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Lenoble V, Cindrić AM, Briand JF, Pedrotti ML, Lacerda AL, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Fernández-González V, Moscoso-Pérez CM, Andrade-Garda JM, Casotti R, Murano C, Donnarumma V, Frizzi S, Hannon C, Joyce H, Nash R, Frias J. Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the plastisphere: Awareness of environmental risk from a European perspective. Environ Pollut 2024; 348:123808. [PMID: 38521396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The term "Plastisphere" refers to the biofilm layer naturally formed by microorganisms attaching to plastic surfaces. This layer possesses the capability to adsorb persistent organic and inorganic pollutants, particularly trace metals, which are the focus of this research study. Immersion experiments were concurrently conducted in five locations spanning four European countries (France, Ireland, Spain, and Italy) utilising eight distinct polymers. These immersions, repeated every three months over a one-year period, aimed to evaluate the baseline bioaccumulation of 12 trace metals. The study underscores the intricate nature of metal bioaccumulation, influenced by both micro-scale factors (such as polymer composition) and macro-scale factors (including geographical site and seasonal variations). Villefranche Bay in France exhibited the lowest metals bioaccumulation, whereas Naples in Italy emerged as the site where bioaccumulation was often the highest for the considered metals. Environmental risk assessment was also conducted in the study. The lightweight nature of certain plastics allows them to be transported across significant distances in the ocean. Consequently, evaluating trace metal concentrations in the plastisphere is imperative for assessing potential environmental repercussions that plastics, along with their associated biota, may exert even in locations distant from their point of emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lenoble
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, IRD, MIO, Toulon, France.
| | - Ana-Marija Cindrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France.
| | - Ana Luzia Lacerda
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. A Coruña 15071, Spain.
| | - Veronica Fernández-González
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. A Coruña 15071, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ma Moscoso-Pérez
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. A Coruña 15071, Spain.
| | - José M Andrade-Garda
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. A Coruña 15071, Spain.
| | | | - Carola Murano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Donnarumma
- Institute of Marine Sciences - National Research Council ISMAR-CNR. Forte Santa Teresa Pozzuolo di Lerici, 19032 La Spezia, Italy.
| | - Sébastien Frizzi
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, IRD, MIO, Toulon, France
| | - Colin Hannon
- Marine & Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW, Galway, Ireland
| | - Haleigh Joyce
- Marine & Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW, Galway, Ireland
| | - Róisín Nash
- Marine & Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW, Galway, Ireland.
| | - João Frias
- Marine & Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW, Galway, Ireland.
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Lacerda AL, Frias J, Pedrotti ML. Tardigrades in the marine plastisphere: New hitchhikers surfing plastics. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 200:116071. [PMID: 38290365 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Tardigrades are remarkable microorganisms known for their extraordinary resilience in diverse environments, including extreme conditions such as outer space. They are known for their interactions with natural substrates in terrestrial and aquatic systems, but have remained largely unexplored in relation to marine plastics. This study aims to investigate the colonization of plastics, ranging from fossil fuel-based to bioplastics, in the coastal zones of four countries (Brazil, Ireland, France and Italy). Here, we report the first documented occurrence of tardigrades colonizing plastic substrates. We identified five amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to the Tardigrada phylum, specifically in a post-consumer polypropylene, in the coastal zone of Galway, Ireland. This discovery raises questions about the characteristics of different plastics influencing on tardigrades' adhesion. Tardigrades hitchhiking on plastics in the oceans could expand their habitat range, possibly displacing native species and altering trophic interactions, with potential consequences for the overall biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luzia Lacerda
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France.
| | - João Frias
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Dublin Road, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France
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3
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Lombard F, Bourdin G, Pesant S, Agostini S, Baudena A, Boissin E, Cassar N, Clampitt M, Conan P, Da Silva O, Dimier C, Douville E, Elineau A, Fin J, Flores JM, Ghiglione JF, Hume BCC, Jalabert L, John SG, Kelly RL, Koren I, Lin Y, Marie D, McMinds R, Mériguet Z, Metzl N, Paz-García DA, Pedrotti ML, Poulain J, Pujo-Pay M, Ras J, Reverdin G, Romac S, Rouan A, Röttinger E, Vardi A, Voolstra CR, Moulin C, Iwankow G, Banaigs B, Bowler C, de Vargas C, Forcioli D, Furla P, Galand PE, Gilson E, Reynaud S, Sunagawa S, Sullivan MB, Thomas OP, Troublé R, Thurber RV, Wincker P, Zoccola D, Allemand D, Planes S, Boss E, Gorsky G. Open science resources from the Tara Pacific expedition across coral reef and surface ocean ecosystems. Sci Data 2023; 10:324. [PMID: 37264023 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tara Pacific expedition (2016-2018) sampled coral ecosystems around 32 islands in the Pacific Ocean and the ocean surface waters at 249 locations, resulting in the collection of nearly 58 000 samples. The expedition was designed to systematically study warm-water coral reefs and included the collection of corals, fish, plankton, and seawater samples for advanced biogeochemical, molecular, and imaging analysis. Here we provide a complete description of the sampling methodology, and we explain how to explore and access the different datasets generated by the expedition. Environmental context data were obtained from taxonomic registries, gazetteers, almanacs, climatologies, operational biogeochemical models, and satellite observations. The quality of the different environmental measures has been validated not only by various quality control steps, but also through a global analysis allowing the comparison with known environmental large-scale structures. Such publicly released datasets open the perspective to address a wide range of scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lombard
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France.
