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Menni C, Graham D, Kastenmüller G, Alharbi NHJ, Alsanosi SM, McBride M, Mangino M, Titcombe P, Shin SY, Psatha M, Geisendorfer T, Huber A, Peters A, Wang-Sattler R, Xu T, Brosnan MJ, Trimmer J, Reichel C, Mohney RP, Soranzo N, Edwards MH, Cooper C, Church AC, Suhre K, Gieger C, Dominiczak AF, Spector TD, Padmanabhan S, Valdes AM. Metabolomic identification of a novel pathway of blood pressure regulation involving hexadecanedioate. Hypertension 2015; 66:422-9. [PMID: 26034203 PMCID: PMC4490909 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High blood pressure is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and discovering novel causal pathways of blood pressure regulation has been challenging. We tested blood pressure associations with 280 fasting blood metabolites in 3980 TwinsUK females. Survival analysis for all-cause mortality was performed on significant independent metabolites (P<8.9×10(-5)). Replication was conducted in 2 independent cohorts KORA (n=1494) and Hertfordshire (n=1515). Three independent animal experiments were performed to establish causality: (1) blood pressure change after increasing circulating metabolite levels in Wistar-Kyoto rats; (2) circulating metabolite change after salt-induced blood pressure elevation in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats; and (3) mesenteric artery response to noradrenaline and carbachol in metabolite treated and control rats. Of the15 metabolites that showed an independent significant association with blood pressure, only hexadecanedioate, a dicarboxylic acid, showed concordant association with blood pressure (systolic BP: β [95% confidence interval], 1.31 [0.83-1.78], P=6.81×10(-8); diastolic BP: 0.81 [0.5-1.11], P=2.96×10(-7)) and mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.49 [1.08-2.05]; P=0.02) in TwinsUK. The blood pressure association was replicated in KORA and Hertfordshire. In the animal experiments, we showed that oral hexadecanedioate increased both circulating hexadecanedioate and blood pressure in Wistar-Kyoto rats, whereas blood pressure elevation with oral sodium chloride in hypertensive rats did not affect hexadecanedioate levels. Vascular reactivity to noradrenaline was significantly increased in mesenteric resistance arteries from hexadecanedioate-treated rats compared with controls, indicated by the shift to the left of the concentration-response curve (P=0.013). Relaxation to carbachol did not show any difference. Our findings indicate that hexadecanedioate is causally associated with blood pressure regulation through a novel pathway that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Menni
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Delyth Graham
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Nora H J Alharbi
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Safaa Md Alsanosi
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Martin McBride
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Massimo Mangino
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Philip Titcombe
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - So-Youn Shin
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Maria Psatha
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Thomas Geisendorfer
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Anja Huber
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Annette Peters
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Rui Wang-Sattler
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Tao Xu
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Mary Julia Brosnan
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Jeff Trimmer
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Christian Reichel
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Robert P Mohney
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Mark H Edwards
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Alistair C Church
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Karsten Suhre
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Christian Gieger
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Tim D Spector
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.).
| | - Ana M Valdes
- From the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.M., M.M., M.P., T.D.S., A.M.V.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., N.H.J.A., S.M.A., M.M.B., A.F.D., S.P.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (G.K., K.S.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (P.T., M.H.E., C.C.); Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Human Genetics, Hinxton, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S., N.S.); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.-Y.S.); Chemical Analytics, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria (T.G., A.H., C.R.); Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., C.G.); Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany (A.P., R.W.-S., T.X.); Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA (M.J.B.); Edison Pharmaceuticals, Mountain View, CA (J.T.); Metabolon, Inc, Durham, NC (R.P.M.); Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.C.); Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden jubilee Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.C.C.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar (K.S.); and Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (A.M.V.)
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