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Oravecz-Wilson K, Lauder E, Taylor A, Maneix L, Van Nostrand JL, Sun Y, Li L, Zhao D, Liu C, Reddy P. Autophagy differentially regulates tissue tolerance of distinct target organs in graft-versus-host disease models. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e167369. [PMID: 38426503 PMCID: PMC10904048 DOI: 10.1172/jci167369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-intrinsic mechanisms that regulate severity of systemic pathogenic immune-mediated diseases, such as acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), remain poorly understood. Following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autophagy, a cellular stress protective response, is induced in host nonhematopoietic cells. To systematically address the role of autophagy in various host nonhematopoietic tissues, both specific classical target organs of acute GVHD (intestines, liver, and skin) and organs conventionally not known to be targets of GVHD (kidneys and heart), we generated mice with organ-specific knockout of autophagy related 5 (ATG5) to specifically and exclusively inhibit autophagy in the specific organs. When compared with wild-type recipients, animals that lacked ATG5 in the gastrointestinal tract or liver showed significantly greater tissue injury and mortality, while autophagy deficiency in the skin, kidneys, or heart did not affect mortality. Treatment with the systemic autophagy inducer sirolimus only partially mitigated GVHD mortality in intestine-specific autophagy-deficient hosts. Deficiency of autophagy increased MHC class I on the target intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in greater susceptibility to damage by alloreactive T cells. Thus, autophagy is a critical cell-intrinsic protective response that promotes tissue tolerance and regulates GVHD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Oravecz-Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emma Lauder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Austin Taylor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jeanine L. Van Nostrand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yaping Sun
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Lu Li
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | | | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
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Hung CM, Lombardo PS, Malik N, Brun SN, Hellberg K, Van Nostrand JL, Garcia D, Baumgart J, Diffenderfer K, Asara JM, Shaw RJ. AMPK/ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of Parkin ACT domain mediates an early step in mitophagy. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/15/eabg4544. [PMID: 33827825 PMCID: PMC8026119 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase ULK1 mediates autophagy initiation in response to various cellular stresses, and genetic deletion of ULK1 leads to accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Here we identify Parkin, the core ubiquitin ligase in mitophagy, and PARK2 gene product mutated in familial Parkinson's disease, as a ULK1 substrate. Recent studies uncovered a nine residue ("ACT") domain important for Parkin activation, and we demonstrate that AMPK-dependent ULK1 rapidly phosphorylates conserved serine108 in the ACT domain in response to mitochondrial stress. Phosphorylation of Parkin Ser108 occurs maximally within five minutes of mitochondrial damage, unlike activation of PINK1 and TBK1, which is observed thirty to sixty minutes later. Mutation of the ULK1 phosphorylation sites in Parkin, genetic AMPK or ULK1 depletion, or pharmacologic ULK1 inhibition, all lead to delays in Parkin activation and defects in assays of Parkin function and downstream mitophagy events. These findings reveal an unexpected first step in the mitophagy cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Min Hung
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Portia S Lombardo
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nazma Malik
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonja N Brun
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristina Hellberg
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel Garcia
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joshua Baumgart
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ken Diffenderfer
- Stem Cell Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Van Nostrand JL, Hellberg K, Luo EC, Van Nostrand EL, Dayn A, Yu J, Shokhirev MN, Dayn Y, Yeo GW, Shaw RJ. AMPK regulation of Raptor and TSC2 mediate metformin effects on transcriptional control of anabolism and inflammation. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1330-1344. [PMID: 32912901 PMCID: PMC7528705 DOI: 10.1101/gad.339895.