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75000, Paris, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231, Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Bourdin
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Stéphane Pesant
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Alberto Baudena
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Emilie Boissin
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Cassar
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Brest, France
| | - Megan Clampitt
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Fédératif de Recherche - Ressources Marines (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
| | - Pascal Conan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, LOMIC, 66650, Banyuls Sur Mer, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, OSU STAMAR - UAR2017, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Ophélie Da Silva
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Céline Dimier
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Eric Douville
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amanda Elineau
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Jonathan Fin
- Laboratoire LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
| | - J Michel Flores
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jean-François Ghiglione
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, LOMIC, 66650, Banyuls Sur Mer, France
| | | | - Laetitia Jalabert
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Seth G John
- Department of Earth Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel L Kelly
- Department of Earth Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilan Koren
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yajuan Lin
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Brest, France
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Dominique Marie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, AD2M, Roscoff, France
| | - Ryan McMinds
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Maison de la Modélisation, de la Simulation et des Interactions (MSI), Nice, France
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zoé Mériguet
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Nicolas Metzl
- Laboratoire LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
| | - David A Paz-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, México
| | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Mireille Pujo-Pay
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, LOMIC, 66650, Banyuls Sur Mer, France
| | - Joséphine Ras
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Gilles Reverdin
- Laboratoire LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Sarah Romac
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75000, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, AD2M, Roscoff, France
| | - Alice Rouan
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Fédératif de Recherche - Ressources Marines (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Fédératif de Recherche - Ressources Marines (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Guillaume Iwankow
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, Cedex, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75000, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75000, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, AD2M, Roscoff, France
| | - Didier Forcioli
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Fédératif de Recherche - Ressources Marines (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
| | - Paola Furla
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Fédératif de Recherche - Ressources Marines (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
| | - Pierre E Galand
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75000, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques, UMR 8222, LECOB, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Eric Gilson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut Fédératif de Recherche - Ressources Marines (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Antoine, Monaco
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Didier Zoccola
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Antoine, Monaco
| | - Denis Allemand
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d'Azur - Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Nice, Monaco
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Antoine, Monaco
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Gaby Gorsky
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, 06230, Villefranche sur mer, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara GOSEE, 75000, Paris, France
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Baudena A, Kiko R, Jalón-Rojas I, Pedrotti ML. Low-Density Plastic Debris Dispersion beneath the Mediterranean Sea Surface. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:7503-7515. [PMID: 37125732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plastic is a widespread marine pollutant, with most studies focusing on the distribution of floating plastic debris at the sea surface. Recent evidence, however, indicates a significant presence of such low density plastic in the water column and at the seafloor, but information on its origin and dispersion is lacking. Here, we studied the pathways and fate of sinking plastic debris in the Mediterranean Sea, one of the most polluted world seas. We used a recent Lagrangian plastic-tracking model, forced with realistic parameters, including a maximum estimated sinking speed of 7.8 m/d. Our simulations showed that the locations where particles left the surface differed significantly from those where they reached the seafloor, with lateral transport distances between 119 and 282 km. Furthermore, 60% of particles deposited on the bottom coastal strip (20 km wide) were released from vessels, 20% from the facing country, and 20% from other countries. Theoretical considerations furthermore suggested that biological activities potentially responsible for the sinking of low density plastic occur throughout the water column. Our findings indicate that the responsibility for seafloor plastic pollution is shared among Mediterranean countries, with potential impact on pelagic and benthic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Baudena
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093 LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
| | - Rainer Kiko
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093 LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Isabel Jalón-Rojas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093 LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
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5
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Fabri-Ruiz S, Baudena A, Moullec F, Lombard F, Irisson JO, Pedrotti ML. Mistaking plastic for zooplankton: Risk assessment of plastic ingestion in the Mediterranean sea. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159011. [PMID: 36170920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Floating plastic debris is a pervasive pollutant in seas and oceans, affecting a wide range of animals. In particular, microplastics (<5 mm in size) increase the possibility that marine species consume plastic and enter the food chain. The present study investigates this potential mistake between plastic debris and zooplankton by calculating the plastic debris to zooplankton ratio over the whole Mediterranean Sea. To this aim, in situ data from the Tara Mediterranean Expedition are combined with environmental and Lagrangian diagnostics in a machine learning approach to produce spatially-explicit maps of plastic debris and zooplankton abundance. We then analyse the plastic to zooplankton ratio in regions with high abundances of pelagic fish. Two of the major hotspots of pelagic fish, located in the Gulf of Gabès and Cilician basin, were associated with high ratio values. Finally, we compare the plastic to zooplankton ratio values in the Pelagos Sanctuary, an important hotspot for marine mammals, with other Geographical Sub-Areas, and find that they were among the larger of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Our results indicate a high potential risk of contamination of marine fauna by plastic and advocate for novel integrated modelling approaches which account for potential trophic transfer within the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fabri-Ruiz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), IFREMER, INRAE, Institut Agro, Nantes, France.
| | - A Baudena
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
| | - F Moullec
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - F Lombard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - J-O Irisson
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - M L Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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6
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Kedzierski M, Palazot M, Soccalingame L, Pedrotti ML, Bruzaud S. Microplastic fouling: A gap in knowledge and a research imperative to improve their study by infrared characterization spectroscopy. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 185:114306. [PMID: 36356342 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The marine weathering of microplastics is spectrally characterized by the appearance of new bands that disturb our understanding of the information carried by the spectra. Yet, no explanation has been provided on the chemical origin of these new bands. Thus, the main objective of this work was to identify the origins of these additional bands. To this end, 4042 spectra of poly (styrene), poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene) microplastics collected in the Mediterranean Sea, were analysed using principal component analysis. The results showed that the spectral variability was mainly related to only three processes: chemical ageing, organic and inorganic fouling. These processes probably differ from one polymer family to another due to surface affinities. This work has also led to the proposal of two new polymer indices that could be used to monitor the intensity of (bio)fouling. Finally, the development of advanced analyses could also provide information on the nature of the plastisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Kedzierski
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Maialen Palazot
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - Lata Soccalingame
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | | | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
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7
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Pedrotti ML, de Figueiredo Lacerda AL, Petit S, Ghiglione JF, Gorsky G. Vibrio spp and other potential pathogenic bacteria associated to microfibers in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275284. [PMID: 36449472 PMCID: PMC9710791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibers, whether synthetic or natural, have increased dramatically in the environment, becoming the most common type of particles in the ocean, and exposing aquatic organisms to multiple negative impacts. Using an approach combining morphology (scanning electron microscopy-SEM) and molecular taxonomy (High-Throughput DNA Sequencing- HTS), we investigated the bacterial composition from floating microfibers (MFs) collected in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The average number of bacteria in 100 μm2 on the surface of a fiber is 8 ± 5.9 cells; by extrapolating it to a whole fiber, this represents 2663 ± 1981 bacteria/fiber. Attached bacterial communities were dominated by Alteromonadales, Rhodobacterales, and Vibrionales, including the potentially human/animal pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This study reveals a high rate of bacterial colonization on MFs, and shows that these particles can host numerous bacterial species, including putative pathogens. Even if we cannot confirm its pathogenicity based only on the taxonomy, this is the first description of such pathogenic Vibrio living attached to MFs in the Mediterranean Sea. The identification of MFs colonizers is valuable in assessing health risks, as their presence can be a threat to bathing and seafood consumption. Considering that MFs can serve as vector for potentially pathogenic microorganisms and other pollutants throughout the ocean, this type of pollution can have both ecological and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Luzia de Figueiredo Lacerda
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Stephanie Petit
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Jean François Ghiglione
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, UMR 7621, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gabriel Gorsky
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur mer (LOV), UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche sur Mer, France
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8
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Pedrotti ML, Lombard F, Baudena A, Galgani F, Elineau A, Petit S, Henry M, Troublé R, Reverdin G, Ser-Giacomi E, Kedzierski M, Boss E, Gorsky G. An integrative assessment of the plastic debris load in the Mediterranean Sea. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:155958. [PMID: 35580673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is recognized as one of the most polluted areas by floating plastics. During the Tara Mediterranean expedition, an extensive sampling of plastic debris was conducted in seven ecoregions, from Gibraltar to Lebanon with the aim of providing reliable estimates of regional differences in floating plastic loads and plastic characteristics. The abundance, size, surface, circularity and mass of 75,030 pieces were analyzed and classified in a standardized multi-parameter database. Their average abundance was 2.60 × 105 items km-2 (2.25 × 103 to 8.50 × 106 km-2) resulting in an estimate of about 650 billion plastic particles floating on the surface of the Mediterranean. This corresponds to an average of 660 metric tons of plastic, at the lower end of literature estimates. High concentrations of plastic were observed in the northwestern coastal regions, north of the Tyrrhenian Sea, but also off the western and central Mediterranean basins. The Levantine basin south of Cyprus had the lowest concentrations. A Lagrangian Plastic Pollution Index (LPPI) predicting the concentration of plastic debris was validated using the spatial resolution of the data. The advanced state of plastic degradation detected in the analyses led to the conclusion that stranding/fragmentation/resuspension is the key process in the dynamics of floating plastic in Mediterranean surface waters. This is supported by the significant correlation between pollution sources and areas of high plastic concentration obtained by the LPPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur Mer, France.
