta mAb alone, and soluble CTLA-4 Ig has no effect on their responses. On the other hand, alpha alpha-CD8+ IELs neither make IL-2 or IFN-gamma nor proliferate even when both stimuli are provided. However, alpha alpha-CD8+ IELs are capable of proliferation in both CD8+ IEL subsets is lower than in CD8+ LN cells, which contributes to the weaker and delayed response of CD8+ IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gelfanov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2epublic of China
| | - Y G Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2epublic of China
| | - V Gelfanova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2epublic of China
| | - J Y Dong
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2epublic of China
| | - J P Su
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2epublic of China
| | - N S Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2epublic of China
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