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Ceger P, Garcia-Reyero Vinas N, Allen D, Arnold E, Bloom R, Brennan JC, Clarke C, Eisenreich K, Fay K, Hamm J, Henry PFP, Horak K, Hunter W, Judkins D, Klein P, Kleinstreuer N, Koehrn K, LaLone CA, Laurenson JP, Leet JK, Lowit A, Lynn SG, Norberg-King T, Perkins EJ, Petersen EJ, Rattner BA, Sprankle CS, Steeger T, Warren JE, Winfield S, Odenkirchen E. Current ecotoxicity testing needs among selected U.S. federal agencies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105195. [PMID: 35660046 PMCID: PMC9623878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
U.S. regulatory and research agencies use ecotoxicity test data to assess the hazards associated with substances that may be released into the environment, including but not limited to industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food additives, and color additives. These data are used to conduct hazard assessments and evaluate potential risks to aquatic life (e.g., invertebrates, fish), birds, wildlife species, or the environment. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for ecotoxicity tests, the needs and uses for data from tests utilizing animals must first be clarified. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to identify the ecotoxicity test data relied upon by U.S. federal agencies. The standards, test guidelines, guidance documents, and/or endpoints that are used to address each of the agencies' regulatory and research needs regarding ecotoxicity testing are described in the context of their application to decision-making. Testing and information use, needs, and/or requirements relevant to the regulatory or programmatic mandates of the agencies taking part in the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods Ecotoxicology Workgroup are captured. This information will be useful for coordinating efforts to develop and implement alternative test methods to reduce, refine, or replace animal use in chemical safety evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Elyssa Arnold
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Raanan Bloom
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Brennan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Carol Clarke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Karen Eisenreich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Kellie Fay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jonathan Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Paula F P Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Katherine Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
| | - Wesley Hunter
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, HFV-161, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA.
| | - Donna Judkins
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Patrice Klein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Kara Koehrn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 8101R, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - James P Laurenson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Jessica K Leet
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center (CERC), Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Scott G Lynn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Teresa Norberg-King
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 8101R, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Edward J Perkins
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Elijah J Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 2089, USA.
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave, BARC-EAST Bldg. 308, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Catherine S Sprankle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Thomas Steeger
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jim E Warren
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Sarah Winfield
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-009, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Edward Odenkirchen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
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Bekins BA, Brennan JC, Tillitt DE, Cozzarelli IM, Illig JM, Martinović-Weigelt D. Biological Effects of Hydrocarbon Degradation Intermediates: Is the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analytical Method Adequate for Risk Assessment? Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:11396-11404. [PMID: 32790354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In crude oil contaminant plumes, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is mainly hydrocarbon degradation intermediates only partly quantified by the diesel range total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHd) method. To understand potential biological effects of degradation intermediates, we tested three fractions of DOC: (1) solid-phase extract (HLB); (2) dichloromethane (DCM-total) extract used in TPHd; and (3) DCM extract with hydrocarbons isolated by silica gel cleanup (DCM-SGC). Bioactivity of extracts from five wells spanning a range of DOC was tested using an in vitro multiplex reporter system that evaluates modulation of the activity of 46 transcription factors; extracts were evaluated at concentrations equivalent to the well water samples. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) transcription factors showed the greatest upregulation, with HLB exceeding DCM-total, and no upregulation in the hydrocarbon fraction (DCM-SGC). The HLB extracts were further studied with HepG2 chemically activated luciferase expression (CALUX) in vitro assays at nine concentrations ranging from 40 to 0.01 times the well water concentrations. Responses decreased with distance from the source but were still present at two wells without detectable hydrocarbons. Thus, our in vitro assay results indicate that risks associated with degradation intermediates of hydrocarbons in groundwater will be underestimated when protocols that remove these chemicals are employed.