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Alberto Baudena
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | | | - Amanda Elineau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | - Stephanie Petit
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Reverdin
- Sorbonne Université CNRS/IRD/MNHN (LOCEAN/IPSL UMR 7159), Paris, France
| | - Enrico Ser-Giacomi
- Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mikaël Kedzierski
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Gabriel Gorsky
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur Mer, France
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9
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Kedzierski M, Palazot M, Soccalingame L, Falcou-Préfol M, Gorsky G, Galgani F, Bruzaud S, Pedrotti ML. Chemical composition of microplastics floating on the surface of the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 174:113284. [PMID: 34995887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most studied regions in the world in terms of microplastic (MP) contamination. However, only a few studies have analysed the chemical composition of MPs at the Mediterranean Sea surface. In this context, this study aims to describe the chemical composition as a function of particle size, mass and number concentrations of MPs collected in the surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The chemical composition showed a certain homogeneity at the Mediterranean Sea scale. The main polymers identified by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy were poly(ethylene) (67.3 ± 2.4%), poly(propylene) (20.8 ± 2.1%) and poly(styrene) (3.0 ± 0.9%). Nevertheless, discrepancies, confirmed by the literature, were observed at a mesoscale level. Thus, in the North Tyrrhenian Sea, the proportion of poly(ethylene) was significantly lower than the average value of the Mediterranean Sea (57.9 ± 10.5%). Anthropic sources, rivers, or polymer ageing are assumed to be responsible for the variations observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Kedzierski
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France.
| | - Maialen Palazot
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - Lata Soccalingame
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - Mathilde Falcou-Préfol
- University of Antwerp, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Gorsky
- Sorbonne Universités, UMR CNRS 7093, LOV, F-06230 Villefranche sur mer, France; Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans-GOSEE, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100 Lorient, France
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10
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Pedrotti ML, Petit S, Eyheraguibel B, Kerros ME, Elineau A, Ghiglione JF, Loret JF, Rostan A, Gorsky G. Pollution by anthropogenic microfibers in North-West Mediterranean Sea and efficiency of microfiber removal by a wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 2021; 758:144195. [PMID: 33338794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread pollution from the release of microfibers is an emerging concern as they are a potential threat to the environment. Their identification in samples in terms of quantity and pathways remain a challenge as contamination can be a major source of error. A systematic study of synthetic microfibers (MFs) has been carried out in different environmental compartments of an urban area and in the surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean. The quantity, size and type of polymer of MFs were recorded in air, in waste water from a domestic washing machine, at the inlet and outlet of the Haliotis urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Nice (Provence Alpes Côte-d'Azur, France) and in a variety of coastal and offshore areas. The results showed that MFs released by clothes during washing (on average of 13 × 106 MFs per m3) are an important emitter of microplastics. Despite its high removal efficiency (87.5% to 98.5%) by Haliotis, a large number of MFs, estimated at 4.3 billion, enter the marine environment daily from the treatment plant. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) characterization of the raw materials showed that 14 to 50% of fibers are synthetic, mostly polyester and polyamide, the remaining 35 to 72% being natural polymers (cotton, wool) or manufactured by processing natural polymers (especially cellulose). MFs were found in all environmental compartments studied and appear to be widespread in coastal and offshore surface waters with concentrations varying from 2.6 × 103 to 3.70 × 104 m-3. The sources of MFs in the marine environment are multiple, with laundry fibers discharges from WWTP and the atmospheric transport of urban fibers are among the main pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-O6230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France.
| | - S Petit
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-O6230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France; SUEZ International, 183, avenue du 18 juin 1940, 92500 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - B Eyheraguibel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont, Ferrand, France
| | - M E Kerros
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-O6230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - A Elineau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-O6230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - J F Ghiglione
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, UMR 7621, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - J F Loret
- SUEZ Groupe, CIRSEE, 78 230 Le Pecq, France
| | - A Rostan
- Régie Eau d'Azur, Rimiez, Nice, France
| | - G Gorsky
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-O6230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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11
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Kedzierski M, Geslain E, Pedrotti ML, Ghiglione JF, Bruzaud S. Pre-detection of microplastics using active thermography. Chemosphere 2021; 262:127648. [PMID: 32771705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectrometric analysis is one of the most widely used approaches to characterize the chemical nature of microplastics. Despite recent developments, this key step remains time consuming. The aim of this paper is to propose a new method for the pre-detection of microplastics based on mid-infrared imaging. Plastic particles were mixed with sand particles and placed on a glass filter. Infrared observation with a thermal camera shows a stronger thermal contrast measured between the filter and the plastics than between the filter and the sand, which reveals the plastic particles in a few tens of seconds. An image processing tool is then used to amplify this contrast. Furthermore, this pre-detection method makes it possible to propose hypotheses on the most probable chemical nature of the particles identified. Consequently, pre-detection using active thermography constitutes a promising way of significantly accelerating microplastic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Kedzierski
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France.