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here, Van Nostrand et al. investigated the mechanisms of action of the biguanide drug metformin by using a new RaptorAA mouse model, in which AMPK phospho-serine sites Ser722 and Ser792 of RAPTOR were mutated to alanine. The hepatic transcriptional response in mice on a high-fat diet treated with metformin was largely ablated by AMPK deficiency under the conditions examined, indicating the essential role of this kinase and its targets in metformin action in vivo. Despite being the frontline therapy for type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms of action of the biguanide drug metformin are still being discovered. In particular, the detailed molecular interplays between the AMPK and the mTORC1 pathway in the hepatic benefits of metformin are still ill defined. Metformin-dependent activation of AMPK classically inhibits mTORC1 via TSC/RHEB, but several lines of evidence suggest additional mechanisms at play in metformin inhibition of mTORC1. Here we investigated the role of direct AMPK-mediated serine phosphorylation of RAPTOR in a new RaptorAA mouse model, in which AMPK phospho-serine sites Ser722 and Ser792 of RAPTOR were mutated to alanine. Metformin treatment of primary hepatocytes and intact murine liver requires AMPK regulation of both RAPTOR and TSC2 to fully inhibit mTORC1, and this regulation is critical for both the translational and transcriptional response to metformin. Transcriptionally, AMPK and mTORC1 were both important for regulation of anabolic metabolism and inflammatory programs triggered by metformin treatment. The hepatic transcriptional response in mice on high-fat diet treated with metformin was largely ablated by AMPK deficiency under the conditions examined, indicating the essential role of this kinase and its targets in metformin action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kristina Hellberg
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - En-Ching Luo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Eric L Van Nostrand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Alina Dayn
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jingting Yu
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yelena Dayn
- Transgenic Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Bowen ME, McClendon J, Long HK, Sorayya A, Van Nostrand JL, Wysocka J, Attardi LD. The Spatiotemporal Pattern and Intensity of p53 Activation Dictates Phenotypic Diversity in p53-Driven Developmental Syndromes. Dev Cell 2019; 50:212-228.e6. [PMID: 31178404 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of the p53 transcription factor contributes to numerous developmental syndromes characterized by distinct constellations of phenotypes. How p53 drives exquisitely specific sets of symptoms in diverse syndromes, however, remains enigmatic. Here, we deconvolute the basis of p53-driven developmental syndromes by leveraging an array of mouse strains to modulate the spatial expression pattern, temporal profile, and magnitude of p53 activation during embryogenesis. We demonstrate that inappropriate p53 activation in the neural crest, facial ectoderm, anterior heart field, and endothelium induces distinct spectra of phenotypes. Moreover, altering the timing and degree of p53 hyperactivation substantially affects the phenotypic outcomes. Phenotypes are associated with p53-driven cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis, depending on the cell type, with gene expression programs, rather than extent of mitochondrial priming, largely governing the specific response. Together, our findings provide a critical framework for decoding the role of p53 as a mediator of diverse developmental syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Bowen
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob McClendon
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannah K Long
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aryo Sorayya
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institue, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Van Nostrand JL, Bowen ME, Vogel H, Barna M, Attardi LD. The p53 family members have distinct roles during mammalian embryonic development. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:575-579. [PMID: 28211873 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is a member of a multi-protein family, including the p63 and p73 transcription factors. These proteins can bind to the same consensus sites in DNA and activate the same target genes, suggesting that there could be functional redundancy between them. Indeed, double mutant mice heterozygous for any two family member-encoding genes display enhanced cancer phenotypes relative to single heterozygous mutants. However, whether the family members play redundant roles during embryonic development has remained largely unexplored. Although p53-/-; p73-/- mice are born and manifest phenotypes characteristic of each of the single mutants, the consequences of combined deficiency of p63 and either p53 or p73 have not been elucidated. To examine the functional overlap of p53 family members during development, we bred and analyzed compound mutant embryo phenotypes. We discovered that double knockout embryos and five allele knockout embryos only displayed obvious defects accounted for by loss of single p53 family members. Surprisingly, at mid-gestation (E11), we identified a single viable triple knockout embryo that appeared grossly normal. Together, these results suggest that the p53 family is not absolutely required for early embryogenesis and that p53 family members are largely non-redundant during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margot E Bowen