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Brennan JC, Gale RW, Alvarez DA, Berninger JP, Leet JK, Li Y, Wagner T, Tillitt DE. Factors Affecting Sampling Strategies for Design of an Effects-Directed Analysis for Endocrine-Active Chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:1309-1324. [PMID: 32362034 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Effects-directed analysis (EDA) is an important tool for identifying unknown bioactive components in a complex mixture. Such an analysis of endocrine-active chemicals (EACs) from water sources has promising regulatory implications but also unique logistical challenges. We propose a conceptual EDA (framework) based on a critical review of EDA literature and concentrations of common EACs in waste and surface waters. Required water volumes for identification of EACs under this EDA framework were estimated based on bioassay performance (in vitro and in vivo bioassays), limits of quantification by mass spectrometry (MS), and EAC water concentrations. Sample volumes for EDA across the EACs showed high variation in the bioassay detectors, with genistein, bisphenol A, and androstenedione requiring very high sample volumes and ethinylestradiol and 17β-trenbolone requiring low sample volumes. Sample volume based on the MS detector was far less variable across the EACs. The EDA framework equation was rearranged to calculate detector "thresholds," and these thresholds were compared with the literature EAC water concentrations to evaluate the feasibility of the EDA framework. In the majority of instances, feasibility of the EDA was limited by the bioassay, not MS detection. Mixed model analysis showed that the volumes required for a successful EDA were affected by the potentially responsible EAC, detection methods, and the water source type, with detection method having the greatest effect on the EDA of estrogens and androgens. The EDA framework, equation, and model we present provide a valuable tool for designing a successful EDA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1309-1324. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Brennan
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert W Gale
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David A Alvarez
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jason P Berninger
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jessica K Leet
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yan Li
- North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tyler Wagner
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, US Geological Survey, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald E Tillitt
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
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Brennan JC, He G, Tsutsumi T, Zhao J, Wirth E, Fulton MH, Denison MS. Development of Species-Specific Ah Receptor-Responsive Third Generation CALUX Cell Lines with Enhanced Responsiveness and Improved Detection Limits. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:11903-12. [PMID: 26366531 PMCID: PMC4772899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Ah receptor (AhR)-responsive CALUX (chemically activated luciferase expression) cell bioassay is commonly used for rapid screening of samples for the presence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin), dioxin-like compounds, and AhR agonists/antagonists. By increasing the number of AhR DNA recognition sites (dioxin responsive elements), we previously generated a novel third generation (G3) recombinant AhR-responsive mouse CALUX cell line (H1L7.5c3) with a significantly enhanced response to DLCs compared to existing AhR-CALUX cell bioassays. However, the elevated background luciferase activity of these cells and the absence of comparable G3 cell lines derived from other species have limited their utility for screening purposes. Here, we describe the development and characterization of species-specific G3 recombinant AhR-responsive CALUX cell lines (rat, human, and guinea pig) that exhibit significantly improved limit of detection and dramatically increased TCDD induction response. The low background luciferase activity, low minimal detection limit (0.1 pM TCDD) and enhanced induction response of the rat G3 cell line (H4L7.5c2) over the H1L7.5c3 mouse G3 cells, identifies them as a more optimal cell line for screening purposes. The utility of the new G3 CALUX cell lines were demonstrated by screening sediment extracts and a small chemical compound library for the presence of AhR agonists. The improved limit of detection and increased response of these new G3 CALUX cell lines will facilitate species-specific analysis of DLCs and AhR agonists in samples with low levels of contamination and/or in small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Brennan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis California 95616, United States
| | - Guochun He
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis California 95616, United States
| | - Tomoaki Tsutsumi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis California 95616, United States
| | - Ed Wirth
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, USDOC/NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Michael H. Fulton
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, USDOC/NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis California 95616, United States
- Corresponding Author: To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel: 530-752-3879; Fax: 530-752-3394;
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Brennan JC, Denison MS, Holstege DM, Magiatis P, Dallas JL, Gutierrez EG, Soshilov AA, Millam JR. 2,3-cis-2R,3R-(-)-epiafzelechin-3-O-p-coumarate, a novel flavan-3-ol isolated from Fallopia convolvulus seed, is an estrogen receptor agonist in human cell lines. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13:133. [PMID: 23768005 PMCID: PMC3695784 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The plant genus Fallopia is well-known in Chinese traditional medicine and includes many species that contain bioactive compounds, namely phytoestrogens. Consumption of phytoestrogens may be linked to decreased incidence of breast and prostate cancers therefore discovery of novel phytoestrogens and novel sources of phytoestrogens is of interest. Although phytoestrogen content has been analyzed in the rhizomes of various Fallopia sp., seeds of a Fallopia sp. have never been examined for phytoestrogen presence. Methods Analytical chemistry techniques were used with guidance from an in vitro estrogen receptor bioassay (a stably transfected human ovarian carcinoma cell line) to isolate and identify estrogenic components from seeds of Fallopia convolvulus. A transiently transfected human breast carcinoma cell line was used to characterize the biological activity of the isolated compounds on estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. Results Two compounds, emodin and the novel flavan-3-ol, (−)-epiafzelechin-3-O-p-coumarate (rhodoeosein), were identified to be responsible for estrogenic activity of F. convolvulus seed extract. Absolute stereochemistry of rhodoeosein was determined by 1 and 2D NMR, optical rotation and circular dichroism. Emodin was identified by HPLC/DAD, LC/MS/MS, and FT/ICR-MS. When characterizing the ER specificity in biological activity of rhodoeosein and emodin, rhodoeosein was able to exhibit a four-fold greater relative estrogenic potency (REP) in breast cells transiently-transfected with ERβ as compared to those transfected with ERα, and emodin exhibited a six-fold greater REP in ERβ-transfected breast cells. Cell type-specific differences were observed with rhodoeosein but not emodin; rhodoeosein produced superinduction of reporter gene activity in the human ovarian cell line (> 400% of maximum estradiol [E2] induction) but not in the breast cell line. Conclusion This study is the first to characterize the novel flavan-3-ol compound, rhodoeosein, and its ability to induce estrogenic activity in human cell lines. Rhodoeosein and emodin may have potential therapeutic applications as natural products activating ERβ, and further characterization of rhodoeosein is necessary to evaluate its selectivity as a cell type-specific ER agonist.
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