| | - Edouard Geslain
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France
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12
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Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, Brucker-Davis F, Chevalier N, Corra L, Czerucka D, Bottein MYD, Demeneix B, Depledge M, Deheyn DD, Dorman CJ, Fénichel P, Fisher S, Gaill F, Galgani F, Gaze WH, Giuliano L, Grandjean P, Hahn ME, Hamdoun A, Hess P, Judson B, Laborde A, McGlade J, Mu J, Mustapha A, Neira M, Noble RT, Pedrotti ML, Reddy C, Rocklöv J, Scharler UM, Shanmugam H, Taghian G, van de Water JA, Vezzulli L, Weihe P, Zeka A, Raps H, Rampal P. Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:151. [PMID: 33354517 PMCID: PMC7731724 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pollution - unwanted waste released to air, water, and land by human activity - is the largest environmental cause of disease in the world today. It is responsible for an estimated nine million premature deaths per year, enormous economic losses, erosion of human capital, and degradation of ecosystems. Ocean pollution is an important, but insufficiently recognized and inadequately controlled component of global pollution. It poses serious threats to human health and well-being. The nature and magnitude of these impacts are only beginning to be understood. Goals (1) Broadly examine the known and potential impacts of ocean pollution on human health. (2) Inform policy makers, government leaders, international organizations, civil society, and the global public of these threats. (3) Propose priorities for interventions to control and prevent pollution of the seas and safeguard human health. Methods Topic-focused reviews that examine the effects of ocean pollution on human health, identify gaps in knowledge, project future trends, and offer evidence-based guidance for effective intervention. Environmental Findings Pollution of the oceans is widespread, worsening, and in most countries poorly controlled. It is a complex mixture of toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban and industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceutical chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. More than 80% arises from land-based sources. It reaches the oceans through rivers, runoff, atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. It is often heaviest near the coasts and most highly concentrated along the coasts of low- and middle-income countries. Plastic is a rapidly increasing and highly visible component of ocean pollution, and an estimated 10 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the seas each year. Mercury is the metal pollutant of greatest concern in the oceans; it is released from two main sources - coal combustion and small-scale gold mining. Global spread of industrialized agriculture with increasing use of chemical fertilizer leads to extension of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) to previously unaffected regions. Chemical pollutants are ubiquitous and contaminate seas and marine organisms from the high Arctic to the abyssal depths. Ecosystem Findings Ocean pollution has multiple negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and these impacts are exacerbated by global climate change. Petroleum-based pollutants reduce photosynthesis in marine microorganisms that generate oxygen. Increasing absorption of carbon dioxide into the seas causes ocean acidification, which destroys coral reefs, impairs shellfish development, dissolves calcium-containing microorganisms at the base of the marine food web, and increases the toxicity of some pollutants. Plastic pollution threatens marine mammals, fish, and seabirds and accumulates in large mid-ocean gyres. It breaks down into microplastic and nanoplastic particles containing multiple manufactured chemicals that can enter the tissues of marine organisms, including species consumed by humans. Industrial releases, runoff, and sewage increase frequency and severity of HABs, bacterial pollution, and anti-microbial resistance. Pollution and sea surface warming are triggering poleward migration of dangerous pathogens such as the Vibrio species. Industrial discharges, pharmaceutical wastes, pesticides, and sewage contribute to global declines in fish stocks. Human Health Findings Methylmercury and PCBs are the ocean pollutants whose human health effects are best understood. Exposures of infants in utero to these pollutants through maternal consumption of contaminated seafood can damage developing brains, reduce IQ and increase children's risks for autism, ADHD and learning disorders. Adult exposures to methylmercury increase risks for cardiovascular disease and dementia. Manufactured chemicals - phthalates, bisphenol A, flame retardants, and perfluorinated chemicals, many of them released into the seas from plastic waste - can disrupt endocrine signaling, reduce male fertility, damage the nervous system, and increase risk of cancer. HABs produce potent toxins that accumulate in fish and shellfish. When ingested, these toxins can cause severe neurological impairment and rapid death. HAB toxins can also become airborne and cause respiratory disease. Pathogenic marine bacteria cause gastrointestinal diseases and deep wound infections. With climate change and increasing pollution, risk is high that Vibrio infections, including cholera, will increase in frequency and extend to new areas. All of the health impacts of ocean pollution fall disproportionately on vulnerable populations in the Global South - environmental injustice on a planetary scale. Conclusions Ocean pollution is a global problem. It arises from multiple sources and crosses national boundaries. It is the consequence of reckless, shortsighted, and unsustainable exploitation of the earth's resources. It endangers marine ecosystems. It impedes the production of atmospheric oxygen. Its threats to human health are great and growing, but still incompletely understood. Its economic costs are only beginning to be counted.Ocean pollution can be prevented. Like all forms of pollution, ocean pollution can be controlled by deploying data-driven strategies based on law, policy, technology, and enforcement that target priority pollution sources. Many countries have used these tools to control air and water pollution and are now applying them to ocean pollution. Successes achieved to date demonstrate that broader control is feasible. Heavily polluted harbors have been cleaned, estuaries rejuvenated, and coral reefs restored.Prevention of ocean pollution creates many benefits. It boosts economies, increases tourism, helps restore fisheries, and improves human health and well-being. It advances the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). These benefits will last for centuries. Recommendations World leaders who recognize the gravity of ocean pollution, acknowledge its growing dangers, engage civil society and the global public, and take bold, evidence-based action to stop pollution at source will be critical to preventing ocean pollution and safeguarding human health.Prevention of pollution from land-based sources is key. Eliminating coal combustion and banning all uses of mercury will reduce mercury pollution. Bans on single-use plastic and better management of plastic waste reduce plastic pollution. Bans on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have reduced pollution by PCBs and DDT. Control of industrial discharges, treatment of sewage, and reduced applications of fertilizers have mitigated coastal pollution and are reducing frequency of HABs. National, regional and international marine pollution control programs that are adequately funded and backed by strong enforcement have been shown to be effective. Robust monitoring is essential to track progress.Further interventions that hold great promise include wide-scale transition to renewable fuels; transition to a circular economy that creates little waste and focuses on equity rather than on endless growth; embracing the principles of green chemistry; and building scientific capacity in all countries.Designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) will safeguard critical ecosystems, protect vulnerable fish stocks, and enhance human health and well-being. Creation of MPAs is an important manifestation of national and international commitment to protecting the health of the seas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Stegeman
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, GB
- University of Exeter Medical School, GB
| | | | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | | | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Université Côte d’Azur, FR
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Inserm, C3M, FR
| | - Lilian Corra
- International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), CH
- Health and Environment of the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (GAHP), AR
| | | | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, FR
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, DK
- Ecotoxicologie et développement durable expertise ECODD, Valbonne, FR
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FR
| | | | - Dimitri D. Deheyn
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, US
| | | | - Patrick Fénichel
- Université Côte d’Azur, FR
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Inserm, C3M, FR
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark E. Hahn
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | - Philipp Hess
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation des Mers, FR
| | | | | | - Jacqueline McGlade
- Institute for Global Prosperity, University College London, GB
- Strathmore University Business School, Nairobi, KE
| | | | - Adetoun Mustapha
- Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Lagos, NG