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Young NP, Kamireddy A, Van Nostrand JL, Eichner LJ, Shokhirev MN, Dayn Y, Shaw RJ. AMPK governs lineage specification through Tfeb-dependent regulation of lysosomes. Genes Dev 2016; 30:535-52. [PMID: 26944679 PMCID: PMC4782048 DOI: 10.1101/gad.274142.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Faithful execution of developmental programs relies on the acquisition of unique cell identities from pluripotent progenitors, a process governed by combinatorial inputs from numerous signaling cascades that ultimately dictate lineage-specific transcriptional outputs. Despite growing evidence that metabolism is integrated with many molecular networks, how pathways that control energy homeostasis may affect cell fate decisions is largely unknown. Here, we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central metabolic regulator, plays critical roles in lineage specification. Although AMPK-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were normal in the pluripotent state, these cells displayed profound defects upon differentiation, failing to generate chimeric embryos and preferentially adopting an ectodermal fate at the expense of the endoderm during embryoid body (EB) formation. AMPK(-/-) EBs exhibited reduced levels of Tfeb, a master transcriptional regulator of lysosomes, leading to diminished endolysosomal function. Remarkably, genetic loss of Tfeb also yielded endodermal defects, while AMPK-null ESCs overexpressing this transcription factor normalized their differential potential, revealing an intimate connection between Tfeb/lysosomes and germ layer specification. The compromised endolysosomal system resulting from AMPK or Tfeb inactivation blunted Wnt signaling, while up-regulating this pathway restored expression of endodermal markers. Collectively, these results uncover the AMPK pathway as a novel regulator of cell fate determination during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Young
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anwesh Kamireddy
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Lillian J Eichner
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Maxim Nikolaievich Shokhirev
- Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yelena Dayn
- Transgenic Core Facility, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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7
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Abstract
Unrestrained p53 activity during development, as occurs upon loss of the p53 negative regulators Mdm2 or Mdmx, causes early embryonic lethality. Surprisingly, co-expression of wild-type p53 and a transcriptionally-dead variant of p53, with mutations in both transactivation domains (p53(L25Q,W26S,F53Q,F54S)), also causes lethality, but later in gestation and in association with a host of very specific phenotypes reminiscent of a syndrome known as CHARGE. Molecular analyses revealed that wild-type p53 is inappropriately activated in p53(5,26,53,54/)(+) embryos, triggering cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis during development to cause CHARGE phenotypes. In addition, CHARGE syndrome is typically caused by mutations in the CHD7 chromatin remodeler, and we have shown that activated p53 contributes to phenotypes caused by CHD7-deficiency. Together, these studies provide new insight into CHARGE syndrome and expand our understanding of the role of p53 in diseases other than cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- a Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology; Department of Radiation Oncology ; Stanford School of Medicine ; Stanford , CA USA
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Van Nostrand JL, Brisac A, Mello SS, Jacobs SBR, Luong R, Attardi LD. The p53 Target Gene SIVA Enables Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Development. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:622-35. [PMID: 25813352 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although p53 transcriptional activation potential is critical for its ability to suppress cancer, the specific target genes involved in tumor suppression remain unclear. SIVA is a p53 target gene essential for p53-dependent apoptosis, although it can also promote proliferation through inhibition of p53 in some settings. Thus, the role of SIVA in tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we seek to define the contribution of SIVA to tumorigenesis by generating Siva conditional knockout mice. Surprisingly, we find that SIVA loss inhibits non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development, suggesting that SIVA facilitates tumorigenesis. Similarly, SIVA knockdown in mouse and human NSCLC cell lines decreases proliferation and transformation. Consistent with this protumorigenic role for SIVA, high-level SIVA expression correlates with reduced NSCLC patient survival. SIVA acts independently of p53 and, instead, stimulates mTOR signaling and metabolism in NSCLC cells. Thus, SIVA enables tumorigenesis in a p53-independent manner, revealing a potential new cancer therapy target. SIGNIFICANCE These findings collectively reveal a novel role for the p53 target gene SIVA both in regulating metabolism and in enabling tumorigenesis, independently of p53. Importantly, these studies further identify SIVA as a new prognostic marker and as a potential target for NSCLC cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine L Van Nostrand
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alice Brisac
- Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stephano S Mello
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Suzanne B R Jacobs
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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