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Bonnet S, Guieu C, Taillandier V, Boulart C, Bouruet-Aubertot P, Gazeau F, Scalabrin C, Bressac M, Knapp AN, Cuypers Y, González-Santana D, Forrer HJ, Grisoni JM, Grosso O, Habasque J, Jardin-Camps M, Leblond N, Le Moigne FAC, Lebourges-Dhaussy A, Lory C, Nunige S, Pulido-Villena E, Rizzo AL, Sarthou G, Tilliette C. Natural iron fertilization by shallow hydrothermal sources fuels diazotroph blooms in the ocean. Science 2023; 380:812-817. [PMID: 37228198 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient that regulates productivity in ~30% of the ocean. Compared with deep (>2000 meter) hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges that provide iron to the ocean's interior, shallow (<500 meter) hydrothermal fluids are likely to influence the surface's ecosystem. However, their effect is unknown. In this work, we show that fluids emitted along the Tonga volcanic arc (South Pacific) have a substantial impact on iron concentrations in the photic layer through vertical diffusion. This enrichment stimulates biological activity, resulting in an extensive patch of chlorophyll (360,000 square kilometers). Diazotroph activity is two to eight times higher and carbon export fluxes are two to three times higher in iron-enriched waters than in adjacent unfertilized waters. Such findings reveal a previously undescribed mechanism of natural iron fertilization in the ocean that fuels regional hotspot sinks for atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bonnet
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Guieu
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Vincent Taillandier
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cédric Boulart
- Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne University, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Gazeau
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Carla Scalabrin
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, UMR 6538 Geo-Ocean, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Matthieu Bressac
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Angela N Knapp
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Yannis Cuypers
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN-IPSL), Sorbonne University, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David González-Santana
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
- Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Heather J Forrer
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Grisoni
- Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, IMEV, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier Grosso
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | - Jérémie Habasque
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Nathalie Leblond
- Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, IMEV, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Frédéric A C Le Moigne
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Caroline Lory
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Nunige
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO Marseille, France
| | | | - Andrea L Rizzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chloé Tilliette
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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Thyssen M, Grégori GJ, Grisoni JM, Pedrotti ML, Mousseau L, Artigas LF, Marro S, Garcia N, Passafiume O, Denis MJ. Onset of the spring bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: influence of environmental pulse events on the in situ hourly-scale dynamics of the phytoplankton community structure. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:387. [PMID: 25161647 PMCID: PMC4129916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of phytoplankton influence is barely understood at the sub meso scale and daily scale because of the lack of means to simultaneously assess phytoplankton functionality, dynamics and community structure. For a few years now, it has been possible to address this objective with an automated in situ high frequency sampling strategy. In order to study the influence of environmental short-term events (nutrients, wind speed, precipitation, solar radiation, temperature, and salinity) on the onset of the phytoplankton bloom in the oligotrophic Bay of Villefranche-sur-Mer (NW Mediterranean Sea), a fully remotely controlled automated flow cytometer (CytoSense) was deployed on a solar-powered platform (EOL buoy, CNRS-Mobilis). The CytoSense carried out single-cell analyses on particles (1-800 μm in width, up to several mm in length), recording optical pulse shapes when analyzing several cm(3). Samples were taken every 2 h in the surface waters during 2 months. Up to 6 phytoplankton clusters were resolved based on their optical properties (PicoFLO, Picoeukaryotes, Nanophytoplankton, Microphytoplankton, HighSWS, HighFLO). Three main abundance pulses involving the 6 phytoplankton groups monitored indicated that the spring bloom not only depends on light and water column stability, but also on short-term events such as wind events and precipitation followed by nutrient pulses. Wind and precipitation were also determinant in the collapse of the clusters' abundances. These events occurred within a couple of days, and phytoplankton abundance reacted within days. The third abundance pulse could be considered as the spring bloom commonly observed in the area. The high frequency data-set made it possible to study the phytoplankton cell cycle based on daily cycles of forward scatter and abundance. The combination of daily cell cycle, abundance trends and environmental pulses will open the way to the study of phytoplankton short-term reactivity to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melilotus Thyssen
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Gerald J. Grégori
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Grisoni
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laure Mousseau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Luis F. Artigas
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, UMR8187Wimereux, France
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicole Garcia
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Ornella Passafiume
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Michel J. Denis
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
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