- Imperial College London, GB
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, SE
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pál Weihe
- University of the Faroe Islands and Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, FO
| | | | - Hervé Raps
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Health and Sustainable Development, MC
| | - Patrick Rampal
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Health and Sustainable Development, MC
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13
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Kedzierski M, Falcou-Préfol M, Kerros ME, Henry M, Pedrotti ML, Bruzaud S. A machine learning algorithm for high throughput identification of FTIR spectra: Application on microplastics collected in the Mediterranean Sea. Chemosphere 2019; 234:242-251. [PMID: 31226506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods to automatically determine the chemical nature of microplastics by FTIR-ATR spectra is an important challenge. A machine learning method, named k-nearest neighbors classification, has been applied on spectra of microplastics collected during Tara Expedition in the Mediterranean Sea (2014). To realize these tests, a learning database composed of 969 microplastic spectra has been created. Results show that the machine learning process is very efficient to identify spectra of classical polymers such as poly(ethylene), but also that the learning database must be enhanced with less common microplastic spectra. Finally, this method has been applied on more than 4000 spectra of unidentified microplastics. The verification protocol showed less than 10% difference in the results between the proposed automated method and a human expertise, 75% of which can be very easily corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Kedzierski
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, F-56100, Lorient, France
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14
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Dussud C, Meistertzheim AL, Conan P, Pujo-Pay M, George M, Fabre P, Coudane J, Higgs P, Elineau A, Pedrotti ML, Gorsky G, Ghiglione JF. Evidence of niche partitioning among bacteria living on plastics, organic particles and surrounding seawaters. Environ Pollut 2018; 236:807-816. [PMID: 29459335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is widespread in ocean ecosystems worldwide, but it is unknown if plastic offers a unique habitat for bacteria compared to communities in the water column and attached to naturally-occurring organic particles. The large set of samples taken during the Tara-Mediterranean expedition revealed for the first time a clear niche partitioning between free-living (FL), organic particle-attached (PA) and the recently introduced plastic marine debris (PMD). Bacterial counts in PMD presented higher cell enrichment factors than generally observed for PA fraction, when compared to FL bacteria in the surrounding waters. Taxonomic diversity was also higher in the PMD communities, where higher evenness indicated a favorable environment for a very large number of species. Cyanobacteria were particularly overrepresented in PMD, together with essential functions for biofilm formation and maturation. The community distinction between the three habitats was consistent across the large-scale sampling in the Western Mediterranean basin. 'Plastic specific bacteria' recovered only on the PMD represented half of the OTUs, thus forming a distinct habitat that should be further considered for understanding microbial biodiversity in changing marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dussud
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls sur mer, France
| | - A L Meistertzheim
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls sur mer, France
| | - P Conan
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls sur mer, France
| | - M Pujo-Pay
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls sur mer, France
| | - M George
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - P Fabre
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - J Coudane
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR5247, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, BP 14491, F-34093, Montpellier cedex5, France
| | - P Higgs
- Symphony Environmental Ltd, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire WD6 1JD, UK
| | - A Elineau
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - M L Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - G Gorsky
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - J F Ghiglione
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls sur mer, France.
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15
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Pedrotti ML, Mousseau L, Marro S, Passafiume O, Gossaert M, Labat JP. Variability of ultraplankton composition and distribution in an oligotrophic coastal ecosystem of the NW Mediterranean Sea derived from a two-year survey at the single cell level. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190121. [PMID: 29267395 PMCID: PMC5739496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraplankton [heterotrophic prokaryotes and ultraphytoplankton (<10 μm)] were monitored weekly over two years (2009 & 2010) in a coastal area of the NW Mediterranean Sea. Six clusters were differentiated by flow cytometry on the basis of their optical properties, two heterotrophic prokaryote (HP) subgroups labelled LNA and HNA (low and high nucleic acid content respectively), Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, autotrophic picoeukaryotes and nanoeukaryotes. HP represented an important component of the microbial assemblage over the survey with relatively small abundance variation through seasons. The carbon biomass ratio HP/ultraphytoplankton averaged 0.45, however this ratio exceeded 1 during spring. Ultraphytoplankton biomass made about 50% of the total autotrophic carbon estimates but this contribution increased up to 97% and 67% during the 2009 and 2010 spring periods respectively. Within ultraphytoplankton, nanoeukaryote represent the most important ultraphytoplankton group in terms of autotrophic carbon biomass (up to 70%). Picoeukaryote maximum abundance occurred in winter. Synechococcus was the most abundant population (maximum 1.2 x 10 5 cells cm-3) particularly in spring where it represented up to 54% of ultraphytoplankton carbon biomass. The warmer winter-spring temperatures and the lengthening of the stratification period created a favorable situation for the earlier appearance of Synechococcus and its persistence throughout summer, paralleling Prochlorococcus development. Prochlorococcus was dominant over summer and autumn with concentrations up to 1.0 × 10 5 cells cm-3. While the abundance of Synechococcus throughout survey was of the same order as that reported in western Mediterranean Sea, Prochlorococcus was more abundant and similar to the more typical oligotrophic and warm waters. The abundance variation of the ultraplankton components through the survey was relatable to variations in the hydrological and nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laure Mousseau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ornella Passafiume
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marjorie Gossaert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Labat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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16
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Louis J, Pedrotti ML, Gazeau F, Guieu C. Experimental evidence of formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and POC export provoked by dust addition under current and high pCO2 conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171980. [PMID: 28212418 PMCID: PMC5315277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of organic carbon export to the deep ocean, under anthropogenic forcing such as ocean warming and acidification, needs to be investigated in order to evaluate potential positive or negative feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and therefore on climate. As such, modifications of aggregation processes driven by transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) formation have the potential to affect carbon export. The objectives of this study were to experimentally assess the dynamics of organic matter, after the simulation of a Saharan dust deposition event, through the measurement over one week of TEP abundance and size, and to evaluate the effects of ocean acidification on TEP formation and carbon export following a dust deposition event. Three experiments were performed in the laboratory using 300 L tanks filled with filtered seawater collected in the Mediterranean Sea, during two 'no bloom' periods (spring at the start of the stratification period and autumn at the end of this stratification period) and during the winter bloom period. For each experiment, one of the two tanks was acidified to reach pH conditions slightly below values projected for 2100 (~ 7.6-7.8). In both tanks, a dust deposition event of 10 g m-2 was simulated at the surface. Our results suggest that Saharan dust deposition triggered the abiotic formation of TEP, leading to the formation of organic-mineral aggregates. The amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) exported was proportional to the flux of lithogenic particles to the sediment traps. Depending on the season, the POC flux following artificial dust deposition ranged between 38 and 90 mg m-2 over six experimental days. Such variability is likely linked to the seasonal differences in the quality and quantity of TEP-precursors initially present in seawater. Finally, these export fluxes were not significantly different at the completion of the three experiments between the two pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Louis
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSU-CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSU-CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Frédéric Gazeau
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSU-CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Cécile Guieu
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSU-CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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17
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Pedrotti ML, Petit S, Elineau A, Bruzaud S, Crebassa JC, Dumontet B, Martí E, Gorsky G, Cózar A. Changes in the Floating Plastic Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea in Relation to the Distance to Land. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161581. [PMID: 27556233 PMCID: PMC4996504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition, size distribution, and abundance of floating plastic debris in surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea were analyzed in relation to distance to land. We combined data from previously published reports with an intensive sampling in inshore waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean. The highest plastic concentrations were found in regions distant from from land as well as in the first kilometer adjacent to the coastline. In this nearshore water strip, plastic concentrations were significantly correlated with the nearness to a coastal human population, with local areas close to large human settlements showing hundreds of thousands of plastic pieces per km2. The ratio of plastic to plankton abundance reached particularly high values for the coastal surface waters. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polyamides were the predominant plastic polymers at all distances from coast (86 to 97% of total items), although the diversity of polymers was higher in the 1-km coastal water strip due to a higher frequency of polystyrene or polyacrylic fibers. The plastic size distributions showed a gradual increase in abundance toward small sizes indicating an efficient removal of small plastics from the surface. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of small fragments (< 2 mm) was higher within the 1-km coastal water strip, suggesting a rapid fragmentation down along the shoreline, likely related with the washing ashore on the beaches. This study constitutes a first attempt to determine the impact of plastic debris in areas closest to Mediterranean coast. The presence of a high concentration of plastic including tiny plastic items could have significant environmental, health and economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Stéphanie Petit
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Amanda Elineau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne-Sud, Rue de Saint Maudé, 56321, Lorient Cedex, France
| | | | - Bruno Dumontet
- Expédition MED, 4 Allée des Avettes C.P., 56230, Questembert, France
| | - Elisa Martí
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gorsky
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Villefranche sur mer, France
| | - Andrés Cózar
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510, Puerto Real, Spain
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18
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Kopf A, Bicak M, Kottmann R, Schnetzer J, Kostadinov I, Lehmann K, Fernandez-Guerra A, Jeanthon C, Rahav E, Ullrich M, Wichels A, Gerdts G, Polymenakou P, Kotoulas G, Siam R, Abdallah RZ, Sonnenschein EC, Cariou T, O'Gara F, Jackson S, Orlic S, Steinke M, Busch J, Duarte B, Caçador I, Canning-Clode J, Bobrova O, Marteinsson V, Reynisson E, Loureiro CM, Luna GM, Quero GM, Löscher CR, Kremp A, DeLorenzo ME, Øvreås L, Tolman J, LaRoche J, Penna A, Frischer M, Davis T, Katherine B, Meyer CP, Ramos S, Magalhães C, Jude-Lemeilleur F, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Wang S, Poulton N, Jones S, Collin R, Fuhrman JA, Conan P, Alonso C, Stambler N, Goodwin K, Yakimov MM, Baltar F, Bodrossy L, Van De Kamp J, Frampton DM, Ostrowski M, Van Ruth P, Malthouse P, Claus S, Deneudt K, Mortelmans J, Pitois S, Wallom D, Salter I, Costa R, Schroeder DC, Kandil MM, Amaral V, Biancalana F, Santana R, Pedrotti ML, Yoshida T, Ogata H, Ingleton T, Munnik K, Rodriguez-Ezpeleta N, Berteaux-Lecellier V, Wecker P, Cancio I, Vaulot D, Bienhold C, Ghazal H, Chaouni B, Essayeh S, Ettamimi S, Zaid EH, Boukhatem N, Bouali A, Chahboune R, Barrijal S, Timinouni M, El Otmani F, Bennani M, Mea M, Todorova N, Karamfilov V, Ten Hoopen P, Cochrane G, L'Haridon S, Bizsel KC, Vezzi A, Lauro FM, Martin P, Jensen RM, Hinks J, Gebbels S, Rosselli R, De Pascale F, Schiavon R, Dos Santos A, Villar E, Pesant S, Cataletto B, Malfatti F, Edirisinghe R, Silveira JAH, Barbier M, Turk V, Tinta T, Fuller WJ, Salihoglu I, Serakinci N, Ergoren MC, Bresnan E, Iriberri J, Nyhus PAF, Bente E, Karlsen HE, Golyshin PN, Gasol JM, Moncheva S, Dzhembekova N, Johnson Z, Sinigalliano CD, Gidley ML, Zingone A, Danovaro R, Tsiamis G, Clark MS, Costa AC, El Bour M, Martins AM, Collins RE, Ducluzeau AL, Martinez J, Costello MJ, Amaral-Zettler LA, Gilbert JA, Davies N, Field D, Glöckner FO. The ocean sampling day consortium. Gigascience 2015; 4:27. [PMID: 26097697 PMCID: PMC4473829 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-015-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean Sampling Day was initiated by the EU-funded Micro B3 (Marine Microbial Biodiversity, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology) project to obtain a snapshot of the marine microbial biodiversity and function of the world’s oceans. It is a simultaneous global mega-sequencing campaign aiming to generate the largest standardized microbial data set in a single day. This will be achievable only through the coordinated efforts of an Ocean Sampling Day Consortium, supportive partnerships and networks between sites. This commentary outlines the establishment, function and aims of the Consortium and describes our vision for a sustainable study of marine microbial communities and their embedded functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopf
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany ; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mesude Bicak
- University of Oxford, 7 Keble Road, OX1 3QG Oxford, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Renzo Kottmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Julia Schnetzer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany ; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ivaylo Kostadinov
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Katja Lehmann
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, OX10 8BB Wallingford, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Antonio Fernandez-Guerra
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany ; University of Oxford, 7 Keble Road, OX1 3QG Oxford, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Christian Jeanthon
- CNRS & Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, F-29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Eyal Rahav
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel- Shikmona, POB 8030, 31080 Haifa, Israel
| | - Matthias Ullrich
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Paraskevi Polymenakou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Gournes Pediados, 71500 Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Giorgos Kotoulas
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Gournes Pediados, 71500 Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Rania Siam
- Biology Department and YJ-Science and Technology Research Center, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Cairo Governorate Egypt
| | - Rehab Z Abdallah
- Biology Department and YJ-Science and Technology Research Center, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Cairo Governorate Egypt
| | - Eva C Sonnenschein
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Matematiktorvet 301, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thierry Cariou
- CNRS & Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, F-29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- National University of Ireland-University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ; Curtin University, Biomedical Sciences, Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Stephen Jackson
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Matematiktorvet 301, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sandi Orlic
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michael Steinke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, CO4 3SQ Colchester, Essex UK
| | - Julia Busch
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26383 Wilhemshaven, Germany
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Canning-Clode
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal ; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 21037 Edgewater, Maryland USA
| | - Oleksandra Bobrova
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Odessa National II Mechnikov University, Dvoryanskaya str.2, 65082 Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Clara Magalhães Loureiro
- InBio/CIBIO, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Gian Marco Luna
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), Castello 2737/f, Arsenale Tesa 104, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Grazia Marina Quero
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR), Castello 2737/f, Arsenale Tesa 104, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Carolin R Löscher
- Institute of Microbiology/ GEOMAR, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Kremp
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie E DeLorenzo
- NOAA/National Ocean Service/NCCOS/Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research Charleston, 29412 South Carolina, USA
| | - Lise Øvreås
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53B, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jennifer Tolman
- LaRoche Research Group, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Julie LaRoche
- LaRoche Research Group, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Marc Frischer
- University of Georgia's Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, 10 Ocean Science Circle, 31411 Savannah, Georgia USA
| | - Timothy Davis
- NOAA-Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 S State Road, 48108 Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Barker Katherine
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, 20013 Washington, DC USA
| | - Christopher P Meyer
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, 20013 Washington, DC USA
| | - Sandra Ramos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Magalhães
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Center of Environmental and Marine Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Florence Jude-Lemeilleur
- Station Marine d'Arcachon, CNRS & Univ Bordeaux, 2 rue Professeur Jolyet, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Ma Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km 6 Cordemex, C.P., 97310 Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Shiao Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 39406 Hattiesburg, Mississippi USA
| | - Nicole Poulton
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, 04544 East Boothbay, Maine USA
| | - Scott Jones
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, 34949 Fort Pierce, Florida USA
| | - Rachel Collin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa Ancon, Panama
| | - Jed A Fuhrman
- Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 90089-0371 Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Pascal Conan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66651 Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Cecilia Alonso
- Microbial Ecology of Aquatic Transitional Systems Research Group, Centro Universitario de la Región Este, Universidad de la República, Ruta 15, km 28.500, Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Noga Stambler
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat-Gan, Israel ; Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, 88103 Eilat, Israel
| | - Kelly Goodwin
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, 33149 Miami, Florida USA
| | - Michael M Yakimov
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, IAMC-CNR, Spianata S Raineri, 86 - 98122, Messina, Sicily Italy
| | - Federico Baltar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Levente Bodrossy
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, 7000 Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Jodie Van De Kamp
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, 7000 Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Dion Mf Frampton
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, 7000 Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Martin Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Macquarie University, 2109 Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Van Ruth
- South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) - Aquatic Sciences, PO Box 120, 5022 Henley Beach, South Australia Australia
| | - Paul Malthouse
- South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) - Aquatic Sciences, PO Box 120, 5022 Henley Beach, South Australia Australia
| | - Simon Claus
- Flanders Marine Institute, InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Klaas Deneudt
- Flanders Marine Institute, InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Jonas Mortelmans
- Flanders Marine Institute, InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Sophie Pitois
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Pakefield Road, NR33 0HT Lowestoft, Suffolk UK
| | - David Wallom
- University of Oxford, 7 Keble Road, OX1 3QG Oxford, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Ian Salter
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR7621, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66651 Banyuls sur Mer, France ; Alfred-Wegener-Institut-Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, Algarve University, Gambelas Campus, Building 7, Room 2.77, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, PL1 2PB Plymouth, Devon UK
| | - Mahrous M Kandil
- Soil and Water Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatbi, 21545 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Valentina Amaral
- Microbial Ecology of Aquatic Transitional Systems Research Group, Centro Universitario de la Región Este, Universidad de la República, Ruta 15, km 28.500, Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Biancalana
- Marine Biogeochemistry - Argentine Institute of Oceanography, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7,5, 8000 Florida, Bahia Blanca Argentina
| | - Rafael Santana
- Microbial Ecology of Aquatic Transitional Systems Research Group, Centro Universitario de la Región Este, Universidad de la República, Ruta 15, km 28.500, Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire océanologique, F-Villefranche-sur-Mer, Paris, France
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan
| | - Tim Ingleton
- Waters, Wetlands and Coasts, New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney South 1232, 59-61 Goulburn Street, 2001 PO Box A290, Sydney, New South Wales Australia ; Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, 7004 Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Kate Munnik
- Lwandle Technologies, Black River Park, Fir Road, 7925 Observatory, Cape Town South Africa
| | | | | | - Patricia Wecker
- CRIOBE, USR3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, LabEx Corail, BP 1013-98729 Papetoai Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Ibon Cancio
- University of the Basque Country, PO Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
| | - Daniel Vaulot
- CNRS & Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, F-29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Christina Bienhold
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany ; Alfred-Wegener-Institut-Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Nador, University Mohammed Premier, Selouane, Nador Morocco ; Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Chaouni
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco ; Faculty of Sciences of Rabat, University Mohammed Fifth Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Soumya Essayeh
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Nador, University Mohammed Premier, Selouane, Nador Morocco
| | - Sara Ettamimi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco ; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah, Fes, Morocco
| | - El Houcine Zaid
- Faculty of Sciences of Rabat, University Mohammed Fifth Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Boukhatem
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Bouali
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Rajaa Chahboune
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Nador, University Mohammed Premier, Selouane, Nador Morocco ; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Tanger, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tanger, Morocco
| | - Said Barrijal
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Tanger, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tanger, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Timinouni
- Pasteur Institute of Morocco, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Otmani
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, Rte Ben Maachou, BP 20 Avenue des Facultés, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennani
- Pasteur Institute of Morocco, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Marianna Mea
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Todorova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ventzislav Karamfilov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petra Ten Hoopen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD Cambridge, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Guy Cochrane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD Cambridge, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Stephane L'Haridon
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO, UEB), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Place Nicolas Copernic, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Kemal Can Bizsel
- Dokuz Eylul University (DEU), Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (IMST), Baku Bulvard, No: 100, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Balcova Turkey
| | - Alessandro Vezzi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico M Lauro
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS 01N-27, 637551 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick Martin
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachelle M Jensen
- Indigo V Expeditions, ONE°15 Marina, #01-01, 11 Cove Drive, Sentosa Cove, 098497 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jamie Hinks
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS 01N-27, 637551 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susan Gebbels
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Dove Marine Laboratory, Cullercoats, NE30 4PZ Tyne and Wear UK
| | - Riccardo Rosselli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio De Pascale
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Schiavon
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonina Dos Santos
- IPMA, Department of Sea and Marine Resources, Avenida de Brasília, s/n, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emilie Villar
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IGS UMR 7256, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Pesant
- PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University Bremen, Hochschulring 18, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bruno Cataletto
- OGS, National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, Via Auguste Piccard, 54, 34151, Santa Croce, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- OGS, National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, Via Auguste Piccard, 54, 34151, Santa Croce, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ranjith Edirisinghe
- Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Jorge A Herrera Silveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 39406 Hattiesburg, Mississippi USA
| | - Michele Barbier
- Mediterranean Science Commission, 16 Bd de Suisse, 98 000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Valentina Turk
- Marine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Tinkara Tinta
- Marine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Wayne J Fuller
- Near East University, TRNC Mersin 10, 99138 Nicosia, Northern Cyprus
| | - Ilkay Salihoglu
- Near East University, TRNC Mersin 10, 99138 Nicosia, Northern Cyprus
| | - Nedime Serakinci
- Near East University, TRNC Mersin 10, 99138 Nicosia, Northern Cyprus
| | | | - Eileen Bresnan
- Phytoplankton Ecology, Marine Scotland Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, AB11 9DB Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire UK
| | - Juan Iriberri
- University of the Basque Country, PO Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
| | | | - Edvardsen Bente
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, 0316 Blindern, Oslo Norway
| | - Hans Erik Karlsen
- Drøbak Field Station, Marine Biology Research station, Biologiveien 2, 1440 Drøbak, Norway
| | - Peter N Golyshin
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, LL57 2UW Gwynedd, Bangor UK
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC, Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E08003 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Snejana Moncheva
- Fridtjof Nansen Institute of Oceanology, First May Street 40, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Nina Dzhembekova
- Fridtjof Nansen Institute of Oceanology, First May Street 40, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Zackary Johnson
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Biology Department, Duke University, 135 Marine Lab Road, 28516 Beaufort, North Carolina USA
| | - Christopher David Sinigalliano
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, 33149 Miami, Florida USA
| | - Maribeth Louise Gidley
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, 33149 Miami, Florida USA ; Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, 33149 Miami, Florida USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy ; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Street, 301 00 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, CB3 0ET Cambridge, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Ana Cristina Costa
- InBio/CIBIO, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Monia El Bour
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM), 28 rue du 2 mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô, Tunisia
| | - Ana M Martins
- InBio/CIBIO, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal ; Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, PT-9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - R Eric Collins
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Box 757220, 99775 Fairbanks, Alaska USA
| | | | - Jonathan Martinez
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, 41 Ahui St., Honolulu, 96813 Hawaii, USA
| | - Mark J Costello
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Linda A Amaral-Zettler
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, 02543 Massachusetts, USA ; Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, 02912 Providence, Rhode Island USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China ; Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, 60439 Argonne, Illinois USA ; University of Chicago, 1101 E 57th Street, 60637 Chicago, Illinois USA ; Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, 02543 Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil Davies
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany ; Gump South Pacific Research Station, University of California Berkeley, BP 244 98728 Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Dawn Field
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany ; University of Oxford, 7 Keble Road, OX1 3QG Oxford, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Frank Oliver Glöckner
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany ; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
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Thyssen M, Grégori GJ, Grisoni JM, Pedrotti ML, Mousseau L, Artigas LF, Marro S, Garcia N, Passafiume O, Denis MJ. Onset of the spring bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: influence of environmental pulse events on the in situ hourly-scale dynamics of the phytoplankton community structure. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:387. [PMID: 25161647 PMCID: PMC4129916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of phytoplankton influence is barely understood at the sub meso scale and daily scale because of the lack of means to simultaneously assess phytoplankton functionality, dynamics and community structure. For a few years now, it has been possible to address this objective with an automated in situ high frequency sampling strategy. In order to study the influence of environmental short-term events (nutrients, wind speed, precipitation, solar radiation, temperature, and salinity) on the onset of the phytoplankton bloom in the oligotrophic Bay of Villefranche-sur-Mer (NW Mediterranean Sea), a fully remotely controlled automated flow cytometer (CytoSense) was deployed on a solar-powered platform (EOL buoy, CNRS-Mobilis). The CytoSense carried out single-cell analyses on particles (1-800 μm in width, up to several mm in length), recording optical pulse shapes when analyzing several cm(3). Samples were taken every 2 h in the surface waters during 2 months. Up to 6 phytoplankton clusters were resolved based on their optical properties (PicoFLO, Picoeukaryotes, Nanophytoplankton, Microphytoplankton, HighSWS, HighFLO). Three main abundance pulses involving the 6 phytoplankton groups monitored indicated that the spring bloom not only depends on light and water column stability, but also on short-term events such as wind events and precipitation followed by nutrient pulses. Wind and precipitation were also determinant in the collapse of the clusters' abundances. These events occurred within a couple of days, and phytoplankton abundance reacted within days. The third abundance pulse could be considered as the spring bloom commonly observed in the area. The high frequency data-set made it possible to study the phytoplankton cell cycle based on daily cycles of forward scatter and abundance. The combination of daily cell cycle, abundance trends and environmental pulses will open the way to the study of phytoplankton short-term reactivity to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melilotus Thyssen
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Gerald J. Grégori
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Grisoni
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maria Luiza Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laure Mousseau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Luis F. Artigas
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et Géosciences, Univ. du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, UMR8187Wimereux, France
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicole Garcia
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
| | - Ornella Passafiume
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
- CNRS, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire OcéanologiqueVillefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Michel J. Denis
- CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France
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Falugi C, Diaspro A, Angelini C, Pedrotti ML, Raimondo M, Robello M. Three-dimensional mapping of cholinergic molecules by confocal laser scanning microscopy in sea urchin larvae. Micron 2002; 33:233-9. [PMID: 11742747 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(01)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to examine molecules related to the cholinergic neurotransmission system and detected at all the larval stages of Paracentrotus lividus, by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. CLSM, providing spatial resolution of the cells located both at the larval surface and at depth, allows a complete mapping in a three-dimensional volumetric frame. At early larval stages acetylcholinesterase- as well as choline acetyltransferase-like molecules were found mainly in the gut wall cells, and along the ciliary bands of the arms, together with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. At perimetamorphic stages, cholinergic molecules were present in the ciliate strands along the arms, in the larval body and in the rudiment. At metamorphosis, positivity to cholinergic molecules translocated to the juvenile, where a high frequency of mAChR- and ChAT-like positive cells was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Falugi
- Istituto di Anatomia Comparata, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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